Voltaires Le Mondain Oder Die Satire Der Satire

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Voltaires Le Mondain Oder Die Satire Der Satire ULRICH SCHULZ-BUSCHHAUS Das Aufsatzwerk Institut für Romanistik | Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Permalink: http://gams.uni-graz.at/o:usb-067-217 Voltaires Le Mondain oder die Satire der Satire I Wie ein Jahrhundert später Flauberts Madame Bovary oder Baudelaires Les Fleurs du Mal gehört auch Voltaires kleine Verssatire Le Mondain aus dem Jahr 1736 zu den literarischen Texten, denen der Erfolg des Skandals beschieden war. Jedenfalls erschien das Stück anstößig genug, um das Mißfallen der Obrigkeit zu erregen und seinen Autor zu der Vorsichtsmaßnahme eines (freilich nur zwei Monate 1 währenden) Exils in Holland zu veranlassen. So offenkundig demnach die einst (und möglicherweise auch heute noch) skandalisierende Wirkung des Textes zutage liegt, so problematisch ist es dagegen um seine sensu strictiori satirische Wirkung bestellt. Gemeinhin erwarten wir ja, daß die gattungsgerechte Satire eine Tendenz verfolgt, welche sich „negativ und implizierend“ gegen Phänomene der aktuellen 2 Wirklichkeit richtet. Anders Voltaires „Badinage“, das er selbst als „très-philosophique et très-utile“ 3 empfahl , während es seinen Gegnern unmoralisch, ja blasphemisch erscheinen mochte: In ihm wird gegenwärtiges Leben nicht bloß impliziert, sondern mit prononciertem Behagen dargestellt und überdies derart positiviert, daß sich das Hic et Nunc für den Sprecher der Satire am Ende in ein Bild des Paradieses 4 verwandelt: „Le paradis terrestre est où je suis.“ Man könnte hier also – unter poetologischen wie rezeptionsästhetischen Aspekten – von einem Oxymoron sprechen: Es gibt einen Skandal, der aus einem „badinage agréable“ erwächst, und beides hat mit einer Satire zu tun, die als laus temporis praesentis – geradezu enkomiastisch – die Wirklichkeit rühmt. Dies Oxymoron zu kommentieren und womöglich zu erklären, soll das Ziel der folgenden 1 Vgl. zur zeitgenösischen [sic!]Rezeption des Mondain A. Morize, L’Apologie du luxe au XVIIIe siècle et Le Mondain de Voltaire: étude critique sur Le Mondain et ses sources,Paris 1909 (Reprint Genève 1970), sowie die erste Anmerkung der von uns benutzten Textausgabe: Voltaire, Œuvres complètes,hg. v. L. Moland, Paris 1877–1885, Bd. 10, S. 83–88 (hier S. 83, Anm. 1). 2 Vgl. dazu das praktikable Strukturmodell der satirischen Schreibweise, das K. W. Hempfer (Tendenz und Ästhetik – Studien zur französischen Verssatire des 18. Jahrhunderts,München 1972, S. 34) vorgeschlagen hat. 3 Vgl. Voltaire, Œuvres,Bd. 10, S. 83, Anm. l. 4 Ebd., S. 88. 1 Interpretationen und Überlegungen sein. Sollten sie sich als plausibel erweisen, könnte von ihnen zumindest ein wichtiger Zug dessen erhellt werden, was im Unterschied zur klassischen (und damals traditionalen) Poetik, Mentalität und Moral das Neue der (früh)aufklärerischen Bewegung ausmacht. Dabei ist als erstes Moment zunächst das Thema unserer eigentümlichen Satire zu bedenken. Es besteht in dem seit langem und auch späterhin noch heftig umstrittenen Phänomen des Luxus. Der Begriff „Luxe“ fällt schon am Anfang der Satire zweimal; in V.20 wird er mit den „plaisirs de ce monde“ gleichgesetzt, und in V.9 heißt es – gleichsam als Propositio des Gedichts –: „J’aime le luxe 5 [...].“ Außerdem folgt dem Mondain ein spezieller ökonomisch argumentierendes Erweiterungs- und Verteidigungsgedicht nach (Défense du Mondain), das den Begriff direkt in seinen Untertitel – 6 L’Apologie du Luxe – aufgenommen hat. Nun ist das Konzept „Luxus“ in der Epoche Voltaires – wie gesagt – zu einem zentralen Gegenstand ökonomischer und politischer Debatten geworden; doch kennt man es zugleich als ein Thema, welches vom Repräsentationssystem der klassischen Literatur spezifisch dem Genus Verssatire zugeordnet wird. Entscheidende Bedeutung hat für diese Placierung auf der Gattungsskala offenbar die Rezeption Juvenals gehabt. So kommt etwa bei Boileau der luxurierende 7 Glanz der Oper, „d’un spectacle enchanteur la pompe harmonieuse“ , zur Sprache, wie sich Boileaus Frauensatire dem Juvenalschen Vorbild nähert, und in der italienischen (als der im Hinblick auf die klassischen Exempla traditionsreichsten) Literatur existiert eine Serie von Verssatiren „Contro il Lusso“, die mit zahlreichen Texten das gesamte Seicento durchzieht. Unter ihnen brauchen an dieser Stelle lediglich zwei erwähnt zu werden, um gewisse Regelmäßigkeiten anzudeuten, auf welche die Themenentfaltung im generischen Rahmen einer Satire verpflichtet zu sein scheint. Grundlegend ist dabei die Regelmäßigkeit, mit der – dem satirischen Gattungsapriori entsprechend – die sittenlose Gegenwart vor das Gericht einer verklärt sittenreinen Vergangenheit zitiert wird. In diesem Sinne beispielhaft wirkt etwa (um einen Text aus der ersten Hälfte des Jahrhunderts zu nennen) das Fazit, das in ihrer Konklusion Jacopo Soldanis (1579–1641) fünfte Satire zieht (wobei die ironische Anspielung des letzten Verses auf Inferno 7,94, „ma ella s’è beata e ciò non ode“, zeigt, wie die Juvenal-Tradition sich für den Florentiner Soldani um die lokale Überlieferung des „Satirikers“ Dante bereichern kann): Tanto può dir la rozza età vetusta In improperio di questa presente, D’ogni magagna, e d’ogni vizio onusta: 5 Vgl. ebd., S. 83f. 6 Der Text dieses Gedichts findet sich ebd., S. 90–93. Im übrigen gab es neben vielen anderen kontroversen Stellungnahmen auch einen Anti-Mondain vonPiron. 7 Vgl. Boileau, Satires,hg. v. C.-H. Boudhors, Paris 1952, S. 88 (X 133). 2 8 Ma ella è tutta lieta, e ciò non sente. Wo immer in der „età presente“ ein Luxus sichtbar wird, welcher der „rozza età vetusta“ unbekannt war, gilt er moralisch als „magagna“ und „vizio“, ‚geschichtsphilosophisch‘ als Verfall und Entartung. Durch den Luxus, der hier allein Verschwendung bedeutet, geraten einst wohlhabende Familien in Armut, und so findet der Luxus sein schlimmes Ende dann in der Luxuria, wenn der verarmte Familienvater seine Frau verkuppeln muß: Vien il bisogno, e già gli salta in groppa L’indegnitade: e non molto lontano Il vituperio dietro gli galoppa: E non avendo a che più metter mano, Porrassi al desco a macellar la carne 9 Della moglier, che non ha preso in vano. Oder, schlimmer noch, wenn er seinen Sohn aus Not zum dubiosen Amte eines „Ganymed“ bestimmt: Vanne, dice, figliuolo, e col dovuto Ossequio, e col sedere occupa il posto 10 Della fortuna, a cui sei pervenuto. Die gleiche Verbindung von Luxus und Luxuria präsentiert am Ende des Jahrhunderts exemplarisch eine Satire von Lodovico Sergardi alias Quintus Sectanus (1660–1726), die – als 16. der lateinischen,als 14. der toskanischen Ausgabe – überdeutlich Juvenals berühmte sechste Satire variiert. Ähnlich wie bei Boileau geht auch bei Sergardi ein für weibliche Sitte und Keuschheit besonders verderbliche Einfluß vom Luxus der Oper aus, den hier metonymisch die ‚perverse‘ erotische Attraktivität der Kastratensänger vertritt: Sed laevi immoritur mento, longamque juventam Suspirat Nemesilla gregis, quem tonsor abhorret, Quem luxus vetat esse viros, natura puellas. 8 Zitiert nach der Ausgabe: Satire del Senatore Jacopo Soldani Patrizio fiorentino, con annotazioni, date ora in luce la prima volta, Firenze (Gaetano Albizzini) 1751, S. 108. Im Vorwort dieser Ausgabe wird die Entstehung von Soldanis Satiren auf die Jahre um 1620 datiert (vgl. ebd. S. XIV, außerdem A. Belloni, Il Seicento,Milano o. J., S. 208ff.) 9 Satire, del [...]Soldani, S. 105. 10 Ebd., S. 106. 3 Hos, plusquam natos, & plusquam mille mantos, Diligit; hos matri praefert, dulcique sorori, 11 Atque animae, & si quid potius.[...] Oder nach der (meines Erachtens blasseren) toskanischen Version: Ma Nemisilla allo sbarbato stuolo ha genio intanto e fuor d’ogni misura ama perduta con tormento e duolo la gioventú molt’anni, e che non vuole uomini il lusso le donne la natura: piú di mille mariti e forse ancora 12 piú dell’anima istessa apprezzar suole. Weiteres Unheil, das dem Luxus entspringt, zeigt sich beim Glücksspiel oder natürlich beim Gespräch über die Modelle der neuesten Pariser Mode: Vel cum sermo novis de vestibus incidit; & jam Sollicitae expectant, quas mittit Gallia, pupas 13 Archetypas luxus. [...] (oppure allor che vanno ragionando di mode non piú viste, e da Parigi 14 aspettan la pupazza sospirando.) Und auf dem Höhepunkt der Satire, wie die Besorgnis über weibliche Verschwendungssucht wieder zur Sorge um den familialen Besitzstand wird („Nonne vides, quanto lascivit prodiga sumptu/ Foemina, nec sentit pereuntis damna crumenae?/ Pendet ab auriculis census, totaque flagellat/ Dote sinum; & digito patrimonia portat in uno“) tritt der Begriff „luxuria“ geradezu als Synonym für jenen des „Luxus“ ein; denn wir erfahren jetzt, daß keine „prodiga foemina“ Maß zu halten weiß. Damit Frauen den Capricen 11 Ludovici Sergardii antehac Q. Sectani Satyrae,Lucca (Francesco Bonsignorj) 1783, Bd. 3, S. 154f. 12 L. Sergardi, Le Satire, hg.v. A. Quondam, Ravenna 1976, S. 341. Vom Herausgeber dieser Edition stammt auch die bislang wohl ausführlichste literarhistorische Monographie über Sergardis Satiren; vgl. A. Quondam, „Le satire di Lodovico Sergardi – Contributo ad una storia della cultura romana tra Sei e Settecento“, in: Rassegna della letteratura italiana 73(1969), S. 206–272. 13 Ludovici Sergardii [...] Satyrae Bd. 3, S. 160f. 14 Sergardi, Le Satire, S. 345. 4 ihrer „luxuria“ Genüge tun können, müssen die Waren – wie es heißt – von jenseits der Alpen und des Meeres kommen, und selbst die Goldfäden des Brokats gelten nichts, solange sie bloß von einheimischer Herkunft sind: Nulla modum servat; noster nec sufficit orbis Luxuriae; trans alpes, trans mare vota feruntur. Sint meliora
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