DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa: State and Civil Society in Cameroon Konings, P.J.J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa: State and Civil Society in Cameroon Konings, P.J.J The politics of neoliberal reforms in Africa: State and civil society in Cameroon Konings, P.J.J. Citation Konings, P. J. J. (2011). The politics of neoliberal reforms in Africa: State and civil society in Cameroon. Leiden: African Studies Centre and Langaa Publishers. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/22175 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/22175 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). The Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa Langaa & African Studies Centre The Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa State and Civil Society in Cameroon Piet Konings Langaa Research and Publishing Common Initiative Group PO Box 902 Mankon Bamenda North West Region Cameroon Phone +237 33 07 34 69 / 33 36 14 02 [email protected] http://www.langaa-rpcig.net www.africanbookscollective.com/publishers/langaa-rpcig African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.ascleiden.nl ISBN: © Langaa & African Studies Centre, 2011 Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................ix List of Tables .........................................................................................xi Abbreviations....................................................................................... xiii Map of the Republic of Cameroon ...................................................... xvi 1 Contesting Neoliberal Reforms in Africa Introduction ...........................................................................................1 The impact of neoliberalism on Africa ............................................2 State and civil society opposition .......................................................6 Organisation of the book ........................................................ 13 2 The introduction of neoliberal economic and political reforms in the Cameroonian post-colonial state Introduction ........................................................................................ 21 The nature of the post-colonial state in Cameroon .................... 24 The post-colonial state and structural adjustment ........................ 31 The post-colonial state and democratisation ................................ 35 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 43 3 Opposition and social-democratic change in Cameroon: The Social Democratic Front Introduction ........................................................................................ 47 The birth and growth of the SDF ................................................. 48 The Anglophone-Francophone divide within the SDF .............. 55 The regime’s repressive and divisive tactics and its international support .......................................................................................... 59 The SDF in disarray .......................................................................... 66 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 69 4 The neoliberalising Cameroonian state and private capital accumulation Introduction ........................................................................................ 73 The post-colonial state and capital accumulation ......................... 76 Privatisation and capital concentration ........................................... 83 Globalisation and new forms of domestic private capital accumulation ................................................................................. 93 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 98 v 5 Political liberalisation and Anglophone secessionist movements in Cameroon Introduction ...................................................................................... 101 The Anglophone problem ............................................................. 103 The Anglophone movements’ struggle for secession ............... 110 The SCNC leadership’s pursuit of international recognition for its secessionist claims........................................................... 114 The Anglophone leadership’s sensitisation and mobilisation campaign ..................................................................................... 118 Prospects for Anglophone secessionist claims ............................ 121 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 125 6 Good governance, privatisation and ethno-regional conflict in Cameroon Introduction ...................................................................................... 129 Governance and privatisation in Cameroon ............................... 132 Privatisation of the CDC and ethno-regional opposition ........ 136 Ethno-regional protest actions against CDC privatisation ....... 141 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 151 7 Good governance and border conflicts in Africa: The Bakassi dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria Introduction ...................................................................................... 155 The development of the Bakassi dispute .................................... 158 The implications of the 2002 ICJ ruling and the 2006 Greentree Agreement...................................................... 163 Regional resistance to the 2002 ICJ verdict and the 2006 Greentree Agreement...................................................... 168 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 174 8 China and Africa in the era of neoliberal globalisation with Cameroon as a case study Introduction ...................................................................................... 177 The impact of renewed Chinese interest in Africa .................... 180 Africa’s response to China’s new engagement with their continent ...................................................................................... 187 China-Cameroon relations ............................................................. 190 Chinese investment in Cameroon ................................................. 192 Trade relations between Cameroon and China .......................... 196 Chinese aid to Cameroon .............................................................. 198 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 200 vi 9 Political liberalisation and the violent university students’ revolt in Cameroon Introduction ...................................................................................... 205 Political liberalisation and student organisation along ethno-regional lines .................................................................... 207 Political liberalisation and student revolt, 1990-96 ..................... 215 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 230 10 Solving transportation problems in Africa cities during neoliberal reforms: Innovative responses by the youth in Douala, Cameroon Introduction ...................................................................................... 233 The emergence and growth of bendskin and pousse-pousse in New Bell ................................................................................. 237 Bendskin drivers and pousseurs: Some socioeconomic characteristics .............................................................................. 240 Benskin drivers and pousseurs: Masters of the road .................... 243 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 249 11 Trade unionism in Cameroon and neoliberal globalisation: From crisis to revitalisation? Introduction ...................................................................................... 253 Cameroonian trade unionism in deep crisis ................................ 253 Prospects for trade-union revitalisation ....................................... 262 12 Structural adjustment and trade union identity in Africa: The case of Cameroonian plantation workers Introduction ...................................................................................... 265 Estate production and occupational change at Ndu ................. 267 Trade unionism on the Ndu estate and structural adjustment ................................................................................... 272 Ndu workers and trade union identity under structural adjustment ................................................................................... 277 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 280 References............................................................................................. 285 Index ................................................................................................... 315 vii viii Acknowledgements This book is the product of many years of intensive research in Cameroon and the enriching encounters with local scholars and civil- society members, and I would like to thank all those who, in one way or another, have contributed to this project. I am particularly grateful to Francis Nyamnjoh who has inspired me to undertake the book project and complete it. I would also like to express my gratitude to the African Studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber (Eds.) Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances RP 5 June 2015 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2015 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the authors. SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (Updated English version of SWP-Studie 7/2015) Table of Contents 5 Problems and Recommendations 7 Jihadism in Africa: An Introduction Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 13 Al-Shabaab: Youth without God Annette Weber 31 Libya: A Jihadist Growth Market Wolfram Lacher 51 Going “Glocal”: Jihadism in Algeria and Tunisia Isabelle Werenfels 69 Spreading Local Roots: AQIM and Its Offshoots in the Sahara Wolfram Lacher and Guido Steinberg 85 Boko Haram: Threat to Nigeria and Its Northern Neighbours Moritz Hütte, Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 99 Conclusions and Recommendations Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 103 Appendix 103 Abbreviations 104 The Authors Problems and Recommendations Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances The transnational terrorism of the twenty-first century feeds on local and regional conflicts, without which most terrorist groups would never have appeared in the first place. That is the case in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Syria and Iraq, as well as in North and West Africa and the Horn of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Reunification Discourses in Selected Cameroonian History Textbooks
    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REUNIFICATION DISCOURSES IN SELECTED CAMEROONIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS BY NKWENTI RAYMOND FRU Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL School of Education History Education SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR JOHAN WASSERMANN 2017 DECLARATION I, Nkwenti Fru declare that: a. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. b. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. c. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. d. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: i. their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; ii. Where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks and referenced. e. Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am author, co-author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. f. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the Reference section. Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________________________ As the student’s supervisor, I, Johan Wassermann, hereby approve the submission of the thesis for examination. Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________________________ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, I praise God, the Almighty for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability, energy and health to proceed successfully.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing from the Margins [13 June 2018, Mougoue]
    THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHOR C'EST UN TRAVAIL EN COURS DE RÉALISATION. VEUILLEZ NE PAS CITER OU FAIRE CIRCULER SANS LA PERMISSION DE L'AUTEUR WRITING FROM THE MARGINS: POLITICAL MASCULINITIES AND SEPARATIST (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES IN CAMEROON (ECRIRE DES MARGES: LES MASCULINITÉS POLITIQUES ET LES (AUTO) BIOGRAPHIES SÉPARATISTES AU CAMEROUN) Jacqueline-Bethel Tchouta Mougoué, Baylor University Anglophone human rights activist Albert Mukong described his six-year imprisonment from 1970 to 1976 in his 2009 biography, Prisoner without a Crime, in painstaking detail.1 He describes his prison gendarmes as lawless and bent on humiliation; he describes frequent beatings, intimidation, and mental torture. He shares that one brutal beating from a gendarme left him hospitalized for days because he had refused to embrace President Ahidjo’s political party.2 But before all this he describes the soldier who escorted him to the capital into the custody of the Brigade Mixte Mobile, Ahidjo’s paramilitary secret police of Cameroon, thus: “[H]e was very civil and respectable in his conduct, maybe because he was Anglophone and also from Bamenda. He comported himself rather more [as] a bodyguard than a police escort for a detainee.”3 Mukong’s autobiography cast issues of Anglophone political identity and dignity within the framework of ongoing Anglophone social and political marginalization during the first two decades of Cameroon’s independence from British and French European rule. Historicizing the lives of such men illuminates individual agency and highlights how past events shaped the ideas and understanding of the world in which they lived.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon
    The Journal of Modern African Studies, , (), pp. –. Printed in the United Kingdom # Cambridge University Press The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon by PIET KONINGS and FRANCIS B. NYAMNJOH* Tpolitical agenda in Cameroon has become increasingly dominated by what is known as the ‘anglophone problem’, which poses a major challenge to the efforts of the post-colonial state to forge national unity and integration, and has led to the reintroduction of forceful arguments and actions in favour of ‘federalism’ or even ‘secession’. The root of this problem may be traced back to when the political e! lites of two territories with different colonial legacies – one French and the other British – agreed on the formation of a federal " state. Contrary to expectations, this did not provide for the equal partnership of both parties, let alone for the preservation of the cultural heritage and identity of each, but turned out to be merely a transitory phase to the total integration of the anglophone region into a strongly centralised, unitary state. Gradually, this created an anglophone consciousness: the feeling of being ‘marginalised’, ‘exploited’, and ‘assimilated’ by the francophone-dominated state, and even by the francophone population as a whole. It was not until the political liberalisation process in the early s that some members of the English-speaking e! lite started openly to protest against the supposed subordinate position of the anglophones and to lay claims for self-determination and autonomy. Whereas the most important organisations initially called for a return to the federal state, the persistent refusal of the Government headed by President Paul Biya to discuss any related constitutional reforms forced some to adopt a secessionist stand.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in the Arts Le Genre Dans Les Arts
    DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION CENTRE CENTRE DE DOCUMENTATION ET D’INFORMATION Gender in the Arts Le genre dans les arts Bibliography - Bibliographie CODICE June/Juin, 2006 Gender in the Arts – Le genre dans les arts Introduction Introduction The topic of the 2006 session of the Gender La session 2006 de l’institut du genre porte sur Institute is “Gender in the arts”. The arts have « le Genre dans les arts ». been defined according to the Larousse dictionary Les arts, définis d’après le Larousse comme étant as being “All specific human activities, based on « l’ensemble des activités humaines spécifiques, sensory, aesthetic and intellectual faculties”. In faisant appel à certaines facultés sensorielles, other words, arts relate to: music, painting, esthétiques et intellectuelles ». En d’autres theatre, dance, cinematography, literature, termes, les arts se confondent à tout ce qui se orature, fashion, advertisement etc. rapporte à : la musique, la peinture, le théâtre, la danse, le cinéma, la littérature, l’oralité, la mode, This bibliography produced by the CODESRIA la publicité etc. Documentation and Information Centre (CODICE) within the framework of this institute lists Cette bibliographie produite par le Centre de documents covering all the concepts on arts. It is documentation et d’information du CODESRIA divided into four parts: (CODICE) dans le cadre de cet institut recense - References compiled from CODICE Bibliographic des documents en prenant en considération tous data base; les concepts liés aux arts. Elle est divisée en - New documents ordered for this institute; quatre parties : - Specialized journals on the topic of gender and - Les références tirées de la base de arts; données du CODICE.
    [Show full text]
  • Ayuk-Mbi-Elisabeth-L
    An Open Access Journal from The Law Brigade (Publishing) Group 1 THE LEGITIMATION OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY AND INSTITUTIONS BY ETHNIC ASSOCIATIONS IN THE ADAMAWA REGION OF CAMEROON Written by Ayuk Mbi Elisabeth 4th Year Research Student In Phd, Faculty Of Law And Political Science, University Of Ngoundere Cameroon In the 1990s, sub-Saharan African states got engaged in a decompression process with some long expected effects such as competitive elections, freedom of speech, and the development of individual and collective rights such as freedom of association for a better expression of citizenship. This liberalization did not only come along with the expected effects as it equally produced some perverse effects. This atmosphere favored the liberation of public space and the involvement of new actors in the political arena manifested through the appearance of diverse social movements (Monga, 1994, Kenmogne, 2002, Oyono and Temple 2003). One of such movements is the ‘Association’. In Cameroon, under the prism of the civil society, there is a wide range of associations and these associations vary from the religious to ethnic passing through community development associations with others mutating into pressure groups and political parties. Seen as representations of their different local communities (Gausset 2005), ethno-community associations have gradually imposed themselves in the political field to the extent of maintaining a stable and almost formal relationship with state authorities and institutions. While a number of authors see this existing relationship between the state and ethnic groups as an investment and a return on investment (Moluh, 2005, Posner 2005), others think that it is a one sided Instrumentalization from political entrepreneurs (Hogan and Feeney, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • ANGLOPHONES OR AUTOCHTONES? —~ I0th Md Piet Konings African Studies Centre, Univ
    CONSTRUCTION AND DECONSTRUCTION: ANGLOPHONES OR AUTOCHTONES? —~ I0th md Piet Konings African Studies Centre, Univ. of Leiden ias Francis B. Nyamnjoh will Department of Sociology, Univ. of Botswana me ABSTRACT l in While the politics ofbelonging has a strong tradition in the post-colonial state in JSS st Cameroon, the current wave of democratisation in the 1990s has compelled the Biya >.1 regime to re-conceptualise "belonging". Finding it hard to winfree and fair elections in ent the new multiparty system, the Biya government has tried to perpetuate itselfin power by ing encouraging the resurgence oflocal identities which wer e likely to support the regime, der notwithstanding thefact that this strategy obviously undermined its professed policy of ;he national Integration. It has also stretched the conventional idea of minorities to such bal ambiguous proportions that historica! minorities like the Anglophones have seen themselves deniedthe status ofminority in the 1996 constitution, while every small ethnic grouping which appears to distance itselffrom the Opposition has met with government support. This paper examines the systematic efforts of the government to deconstruct the Anglophone identity - an identity which has its historica! foundation in the British colonisation of the ex-Southern Cameroons and has been reactivated during the current democratisation process, posing serious problems to the Francophone-dominated state. One major government strategy has been to fuel the existing tensions between South Westerners and North Westerners in the Anglophone territory, tensions largely based in large-scale north-western settlement in the coastal plantation area and in the perceived domination of the South West by the North West economically and politically since the end of the 1950s, and to stimulate new alignments like SA WA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy Or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006 Cadernos De Estudos Africanos, Núm
    Cadernos de Estudos Africanos ISSN: 1645-3794 [email protected] Centro de Estudos Africanos Portugal Mokam, David The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006 Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, núm. 23, julio, 2012, pp. 1-16 Centro de Estudos Africanos Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=293023560004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Cadernos de Estudos Africanos 23 (2012) Varia e Recensões ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ David Mokam The Search for a Cameroonian Model of Democracy or the Search for the Domination of the State Party: 1966-2006 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Aviso O conteúdo deste website está sujeito à legislação francesa sobre a propriedade intelectual e é propriedade exclusiva do
    [Show full text]
  • No. 361, October 2017
    Pour la version française cliquez ici. Observatory of Cultural Policies in Africa The Observatory is a Pan African international NGO created in 2002 with the support of African Union, the Ford Foundation, and UNESCO. Its aim is to monitor cultural trends and national cultural policies in the region and to enhance their integration in human development strategies through advocacy, information, research, capacity building, networking, co-ordination, and co-operation at the regional and international levels. OCPA NEWS No 361 October 2017 OCPA News aims to promote interactive information exchange within Africa and between Africa and the other regions. Please send us information for dissemination about new initiatives, meetings, research projects and publications of interest for cultural policies for development in Africa. Thank you for your co-operation. *** Contact: OCPA Secretariat, Avenida Patrice Lumumba No. 850, Primeiro Andar, Caixa Postal 1207, Maputo, Mozambique Tel.: + 258 21306138 / Fax: +258 21320304 / E-mail: [email protected] Executive Director: Lupwishi Mbuyamba, [email protected] Editor of OCPA News: Máté Kovács, [email protected] 1 OCPA WEB SITE - www.ocpanet.org OCPA FACEBOOK - www.facebook.com/pages/OCPA-Observatory-of-Cultural-Policies-in- Africa/100962769953248?v=info You can subscribe or unsubscribe to OCPA News via the online form at http://www.ocpanet.org/activities/newsletter/mailinglist/subscribe-en.html or http://www.ocpanet.org/activities/newsletter/mailinglist/unsubscribe-en.html Previous issues of OCPA News at http://ocpa.irmo.hr/activities/newsletter/index-en.html * OCPA is an official partner of UNESCO (associate status) *** We express our thanks to our main partners whose support has permitted the development of our activities: ENCATC CBAAC FORD FOUNDATION *** *** 2 In this issue A.
    [Show full text]
  • Conseil Consultatif Des Immigrés Auprès De La Communauté Française
    LA PRATIQUE DU POUVOIR EXÉCUTIF 561 2054 ÉTRANGERS. — Conseil consultatif des immigrés auprès de la Communauté française. Un arrêté de l’Exécutif de la Communauté française en date du 9 octobre 1986 (M.B., 10 janvier 1987) avait institué un conseil consultatif des immigrés auprès de cette Communauté (voyez cette chronique, n° 1913). L’arrêté de l’Exécutif du 18 février 1987 (M.B., 20 mai 1987) fixe à 250 F pour le président ou vice-présidents et à 200 F pour les membres ou experts le jeton de présence à chaque réunion de deux heures au moins tenue par le conseil consultatif. L’indemnité pour frais de parcours équivaut au coût du billet de chemin de fer l rc classe correspondant à la distance entre le domicile et le lieu de réunion. J.-P. L. 2055 ÉTRANGERS. — Droits politiques. — Elections locales. — Propo­ sition de directive européenne. — Implications en Belgique. La participation des étrangers aux élections locales est envisagée depuis 1974 au sein des instances de la Communauté économique européenne. Suite à une résolution du Parlement européen (13 novembre 1985), le Commissaire Ripa di Meana lui a déposé un rapport approfondi (7 octobre 1986). La Commission a ensuite élaboré une proposition de directive qui, fondée sur l’article 235 du Traité de Rome, tend à reconnaître aux ressortissants des Etats membres — soit quatre millions de personnes — le droit de parti­ ciper aux élections municipales dans la localité de résidence. La Commission souhaite mettre ainsi fin à une discrimination dans l’exercice des droits politiques entre les citoyens de l’Etat d’accueil et les travailleurs originaires des autres pays de la Communauté, dont la libre circulation est garantie par le Traité.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polisario Front
    EUROPEAN STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY CENTER (ESISC) THE POLISARIO FRONT CREDIBLE NEGOTIATIONS PARTNER OR AFTER-EFFECT OF THE COLD WAR AND OBSTACLE TO A POLITICAL SOLUTION IN WESTERN SAHARA? Under the leadership of Claude MONIQUET, ESISC President November 2005 METHODOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Founded in May 2002, the ESISC (European Strategic Intelligence and Security Centre) has taken on, from its inception, the work of observing and analyzing the international terrorism and strategic questions that had been conducted for many years by some of its promoters. The work of the ESISC analysts is based: . On the systematic examination of all the “open sources” (newspapers, magazines, books, etc) available on the questions of terrorism, political violence and strategic problems. On close relations and exchanges with other research centres, in particular in the United States, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. On regular meetings with political and military leaders, and members of the intelligence communities. On ad hoc field missions carried out by ESISC researchers or by other experts appointed by them. This systematic approach has enabled the ESISC to create and develop prospective analysis systems, databases (biographical, geographical, thematic and, in terms of terrorism and organized crime, “Perpetrator Group” and “Target Group”) and other instruments that contribute to the permanent evaluation of the tensions, the general threat and the relative threat relating to one or more given targets. This analysis is made available to ESISC’s clients and partners. This report falls within the ESISC’s STUDIES remit. The ESISC further publishes many analysis and synthesis papers that are available on its website: www.esisc.org For all contact: [email protected] This report remains the exclusive property of the ESISC, and any publication other than that expressly envisaged by the law would require prior written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • African Journal for Prevention and Combating of Terrorism
    African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT) African Journal for the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism Vol 6 N° 1 December 2017 African Journal EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIRMAN H.E. Larry Gbevlo-Lartey Esq., MEMBERS • Dr. C. Nna-Emeka Okereke • Dr. Abdoulaye MAIGA • Mr. Idriss Mounir LALLALI • Col. Christian Emmanuel MOUAYA POUYI • Ms. Mauna NTWAETSILE • Mr. Moïse Lazare Emery LECKIBY • Mr. Inusah ZIBLIM • Mr. Richard APAU Published under the authority of H.E. Ambassador Ismail CHERGUI, African Union Commissioner for Peace and Security 3 African Journal SOMMAIRE EDITORIAL ...................................................................................................9 THE DYNAMICS OF ILLEGAL MINING ACTIVITIES AND THE INTER- NAL SECURITY OF THE STATE: THE CASE OF GHANA.......................................................................................21 Abstract ..........................................................................................................21 Introduction..............................................................................................22 Significance of Ghana’s Mining Industry...............................................24 Artisanal Small Scale Mining in Ghana Explained.......................................26 Legal Framework Regulating Mining in Ghana............................................30 Utility of Galamsey - Illegal Mining.............................................................34 Artisanal Mining and Internal Security in Ghana..........................................38
    [Show full text]