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Establishment of the Brown Citrus Aphid Leadership of David Gumpf, UC University of Wisconsin, Madison; E.E

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Establishment of the Brown Citrus Aphid Leadership of David Gumpf, UC University of Wisconsin, Madison; E.E mation on ELB, the goals of the pro- Invisible invaders . gram and specifics on the treatments in their area. STEP also made presen- tations to neighborhood associations and displayed an information table at Insect-t ransmitted viruses a popular outdoor market throughout the summer. Through community education and outreach, the coopera- threaten agriculture tion of city agencies, good monitoring and the development of new strategies Robert L. Gilbertson a Diane E. Ullman, first authors to control elm leaf beetles in ”hot Raquel Salati 3 Douglas P. Maxwell spots,” the IPM program for Sacra- mento is being developed and should Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell o MaryLou Polek be fully implemented within several years. The vast movement of people and Despite technological advances lead- D.L. Dahlsten is Professor and Associate agricultural products between dis- ing to tremendous yield increases for Dean, D.L. Rowney is Biostatistician and tant geographical regions has cre- many crops, modern agricultural pro- A.B. Lazuson is Graduate Student Re- ated unprecedented opportunities duction continues to face pest threats, searcher, Center for Biological Control, for introducing plant viruses and among them insects, plant pathogens, Division of Insect Biology, College of the insects that carry them (vec- and weeds. Often growers are faced Natural Resources, UC Berkeley. tors) to new areas. Outbreaks of with multiple pests, which exacerbates The authors thank the many individu- new viruses may be favored in crop damage and complicates manage- als and agencies that have assisted in the these agroecosystems by crop ment strategies. A dramatic example development of this program over the of how two types of pests “team up” susceptibility, the presence of par- years, and particularly Steve Dreistadt, to cause major problems for California UC Davis, UC/IPM Project; Beverly ticular weeds and certain agricul- agricultural production is the case of Gingg, San Luis Obispo; Anne Fenkner tural practices. In some cases, plant viruses and their insect vectors. and Barbara Gemmill, Sacramento Tree conditions in these ecosystems Plant viruses are foreign genetic el- Foundation, Sacramento; and Martin may be ideal for the emergence of ements that take over a plant’s cellular Fitch and Bob Hughes, Department of sltered plant viruses and new machinery and use it to produce their Neighborhood Services, Sacramento. virus/vector relationships. This own genetic material and proteins. They thank the UC/IPM Project, UC may result in the appearance of This has dire consequences for the Davis and the Slosson Foundation for insect-transmitted plant viruses in plant, altering many normal plant funding earlier aspects of the study, and crops and regions where they functions such as cell division and the California Department of Pesticide have not been seen before. Be- photosynthesis, thus resulting in dis- Regulation Grant #95-0254for funding Zause plant viruses and their in- ease. While symptoms of virus infec- the current program in Sacramento. sect vectors are intimately linked, tion vary depending on the particular rhe status of both must be consid- virus and plant, they generally involve ?red in formulating strategies to stunted and distorted growth, changes References wevent or slow their introduction, in leaf coloration and shape, and poor 3s well as to manage any inva- flower and/or fruit yield and quality. Dreistadt SH, Dahlsten DL. 1990. Distribu- Most plant viruses are not stable out- tion and abundance of Eurnniopsis antennata sions. To illustrate these points we [Dipt: Tachinidae] and Tetrastichus 9ighlight two situations that could side of living plant cells and so need a brevisfigma [Hyrn.: Eulophidae], two intro- way to spread from infected plants to Weaten California agriculture. First, duced elm leaf beetle parasitoids in northern uninfected plants. Plant-feeding in- California. Entomphaga 35(4):527-36. 9 devastating plant virus, tomato sects are ideal agents for spreading Dreistadt SH, Dahlsteh DL, Rowney DL, et iellow leaf curl geminivirus, is not al. 1991. Treatment of destructive elm leaf plant viruses because of their high beetle should be timed by~. temperature. Cat wesent in California, but an insect rates of reproduction, dispersal abili- Ag 45(2):23-5. ‘the silverleaf whitefly) that trans- ties, and obligate use of particular Luck RF. Scriven GT. 1979. The elm leaf nits it is present. Second, the beetle, Pyrrhalfa luteola, in southern Califor- plants as food. Indeed, intricate rela- nia: Its host preference and host impact. En- brown citrus aphid is not present in tionships have coevolved among in- vironmental Entomology 8:307-13. Zalifornia, but a citrus virus (citrus sects, viruses and the plant hosts they Wu 2, Jarnieson S, Kielbaso J. 1991. Ur- ban forest pest management. J Arboriculture ‘risteza closterovirus) that this in- share, resulting in remarkably efficient 17(6). sect efficiently spreads, is present. spread of viruses from plant to plant. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, MARCH-APRIL 1998 23 emerging virus. duction. In the first case, tomato yel- There are vari- low leaf curl, the virus is not present ous possible in California, but the vector insect, reasons under- silverleaf whitefly, is well established. lying the emer- In the second case, the opposite is true: gence of dis- citrus tristeza closterovirus is present eases caused by in California but an efficient vector in- plant viruses: sect (the brown citrus aphid, Toxopteva ecological con- citvicida) is not. ditions may have favored Tomato yellow leaf curl virus the evolution of Tomato yellow leaf curl new viruses or geminivirus (TYLCV) may be the most new vector- damaging virus to tomatoes because virus relation- plants infected at an early stage of ships (such growth fail to produce fruit. While Symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl as geminivirus in leaves of an infected to- the recent appearance of tomato TYLCV-infected tomato plants pro- mato plant. Below, plants infected at a mottle geminivirus in Florida associ- duce abundant flowers, the virus young age are severely stunted and new ated with the introduction of silverleaf causes flowers to fall off (abscise) long shoots grow straight up, resulting in small, compact plants with bushy tops whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii); there before setting fruit. In the field, yield that are commonly referred to as ‘broccoli’ may have been an expansion of the losses can reach 100%.TYLCV gets its or ‘bonsai’ plants. geographic range of existing plant vi- name froin the fact that infected leaves ruses, insect vectors and susceptible are yellow except for the veins, show crop plant species; or the emerging vi- strong upward curling of the outer ruses may have been either unknown leaf margins and are small and or relatively unimportant until chang- crumpled. Plants infected at a young ing agricultural practices or altered age are severely stunted and new vector biology (for example, changes shoots grow straight up, resulting in in host preferences or population dy- small, compact plants with bushy tops namics) favored their dramatic in- that are commonly referred to as crease. The unprecedented movement ’broccoli’ or ’bonsai’ plants. In general, of people, agricultural products and the younger the plant at time of infec- propagules (such as seeds, bulbs, tu- tion, the more severe the stunting. The bers and transplants) also provides relative age at which a plant was in- tremendous opportunities for plant vi- fected can be determined because only ruses and the insects that spread them the new growth will show symptoms. (vectors) to move between widely TYLCV is a geminivirus separated geographic regions. Clearly, (Geminiviridae family), a group of an awareness of these threats and the plant viruses characterized by twinned actions needed to avoid introducing icosahedral virus particles, which look these exotic pests is critical to all in- like two identical-sized soccer balls volved in California agriculture. stuck together and from which the fam- The completion of the proposed ily name is derived (the Latin word contained research facility on the UC gemini means twin). Geminiviruses can California farmers are already faced Davis campus would provide aca- be carried by either leafhoppers or with a plethora of insect-transmitted demic, government and private indus- whiteflies, and whitefly-transmitted viruses that can limit crop production, try researchers the opportunity to con- geminiviruses are one of the major and for which there are few effective duct important research on these emerging groups of plant viruses world- management options. While the viral exotic pests that could lead to new wide. For instance, whiteflies spread diseases California growers currently management strategies. various tomato-infecting geminiviruses face can be severe, they pale in com- In this article, we will review the in Central and South America, Asia, parison to some that have emerged in current status of two diseases caused India and the Middle East. While other areas of the world. by insect-transmitted plant viruses TYLCV and other whitefly-transmitted When a virus, either ”new” or pre- that have wreaked havoc in many geminiviruses that infect tomato are viously existing, causes sudden epi- parts of the world, and could someday not present in California, a whitefly demics in a region, it is often called an pose a threat to California crop pro- that transmits these viruses is present. 24 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, VOLUME 52, NUMBER 2 (The vector is silverleaf whitefly. See re- sphere tomato-infecting geminiviruses lated article, p. 29). such as tomato mottle geminivirus in In contrast to many diseases caused Florida and tomato leaf crumple by whitefly-transmitted gemini- geminivirus in Mexico. viruses, tomato yellow leaf curl is not In January 1994, a team of gemini- a new problem. This disease was first virus researchers, R.L. Gilbertson (UC described in Israel around 1940, and Davis) and D.P. Maxwell (University was associated with outbreaks of the of Wisconsin-Madison), visited the sweetpotato whitefly (Cohen and Dominican Republic and noticed that Antignus 1994).
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