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Advanced Placement European History UNIT # 7 French Revolution/ Age of Napoleon 1789-1815

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Advanced Placement European History UNIT # 7 French Revolution/ Age of Napoleon 1789-1815 Advanced Placement European History UNIT # 7 French Revolution/ Age of Napoleon 1789-1815 Mr. Mansor French Revolution / Napoleonic Age Years: 1789-1815 (The Napoleonic Age was from 1799-1815) Definition: A time of revolution in France when people wanted limits on absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. It would be a long process. Dictator, Napoleon, would rise to power first before a Constitutional Monarchy would emerge. Historic Reasons for the French Revolution 1. Economic crisis since previous century – over – spending, wars, and Louis XV’s “Bubble Era.” Also, helping America with its revolution in 1770’s also drained the economy. 2. Little voice for the people in French politics. Kings were Absolute Monarchs. The Estates-General (Parliament) had not been permitted to meet in 175 years. 3. Commoners paid all the taxes, while the non-tax paying clergy and nobles lived lavishly. 4. Repeated bad harvests. Four Phases of the French Revolution 1. Moderate Phase – National Assembly begins turning France into a Constitutional Monarchy, which limited the kings power/ (1789-1791) 2. Radical Phase – Led to the Reign of Terror. (1792 – 1794) 3. Reaction against Extremism – known as democracy. (1795 – 1799) 4. Age of Napoleon – warfare. (1799 – 1815) 12 Changes of the French Government – 1789 to 1815 1. Louis XVI 2. Louis XVI & Estates-General (3 Estates) 3. Louis XVI & National Assembly (Commoners) 4. Louis XVI & Legislative Assembly (Radical) 5. The National Convention (executes monarch) 6. The Committee of Public Safety (12 men) 7. The Directory (5 men) 8. The Consulate (3 men) 9. First Consul (Napoleon I) 10. The French Parliament (constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII) 11. Napoleon I (again – his famous 100 days) 12. Louis XVIII again 1 General Background Information Monarch was Louis XVI. His wife was Marie Antoinette, famous for not caring for the poor – said to “Let them find cake to eat.” (Cake is merely Breadcrumbs). Estates General is the 3 house French Parliament (not Parlement, which is the courts). Estate #1 = Clergy (2% of population) Estate #2 = Nobles (2% of population) Estate #3 = Commoners (96% of population) Two of the 3 estates had to agree – estates 1 & 2 always went against commoners This parliament began meeting again during Louis XVI’s reign. He began reigning in 1774. The population of France at this time was 25 million. The King and queen also had a son, Louis XVIII Phase One (1789-1791): Moderate Phase 1789: Due to discontent and rioting, the Estates-General was summoned by Louis XVI for the first time in 175 years. The Estates-General becomes the National Assembly with the 3rd estate (commoners) playing a greater role. June 20 – 27: Tennis Court Oath – The king, clergy, and nobles locked the National Assembly out of the meeting room at Versailles Palace. So, the commoners (3rd estate) met at the palace’s tennis court and vowed not to disband until a constitution was created. Louis XVI finally gave in. July 14, 1789: Storming at the Bastille – became a symbol of French Revolution. Bastille was a prison housing political prisoners in Paris. After much protest from commoners about living conditions, the prison was stormed to free them and look for weapons the government was hiding (though none were found). There were several deaths. July & August, 1789: The Great Fear – Political problems and terrible famine set this off. Nobles’ homes and lands were attacked, but it did die down. It was known as the Great Fear due to rumors of aristocrats planning to attack peasants August 4, 1789: National Assembly ends feudalism’s remnants (the feudal privileges of the nobles). 2 August 26, 1789: Publication of “Declaration of the rights of man,” It was a step toward a Constitution that was based on the USA’s “Declaration of Independence.” Called for male equality, fair tax system, and freedom of religion. October 5, 1789: Women’s March on Versailles – this furthered the cause of the Revolution. The King & Queen were living at Versailles (10 miles from Paris). Women marched to Versailles demanding food and a better life. Also demanded the King’s support of the “Dec. of Rights of Man” and cheap bread in Paris. They wanted Royal Family to return to Paris to hear the daily complaints. The royal family did & spent the next 3 years at Tuilieries Palace. November, 1789: National Assembly confiscated all Church property; the land was sold to raise money February, 1790: Suppression of religious orders and monasteries July 12,1790: “Civil Constitution of the Clergy” written. The state now had the right to influence all religious matters. Convents and monasteries were abolished, the clergy was elected by the citizens and paid by the state, the clergy was forbidden to accept allegiance to the Pope, and the clergy had to take an oath of loyalty to the French government June 21, 1791: Flight to Varennes – Royal Family tries fleeing in disguise to friendlier neighboring nations. They recognized and sent back to Paris to help the needy. Royal Family also thinking of starting a counter-revolutionary army in Varennes. June, 1791: Declaration of Pillintz – Austria and Prussia express their willingness to intervene in France. They feared revolts would spread to their nations. The Austrian king even encouraged overthrowing the French king to being about order. Enirgres – nobles, clergy, and others who fled France and tried to stir up other countries to fight France. Sans-Culottes – working class people who made the revolution more radical. They wanted a “Republic” – government without a king. The National Assembly permitted Jews and Protestants freedom to worship. Catholic Church property and monasteries confiscated to use all collateral for a new paper currency known as “Assignat.” It was to help put France on a more Solid economic track. 3 October, 1791: National Assembly replaced with the Legislative Assembly due to increased economic and revolutionary problems. Girondins in control, but Jacobins make their presence felt. Girondins – wanted to go from a Constitutional Monarchy to a “Republic” – no king. Rural peasants supported them. Jacobins – Radicals against an absolute Monarchy, but did want a Constitutional Monarchy with a weak king and a strong central government (supported by Paris mobs). They moved away from the catholic Church with a new non-Christian calendar, used the metric system, and established price limits on grain. The Mountain – Another name for the Jacobins since they sat on high chairs at the rear of meeting halls. Phase Two (1792 – 1794): Radical Phase 1719: Olympe de Goughes, a feminist, wrote her own “declaration of the rights of Women.” Women were to be equal to men and laws must reflect it. Free communications and all other rights must be adhered to. April 1792: France declares war on Austria and Prussia. Leaders of these nations were influenced by émigrés. Thus, the “Wars of Revolution” began. Sept 2-6, 1792: September Massacres – citizens attacked and killed the clergy and nobles in prisons accused of political offenses. Sept 20, 1792: New ruling body is the national Convention with more radical Jacobins in control. The right to vote is extended to all males (suffrage), not just property owners. Sept 21, 1792: Abolition of Monarchy! France is now a republic. Abolition of all nobility claims, titles, and lands of nobles. It is often referred to as the second Revolution. Oct 25, 1792: All émigrés are banished for life Jan 21, 1793: Execution of king Louis XVI by way of guillotine. Note that his son, Louis XVII, remained uncrowned and died in a dungeon of unknown causes. Feb 1793: National Convention under siege: France at war with more nations like Austria, Prussia, Britain, Netherlands, and Spain. 4 April 1793: National Convention replaced with the committee of public safety with 12 members. “Republic of Virtue” proclaimed to de-christianize France. Maximilian Robespierre (1 of the 12 in leadership) stood out. He was a Jacobin that believed terror was needed to punish traitors. He also abolished slavery in colonies. June 1793: The Girondins are overthrown July 1793-Jul 1794: Reign of Terror: Led by Robespierre and 40,000 people were killed, including many clergy and nobles. The guillotine had been created to make executions easier. Things became uncontrollable, so Robespierre was executed for being so extreme on July 28, 1794. This was known as the Thermidorian Reaction (Thermidorian was the new calendar month of Julyaaa0. Apart of this reaction was to return moderates to government (August 18 to Sept 16). It was the reassertion of authority by the respected bourgeoisie. Oct 16, 1793: Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette Dec 1794; Girondins reenter the government Phase Three (1795-1799): Reaction Against Extremism 1795: New Constitution drawn up. Also a five man leadership now takes over known as the Directory, replacing the Committee of Public Safety. Also, a 2-house Legislature (1795-1799) was created. The problem now was government corruption. A military hero, Napoleon Bonaparte, was to help the Directory rule. He would backstab them. Oct 1795: Amnesty for political detainees Amnesty – freedom from jail for those being detained by the former King. Nov 1795: Until 1799, the Directory suppressed the sans-culottes. 1799: Napoleon’s Coup d”etat (violent overthrow of the government). He got rid of the Directory. Napoleon was born in Corsica, which then belonged to Italy. France possessed Corsica when Napoleon was only one year old. 5 Phase Four years (1799-1815): Napoleonic Age Nov 9, 1799: Three Man Consulate that include Napoleon takes over, them Napoleon ruled solo as the First Consul. Napoleon then called himself “emperor.” Dec 1799: Plebiscite in which French a new (4th) constitution. Plebiscite is a ballot held for voters. Napoleon used this to gain support and stop the street fighting.
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