Volume 2, Number 4, August 2000 Contents station will provide NWS warnings for high winds, high Special Features surf and flooding, tsunami alerts and warnings,and other The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami, by Jan T. Kozak...... 3 important information. and Charles D. James The radio site project was a partnership between Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami Factoids................................... 4 Washington Emergency Management Division; the local Map of Europe, by Jari Roloff..................................................... 5 Tsunami Working Group; Clallam, Grays Harbor and The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami--an Eyewitness ....... 6 Pacific counties; National Weather Service--Seattle; Radio Account, by The Reverand Charles Davy Station KXRO; Cascade Regional Earthquake; The Lisbon Earthquake in 1755: Contested Meanings in the ....10 First Modern Disaster, by Dr. Russell R. Dynes Weyerhaeuser Co.; Washington Crab Producers; Mark Reed Partners in Preparedness: The Island County Beach ................. 20 Hospital; the Quinault Indian Nation; and George Bisso of Watcher’s- Ships Naturalist Program, by T.J. Harmon ORCA Electronics. Summer Vacation Assignment for All Ages............................ 29 The NOAA weather radio tower dedication ceremony Departments will be held Sept. 11, 2000 at Mt. Octopus, Washington. Tsunami News......................................................................... 1 For more information, contact Karin Frinell-Hanrahan, News Briefs............................................................................ 1, 24 Department of Emergency Management, PO Box 630, Infrequently Asked Questions................................................. 19 Montesano, WA 9856 : (360) 249-3911; or [email protected] New Tsunami Mitigation Materials ....................................... 21 Conferences and Seminars...................................................... 23 harbor.wa.us. (See also, TsuInfo Alert, v. 1, no. 5, p. 4.) New Web Resources .............................................................. 25 The August-September '00 EENET Schedule ........................ 27 NEWS BRIEFS Directories ............................................................................. 28 Video Reservations ................................................................ 30 WSEMA starts website Washington State Emergency Management Association TSUNAMI NEWS (WSEMA) has a new web page to improve the exchange of information among local, state and federal and private sector emergency managers. The web page address is New station covers coast http://www.wsema.org. A new Olympic Peninsula weather radio station started Besides posting association membership information, test operations in May to provide all hazard warnings to the site will include news and information on professional much of Washington's Pacific coastline. development in the emergency management field, links to The station, located atop Mt. Octopus in western other emergency management sites, job postings, and Jefferson County, can broadcast weather and emergency registration forms for the 2000 WSEMA Fall Conference in alert and warning information that can be received from Oak Harbor on Oct. 2-3. Forks to Raymond and South Bend. Previously, much of the Sean Davis, Benton County Emergency Management is Olympic Peninsula could not receive National Oceanic and the WSEMA web master. He can be reached at Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather radio [email protected]. signals. "The site's signal extends further out to sea, so that our fishing industry now can monitor what is happening in Grays Harbor," said Karin Frinell-Hanrahan, deputy Editors' note: This issue of TsuInfo Alert includes director, Grays Harbor County Department of Emergency three articles about the great earthquake and Management. tsunami in Lisbon, Portugal in 1755. This gives all Seattle's National Weather Service office installed the of you time to plan your celebrations of the 245th NOAA radio site, which broadcasts on 162.425 MHZ. The anniversary of that event, November 1, 2000. TsuInfo Alert is published monthly by the Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources. This publication is free upon request and is available in print (by surface mail) and electronically (by e-mail). The 1999 issues are also available at http://www.wa.gov/dnr/htdocs/ger/tsunami.htm TsuInfo Alert and the TsuInfo document delivery program are made possible by a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency via the Washington Military Department, Division of Emergency Management. Participants in the TsuInfo program can request copies of reports listed in this issue from: Library Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources P.O. Box 47007 Olympia, WA 98504-7007 ph: 360/902-1472 or 360/902-1473 fax: 360/902-1785 e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] prepared by Connie J. Manson, Senior Library Information Specialist and Lee Walkling, Library Information Specialist with special thanks to Jari Roloff, Geologist III-Editor 2 TsuInfo Alert, v. 2, no. 4, August, 2000 THE 1755 LISBON EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI by Jan T. Kozak, Institute of Rock Mechanics, Czech Academy of Science Charles D. James, National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering Note: With permission, this paper is abridged and edited from drafts of a longer work in progress by V. S. Moreira, C. Nunes and J. Kozak on the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755. Updated November 12, 1998. Send comments or questions to EERC Library Although not the strongest or most deadly earthquake as Rossio, the central part of the city. The Rosario, or main in human history, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake's impact, not square, was the commercial center of Lisbon. The Estatus only on Portugal but on all of Europe, was profound and Palace, situated to the north, was where illustrious visitors lasting. Depictions of the earthquake in art and literature can to the Kingdom were lodged. On the east side, Saint Domin- be found in several European countries, and these were ic Church and the All Saint's Royal Hospital, with its mag- produced and reproduced for centuries following the event, nificent faτade, were erected. On top of the hill, an ancient which came to be known as "The Great Lisbon Earth- royal residence was situated. To the west, the church and its quake." Convent were among the most magnificent buildings in The earthquake began at 9:30 on November 1st, 1755, Lisbon. Other famous buildings near the city center include and was centered in the Atlantic Ocean, about 200 km the Cathedral, St. Paul's Church, St. Nicholas' Church, and WSW of Cape St. Vincent. The total duration of shaking St. Roch's Church. lasted ten minutes and was comprised of three distinct jolts. The architecture of the city was complemented by that Effects from the earthquake were far reaching. The worst of the suburbs, including a majestic aqueduct constructed by damage occurred in the south-west of Portugal. Lisbon, the King D. Joao V. in 1731, the Jeronimus Church, and the Portuguese capital, was the largest and the most important Tower of Belem. With an estimated population of 275,000, of the cities damaged. Severe shaking was felt in North Lisbon was, in 1755, one of the largest cities in Europe. Africa and there was heavy loss of life in Fez and Meknes. Moderate damage was done in Algiers and in southwest The Fire Spain. Shaking was also felt in France, Switzerland, and Soon after the earthquake, several fires broke out, Northern Italy. A devastating fire following the earthquake mostly started by cooking fires and candles. Some of them destroyed a large part of Lisbon, and a very strong tsunami were rapidly extinguished, especially in the densely popu- caused heavy destruction along the coasts of Portugal, lated areas. But many inhabitants fled from their homes and southwest Spain, and western Morocco. left fires burning. Narrow streets full of fallen debris The oscillation of suspended objects at great distances prevented access to the fire sites. The public squares filled from the epicenter indicate an enormous area of perceptibil- with people and their rescued belongings, but as the fire ity. The observation of seiches as far away as Finland, approached, these squares were abandoned, and the fire suggest a magnitude approaching 9.0. Precursory phenom- reached catastrophic proportions. Looters setting fire to ena were reported, including turbid waters in Portugal and some ransacked houses caused the belief that the fire had a Spain, falling water level in wells in Spain, and a decrease criminal origin. The flames raged for five days. in water flow in springs and fountains. All of the downtown area, from St. Paul's quarter to St. Detailed descriptions of the earthquake's effects in Roch, and from Carmo and Trindade to the Rossio square Morocco, were, in some cases, based on Portuguese manu- area to the Castle and Alfama quarters were burned, along scripts written by priests. The cities of Meknes, Fez, and with the Ribeira, Rua Nova, and Rossio quarters. Remola- Marrakesh in the interior, and the coastal towns of Asilah, res, Barrio Alto, Limoeiro, and Alfama were partially Larache, Rabat, and Agadir (Santa Cruz during the burned. Portuguese occupation) suffered much damage in the quake. Several buildings which had suffered little damage due Mosques, synagogues, churches, and many other buildings to the earthquake were destroyed by the fire. The Royal collapsed in Meknes, where numerous