Les Intellectuels Camerounais Sous Le Regime Ahidjo (1958-1982)
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Expert's Views on the Dilemmas of African Writers
EXPERTS’ VIEWS ON THE DILEMMAS OF AFRICAN WRITERS: CONTRIBUTIONS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS By Sarah Kaddu Abstract African writers have faced the “dilemma syndrome” in the execution of their mission. They have faced not only “bed of roses” but also “the bed of thorns”. On one hand, African writers such as Chinua Achebe have made a fortune from royalties from his African Writers’ Series (AWS) and others such as Wole Soyinka, Ben Okri and Naruddin Farah have depended on prestigious book prizes. On the other hand, some African writers have also, according to Larson (2001), faced various challenges: running bankrupt, political and social persecution, business sabotage, loss of life or escaping catastrophe by “hair breadth”. Nevertheless, the African writers have persisted with either success or agony. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the experts’ views on the contributions of African writers to the extending of national and international frontiers in publishing as well as the attendant handicaps before proposing strategies for overcoming the challenges encountered. The specific objectives are to establish some of the works published by the African writers; determine the contribution of the works published by African writers to in terms of political, economic, and cultural illumination; examine the challenges encountered in the publishing process of the African writers’ works; and, predict trends in the future of the African writers’ series. The study findings illuminate on the contributions to political, social, gender, cultural re-awakening and documentation, poetry and literature, growth of the book trade and publishing industry/employment in addition to major challenges encountered. The study entailed extensive analysis of literature, interviews with experts on African writings from the Uganda Christian University and Makerere University, and African Writers Trust; focus group discussions with publishers, and a few selected African writers, and a review of the selected pioneering publications of African writers. -
A Comparative Analysis of Reunification Discourses in Selected Cameroonian History Textbooks
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REUNIFICATION DISCOURSES IN SELECTED CAMEROONIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS BY NKWENTI RAYMOND FRU Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL School of Education History Education SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR JOHAN WASSERMANN 2017 DECLARATION I, Nkwenti Fru declare that: a. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. b. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. c. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. d. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: i. their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; ii. Where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. e. Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am author, co-author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. f. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the Reference section. Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________________________ As the student’s supervisor, I, Johan Wassermann, hereby approve the submission of the thesis for examination. Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________________________ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I praise God, the Almighty for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability, energy and health to proceed successfully. -
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Writing from the Margins [13 June 2018, Mougoue]
THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHOR C'EST UN TRAVAIL EN COURS DE RÉALISATION. VEUILLEZ NE PAS CITER OU FAIRE CIRCULER SANS LA PERMISSION DE L'AUTEUR WRITING FROM THE MARGINS: POLITICAL MASCULINITIES AND SEPARATIST (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES IN CAMEROON (ECRIRE DES MARGES: LES MASCULINITÉS POLITIQUES ET LES (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES SÉPARATISTES AU CAMEROUN) Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta Mougoué, Baylor University Anglophone human rights activist Albert Mukong described his six-year imprisonment from 1970 to 1976 in his 2009 biography, Prisoner without a Crime, in painstaking detail.1 He describes his prison gendarmes as lawless and bent on humiliation; he describes frequent beatings, intimidation, and mental torture. He shares that one brutal beating from a gendarme left him hospitalized for days because he had refused to embrace President Ahidjo’s political party.2 But before all this he describes the soldier who escorted him to the capital into the custody of the Brigade Mixte Mobile, Ahidjo’s paramilitary secret police of Cameroon, thus: “[H]e was very civil and respectable in his conduct, maybe because he was Anglophone and also from Bamenda. He comported himself rather more [as] a bodyguard than a police escort for a detainee.”3 Mukong’s autobiography cast issues of Anglophone political identity and dignity within the framework of ongoing Anglophone social and political marginalization during the first two decades of Cameroon’s independence from British and French European rule. Historicizing the lives of such men illuminates individual agency and highlights how past events shaped the ideas and understanding of the world in which they lived. -
Le "Problème Anglophone" Au Cameroun Dans Les Années 1990
P. KONINGS Le U problème anglophone 11 au Cameroun dans les années I990 EPUIS peu, le (( problsme anglophone )) est devenu un pro- blème crucial pour 1’Etat camerounais postcolonial soucieux D de forger un Etat-nation stabilisé. Ce problème remonte à 1961 quand les élites politiques de deux territoires avec des legs coloniaux différents - l’un françai: et l’autre britannique - sont tombés d’accord pour former un Etat fédéral. Contrairement aux attentes des anglophones, le fédéralisme n’a pas permis une parité stricte pour ce qui concerne leur héri- tage culturel et ce qu’ils considèrent coinme leur identité d’anglo- phone. I1 s’est révélé n’être qu’une phase tran$toire de l’intégra- tion totale de la région anglophone dans un Etat unitaire forte- ment centralisé. Cette situation a graduellement favorisé une prise de conscience anglophone fondée sur le s5ntiment d‘être (( margi- nalisé D, (( exploité D et (( assimilé )> par un Etat dominé par les fran- cophones. Avec le processus de libéralisation politique des années 1990, une partie de l’élite anglophone s’organise pour protester contre sa prétendue position subordonnée et demande: une plus grande autonomie en réclamant d’abord le retour à 1’Etat fédéral et en adoptant ensuite des positions sécessionnistes devant le refus du régime de discuter d’une réforme constitutionnelle. Elle a par ailleurs essayé d’obtenir une reconnaissance internationale en se présentant comme une minorité opprimée dont le territoire a été (( annexé D. En réponse à ce défi, le gouvernement de M. Biya a minimisé, voire nié le (( problème anglophone n. -
Technique of Empire
CAST1543917 Techset Composition India (P) Ltd., Bangalore and Chennai, India 11/2/2018 Technique of empire: Colonisation through a state of exception Gerard Emmanuel Kamdem Kamga University of Pretoria & University of the Free State CONTACT: Gerard Emmanuel Kamdem Kamga, [email protected] Abstract The main argument of this article lies in its conceptual framing which is a contextualisation of the problem of exception in the colonial and ‘postcolonial’ period of Cameroon. The country was technically colonised by Germany and following the Versailles treaty, was later transferred to France and Britain under a mandate of the League of Nations. Following legal and historical investigations, I assess how the permanent recourse to a state of exception within the colony was central to Europeans’ tactics in their strategies of control and domination of colonised people. I further examine how the country’s colonial past strongly influences current state structures through a basic reliance on emergency laws which have become normalised to a point where the law’s force has been reduced to the zero point of its own content. Keywords state of exception; state of emergency; colonialism; Cameroon; violence; rule of law; human rights; democracy In this article,1 I intend to expand on a technique repeatedly used by French colonial authorities to weaken and annihilate the struggles of independence in Cameroon, a technique which is still in force today and aims essentially to sideline political challengers and paralyse democracy. This technique is a legal institution which appeared for the first time in medieval canon law and is currently known as a state of exception. -
L'institutionnalisation De L'opposition: Une Réalité Objective En Quête De
2 L’institutionnalisation de l’opposition: Une réalité objective en quête de consistance Léopold Donfack Sokeng La notion d’opposition semble relever du domaine des évidences, des vérités acquises de la théorie constitutionnelle, sur lesquelles nul n’est besoin de s’at- tarder, comme si l’opposition allait de soi et ne méritait pas le détour d’une conceptualisation. L’une des rares entreprises à relever à ce propos est sans doute celle esquissée par Hauriou et Gicquel (1984) dans leur manuel de droit constitutionnel et institutions politiques Gicquel (1993). Pour ces auteurs en effet, l’opposition serait la résultante du «tropisme institutionnel» que consti- tue la reconnaissance et l’organisation de la contestation politique, élément caractéristique des sociétés occidentales. « Alors qu’ailleurs (…) on trouve des systèmes politiques dans lesquels le pouvoir s’efforce de comprimer la contes- tation et, à la limite de l’annihiler, souligne Gicquel, certaines cités de la Grèce antique (Athènes principalement) expérimentent des institutions dans lesquelles non seulement le pouvoir accepte la contestation, mais s’attache à l’utiliser pour le fonctionnement même des mécanismes politiques, quitte à en évacuer par des procédures adéquates, les surplus. « Après la démocratie grecque et la république romaine, la Grande Breta- gne d’abord, au sortir du Moyen Age, puis l’Europe et les États-Unis du siècle des Lumières, retrouvent l’invention méditerranéenne et organisent des régi- mes politiques qui, compte tenu des différences tenant à l’étendue géographi- que ou au perfectionnement des moyens de communication, acceptent et pro- tègent par-là même eux aussi la contestation et l’utilisent pour leur fonctionne- ment même » (Gicquel 1993:22-23). -
The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon
The Journal of Modern African Studies, , (), pp. –. Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge University Press The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon by PIET KONINGS and FRANCIS B. NYAMNJOH* Tpolitical agenda in Cameroon has become increasingly dominated by what is known as the ‘anglophone problem’, which poses a major challenge to the efforts of the post-colonial state to forge national unity and integration, and has led to the reintroduction of forceful arguments and actions in favour of ‘federalism’ or even ‘secession’. The root of this problem may be traced back to when the political e! lites of two territories with different colonial legacies – one French and the other British – agreed on the formation of a federal " state. Contrary to expectations, this did not provide for the equal partnership of both parties, let alone for the preservation of the cultural heritage and identity of each, but turned out to be merely a transitory phase to the total integration of the anglophone region into a strongly centralised, unitary state. Gradually, this created an anglophone consciousness: the feeling of being ‘marginalised’, ‘exploited’, and ‘assimilated’ by the francophone-dominated state, and even by the francophone population as a whole. It was not until the political liberalisation process in the early s that some members of the English-speaking e! lite started openly to protest against the supposed subordinate position of the anglophones and to lay claims for self-determination and autonomy. Whereas the most important organisations initially called for a return to the federal state, the persistent refusal of the Government headed by President Paul Biya to discuss any related constitutional reforms forced some to adopt a secessionist stand. -
Anglophone Secessionist Movements in Cameroon
ANGLOPHONE SECESSIONIST MOVEMENTS IN CAMEROON Piet Konings & Francis B. Nyamnjoh Introduction Secession has been rare in post-colonial Africa and has been strongly opposed by newly independent states and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in an attempt to safeguard territorial integrity. Secessionist claims have, however, been on the rise since the end of the 1980s in the wake of political liberalisation in Africa. Eritrea’s independence in 1993, after several decades of a national war of liberation, is, significantly, the only example of a formal reorganisation of the continent’s political map. Of late, some Africanists have been trying to explain the reasons for Africa’s remarkable ‘secessionist deficit’ and to identify the various internal and external factors accounting for the failure or success of past and on-going secessionist claims on the continent (cf. Forest 2004; Englebert & Hummel 2005; Keller 2007). Curiously, in their critical review of African secessionist movements, they have failed to discuss Anglophone secessionist movements in Cameroon. This chapter tries to fill the lacuna. It will be argued that the deep roots of current Anglophone secessionist claims can be found in what has come to be called the ‘Anglophone Problem’, which is posing a major challenge to the post-colonial state’s efforts to forge national unity and integration. There is a widespread feeling in Anglophone Cameroon that reunification with Francophone Cameroon in 1961 has led to a growing marginalisation of the Anglophone minority in the post-colonial nation-state project that is controlled by the Francophone political elite and endangers Anglophone cultural heritage and identity. -
Chronology of British Southern Cameroons Aka AMBAZONIA History
Chronology of British Southern Cameroons aka AMBAZONIA History 1884 to 1916 – German Occupation German Governors of German Kamerun 1884 Gustav Nachtigal 1887–1906 Jesko von Puttkamer - Built a 72-Bedroom home in Buea, Kamerun to convince his wife to move from Germany. The building still stands today. 1914–1916 Karl Ebermaier Cameroons - German Kamerun was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 comprising parts of todays' Cameroon, + parts of Nigeria, Tchad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon Most of German Kamerun shared between Britain and France 1914 - 26 September 1914 Occupation by Great Britain and France begins 1945 - Post World Wars - League of Nations => United Nations - Decolonization begins 1948 - UPC (Union des Populations Camerounaises) a party that wanted Independence from France with no strings IS CREATED in French Cameroun Actors: British Cameroons Colonial Officer i/c 1949 to 1 October 1954 Edward John Gibbons, Special Resident 1 October 1954 Autonomous territory within Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria 1 October 1954 to 1956 Edward John Gibbons, Commissioner 1956 to 1 October 1961 John Osbaldiston Field, Commissioner 1 June 1961 Northern British Cameroons incorporated into Federation of Nigeria 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons incorporated into Republic of Cameroon 1952 - The KNC (Kamerun National Congress) was established in 1952 as a merger of two pro- unification parties, the Kamerun United National Congress and the Cameroons National Federation. The party's leaders included E. M. L. Endeley, Salomon Tandeng Muna, John Ngu Foncha and Sampson George. However, with Endeley leading the party towards a pro-Nigerian stance, 1955 - Foncha led a breakaway group to form the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) in 1955. -
Mongo Beti and Jean Marc ÛLa: Literary and Christian Liberation In
Santa Clara University Scholar Commons English College of Arts & Sciences 1994 Mongo Beti and Jean Marc Éla: Literary and Christian Liberation in Cameroon John C. Hawley Santa Clara Univeristy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Social Justice Commons Recommended Citation Hawley, J. C. (1994). Mongo Beti and Jean Marc Éla: Literary and Christian Liberation in Cameroon. The Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Oral and Literary Studies 6(2), 14-23. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. , Mongo Beti and Jean-Marc Ela: The Literary and Christian Imagination in the Liberation of Cameroon John C. Hawley Santa Clara University In his fascinating study of contemporary African intellectuals and their struggle to set themselves apart from their European educations, K wame Anthony Appiah describes the intellectual ferment throughout the continent as producing "new, unpredictable fusions" because Africans "have the great advantage of having before [them] the European and American--and the Asian and Latin American--experiments with modernity to ponder as [they] make [their] choices" (134). Appiah uses the example of his own sister's wedding in Ghana to exemplify the hybridized role that religion continues to play in that self-definition. The ceremony followed the Methodist ritual; a Roman Catholic bishop offered the prayers, and Appiah's Oxford-educated relatives poured libations to their ancestors. -
European Colonialism in Cameroon and Its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014
EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN CAMEROON AND ITS AFTERMATH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SOUTHERN CAMEROON, 1884-2014 BY WONGBI GEORGE AGIME P13ARHS8001 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEGREE IN HISTORY SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR SULE MOHAMMED DR. JOHN OLA AGI NOVEMBER, 2016 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was written by me. It has not been submitted previously for the award of Higher Degree in any institution of learning. All quotations and sources of information cited in the course of this work have been acknowledged by means of reference. _________________________ ______________________ Wongbi George Agime Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was read and approved as meeting the requirements of the School of Post-graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, for the award of Master of Arts (MA) degree in History. _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Dr. John O. Agi Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Head of Department _________________________ ________________________ Prof .Sadiq Zubairu Abubakar Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty for His love, kindness and goodness to me and to the memory of Reverend Sister Angeline Bongsui who passed away in Brixen, in July, 2012. -
Deuxième Partie
DEUXIÈME PARTIE L’INVENTAIRE DES PARTICULARITÉS LEXICALES 51 Signes et abréviations utilisés () encadre l’origine de la lexie […] indique une coupure dans la citation 1, 2, 3 : numéros correspondant aux unités de sens et de classes syntaxiques dans un article adj. qual. : adjectif qualificatif adv. : adverbe dir. : direct f. : féminin hist. : historique interj. : interjection intr. : intransitif loc. : locution m. : masculin n. : nom pr. : pronominal syn. : synonyme tr. : transitif v. : verbe verb. : verbal voc. : vocabulaire 53 A À quelle heure ! Loc. « Trop tard ! » Affaire n. f. « Activité rapportant de (Avec raillerie) ; « c’est nul ». l’argent de manière plus ou moins - tu n’as pas vu le radar ? légale ». Le frisson est grand, et dans - A quelle heure ! Dis donc laisse ces le monde des affaires, on a mis la choses des blancs. Il faut voir l’état de pédale douce face à l’incertitude nos routes. (Challenge Hebdo, n° 50, grandissante. (Le Popoli, n° 133, 1991 : 4). 2004 : 3). La CAN, c’est du bonheur L’ONEL a enfin décidé de publier le sans mélange pour beaucoup d’hom- rapport de la présidentielle 2004. À mes. Pas parce qu’ils ont l’occasion de quelle heure ! Alors que j’ai déjà vivre une passion, de vibrer en même bouffé jusqu’à ce que je calcule même temps que les filets quand un but est déjà le point d’achèvement du marqué. Non. La CAN offre la pos- Mandat ? (La Nouvelle Expression, n° sibilité de faire les affaires. (Came- 1728, 2006 : 3). Fréquent. roon tribune, n° 9019/5218, 2008 : 2). Fréquent.