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Home , Louis XVIII

The CH. 7.2-5

The Assembly Reforms France

• National Assembly, declared:

1. All citizens (men) of France EQUAL.

2. Declaration of the Rights of Man • Copied from US Dec. of Ind. *Protect the rights of the people. – Freedom of speech, religion, equal rights, etc. – Political document created by National Assembly

• 3 new political groups form within National Assembly: 1.Radicals (): lots of change, no king 2.Moderates: small changes 3.Conservatives: don’t change anything! We like the king. 4.Parisians = residents of , France

• Radicals (The Jacobins) dissolve National Assembly, new govt. called installed:

Jacobins Takes Over • (1792) –Representative –All citizens can vote –King has no power

• Jacobins execute the king – Use the • War still continues – Many European forces against French Rev. to preserve monarchies – National Convention drafts 300,000 men to fight

French Guillotine Terror Grips France • Max Robespierre () takes power in National Convention (1792) • 2 Groups Form : 1. Republic of Virtue: eliminate all traces of old govts. • Monarchy abolished 2. Committee of Public Safety • Executes 40,000 people who are against the Republic of Virtue, or are suspected. – This period called the • Queen executed • No one is safe • Robespierre accuses many Jacobins (enemies of the State)

End of the Terror • Robespierre executed by his own people • New government formed 1794 called:

– The Directory • 5 male leaders • 2 houses of legislature • Appoint Bonaparte as general… (oops) 7.3- Napoleon Forges an Empire

Napoleon Seizes Power

• Hero of the Hour: Napoleon – Joined the Army during the French Revolution – Defended Paris against “Royalists” • People who supported the king – Became famous through war victories – Won many victories in Italy, Austria, and Coup d’Etat (How he came to power)

• New govt. (Directory) failed in 1799 • Returned to Paris • Surrounds National Legislature with his army • Coup d’Etat- Quick military takeover – Runs off most of the members – Those who remained dissolve directory

Napoleon Rules France

• (1800) Napoleon arranges a popular vote for his elected position of power – Called plebiscite: • vote of the people – Napoleon won with majority vote – People wanted change, gave total power to Napoleon • Why? Napoleon’s Reforms (How he strengthened the French government)

1. NAPOLEONIC CODE: One set of laws for everyone • Promoted order, authority over individual rights – Restricted free speech and press, Napoleon’s Reforms Cont. (How He Strengthened The French government)

2. Fair tax system Pope Pius VII of Rome 3. Public schools (free for all) 4. Govt. Jobs based on merit, not family 5. Signed • Agreement with Pope to bring back Catholicism to France…peasants happy! Napoleon Creates an Empire

• Goal: control ALL of Europe – Gave up French territories in America • Sold Louisiana Purchase to U. S. for: –15 million dollars –Use money to: »Conquer Europe

• – Attack GB by water! • Bad move. Britain is the world’s dominant naval power • GB took half the French Fleet • France backs off from GB! • 1812 – Extent of Napoleon’s empire – Napoleon controls all of Europe (except GB) Map

Govt. Power Shifts…

Jacobins establish National The Directory Napoleon National Assembly (failed) Convention Bonaparte (Robespierre) Reign of Terror 7.4- Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes 1 • 1. The Naval Blockade

– Failed to defeat GB, economically

– Failed BLOCKADE • Failed to block goods into GB • GB remains a strong trading partner with all Europe

Mistake #2

• 2. Invading Portugal – Had to march through Spain • Spanish outraged • Napoleon replaces the king of Spain with his brother • Spanish guerillas fight Napoleon for six years in Spain – Called: Peninsular Wars – British sent help to defeat Napoleon – Success of Spanish inspired other countries to fight for freedom (nationalism) Biggest Mistake #3 • The Invasion of Russia (1812) – Russia did not stop trading with GB – Czar (leader) wanted to expand into Poland – Napoleon invades with 420,000

– Czar retreats further into Russia, burns everything behind him SCORCHED EARTH POLICY » Why? What are the French troops living off of? – Napoleon reaches capital, Moscow » In flames, ¾ destroyed – Napoleon decides to return to France » WINTER NOW SETS IN » Russians attack the French! » ONLY 10,000 French soldiers make it out of Russia Napoleon’s campaign thru Russia. 422,000 start campaign, 10,000 remain at the end. Napoleon’s Downfall

– All of his enemies unite Europeans sweeping to attack him Napoleon back to France. – Napoleon surrenders his empire • Banished to the island of (1814) The • Louis XVIII takes power in France – People unhappy again • Napoleon escapes Elba (1815) – People of France make him Emperor… AGAIN! • Napoleon was in power for 100 days. Napoleon’s Final Battle – British and Prussians attack • defeat Napoleon at Waterloo (Belgium) – Exiled to island of St. Helena BY HIMSELF. • Off African Coast • Dies in 1821

Enemies Napoleon Waterloo Napoleon unite to escapes, sends Congress of loses in attack; exile takes power Napoleon Russia Bonaparte to for 100 days into exile, St. Elba in France Helena..dies 7.5- The

…Back to Legislative Bodies Metternich’s Plan for Europe

• Most decisions made by: “power players” 1. Russia 2. 3. Austria 4. GB 5. France – All are Monarchies, and want to stay Monarchies…. So much for democracy! Klemens von Metternich plan

1) Contain France

2) Balance Power among all 4) Alliances among European Euro nations including France powers. Collective security. (Holy Alliance)

3) Restore leaders de-throned by Bonaparte…kings are back! 1. The Containment of France • Make weak countries strong and unite them – Creates new countries: • Netherlands • Ind. Switzerland • Italy stronger • Austria controls new Germany • France can’t beat it’s neighbors now! 2. Balance of Power

• Make each country have equal power

– Even empower France, but just enough – Limit military buildup – Prevent war 3. Legitimacy

• Return conquered Royal families back to power – Monarchs = peace – Democracy Bad = Revolution – Easier for Monarchs to lead – System brought peace for 40 years! • 4. Alliances: 1. Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria monarchies – Protect one another no matter what 2. Concert of Europe: all other countries – Built by Metternich in his PLAN.

3, 2, 1s (in complete sentences) (ET) • Three things you found out 1) …do after notes in isn! (et) 2) 3)

• Two things you found interesting 1) 2)

• One question you still have 1)