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La Religión Católica En La Sociedad Puertorriqueña. Su Relación Con La Política Y La Economía

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La Religión Católica En La Sociedad Puertorriqueña. Su Relación Con La Política Y La Economía UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFÍA DEL DERECHO, MORAL Y POLÍTICA II LA RELIGIÓN CATÓLICA EN LA SOCIEDAD PUERTORRIQUEÑA. SU RELACIÓN CON LA POLÍTICA Y LA ECONOMÍA TESIS DOCTORAL DE: MIGUEL ÁNGEL RUBERO REYES DIRIGIDA POR: MANUEL FERNÁNDEZ DEL RIESGO Madrid, 2013 ©Miguel Ángel Rubero Reyes, 2013 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Filosofía Departamento de Filosofía del Derecho, Moral y Política II Tesis Doctoral LA RELIGIÓN CATÓLICA EN LA SOCIEDAD PUERTORRIQUEÑA. SU RELACIÓN CON LA POLÍTICA Y LA ECONOMÍA Miguel Ángel Rubero Reyes Director: Dr. Manuel Fernández del Riesgo Madrid 2012 AGRADECIMIENTOS ..................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 6 1. EL FENÓMENO RELIGIOSO COMO DIMENSIÓN CULTURAL. .............................. 9 1.1. La cultura: interpretación humana de la realidad .................................................. 9 1.2. La religión como universo simbólico ................................................................... 14 1.3. Concepción sociológica de la religión en cuanto a lo sagrado y lo profano ........ 16 1.4. Fenomenología del hecho religioso .................................................................... 20 1.4.1. Lo sagrado como orden y ámbito de la realidad ....................................... 22 1.4.2. El misterio, realidad determinante en el ámbito de lo sagrado ................. 24 1.4.3. Las mediaciones objetivas de lo sagrado ................................................. 25 1.4.4. La actitud religiosa y sus expresiones ...................................................... 25 2. MODELO TEÓRICO SOCIOLÓGICO ....................................................................... 28 2.1. Aspecto metodológico –teórico ........................................................................... 28 2.1.1. Funcionalismo y dialéctica ........................................................................ 29 2.1.2. La religión como agente moral y legitimador ............................................ 31 2.1.3. La organización religiosa .......................................................................... 33 3. PANORAMA HISTÓRICO EN EL PERÍODO COLONIAL ESPAÑOL 1508–1898... 39 3.1. Política ................................................................................................................ 39 3.2. Economía ........................................................................................................... 47 3.3. Población ............................................................................................................ 51 3.4. La Iglesia Católica institucional ........................................................................... 53 3.4.1. Los obispos españoles 1511–1898 .......................................................... 53 3.4.2. El clero ...................................................................................................... 61 3.5. Religiosidad popular ........................................................................................... 64 3.5.1. La Virgen de la Monserrate ...................................................................... 66 3.6. Elite criolla .......................................................................................................... 70 3.7. Presencia protestante ......................................................................................... 73 4. PRIMERA ETAPA COLONIAL ESTADOUNIDENSE: 1898-1940 .......................... 75 4.1. Ideología político religiosa de los E. U. A. para la formación del imperio. .......... 75 4.2. Invasión y ocupación de Puerto Rico (1898–1940) ............................................ 92 4.2.1. Política ...................................................................................................... 92 4.2.2. Economía ............................................................................................... 101 4.2.3. Educación ............................................................................................... 103 4.2.3.1. La enseñanza religiosa en las escuelas públicas ................................ 107 4.2.4. Militarismo .............................................................................................. 113 4.2.5. Catolicismo vs. Protestantismo ............................................................... 116 4.2.6. Los Hermanos Cheos: respuesta del catolicismo popular ...................... 119 4.3. Los obispos estadounidenses 1899–1964 ........................................................ 121 4.3.1. La Iglesia Católica y los Hermanos Cheos ............................................. 131 5. SEGUNDA ETAPA COLONIAL ESTADOUNIDENSE: 1940-1980 ........................ 135 5.1. Política .............................................................................................................. 135 5.2. Economía ......................................................................................................... 149 5.3. Militarismo......................................................................................................... 152 5.4. Educación ......................................................................................................... 158 2 5.5. Los políticos y el catolicismo ............................................................................ 163 5.5.1. Pedro Albízu Campos ............................................................................. 163 5.5.1.1. El catolicismo de Albízu Campos ........................................................ 175 5.5.2. Luis Muñoz Marín ................................................................................... 188 5.5.2.1. El mito de Muñoz Marín ....................................................................... 203 5.5.2.2. Muñoz Marín y los obispos .................................................................. 211 5.5.3. Luis A. Ferre Aguayo .............................................................................. 220 5.5.3.1. La fundación de la Universidad Católica ............................................. 225 5.6. Los obispos puertorriqueños 1964–2006 .......................................................... 226 5.6.1. La Provincia Eclesiástica de Puerto Rico ............................................... 228 5.6.1.1. Archidiócesis metropolitana de San Juan ............................................ 229 5.6.1.2. Diócesis de Ponce ............................................................................... 230 5.6.1.3. Diócesis de Arecibo ............................................................................. 232 5.6.1.4. Diócesis de Caguas ............................................................................. 232 5.6.1.4.1. Antulio Parrilla Bonilla: un obispo independentista ........................... 233 5.6.1.5. Diócesis de Mayagüez ......................................................................... 239 5.6.1.5.1. Los obispos y la religiosidad popular ................................................ 239 6. HACIA UNA TEOLOGÍA DE LA LIBERACIÓN EN PUERTO RICO ...................... 245 6.1. Situación histórica–1960 – 1980. ...................................................................... 245 6.1.1. La Teología de la Liberación .................................................................. 247 6.1.2. Antecedentes de la Teología de la Liberación ........................................ 248 6.1.3. Conceptos fundamentales de la Teología de la Liberación. ................... 249 6.1.4. Proceso de formación de la Teología de la Liberación. .......................... 250 6.1.4.1. Gestación (1962–1968) ....................................................................... 250 6.1.4.2. Génesis (1969–1971) .......................................................................... 253 6.1.4.3. Crecimiento (1972–1979) .................................................................... 254 6.1.4.4. Consolidación (1979–1987) ................................................................. 261 6.1.4.5. Cuarta Conferencia Episcopal Santo Domingo ................................... 263 6.1.4.6. La Teología de la Liberación después de Santo Domingo .................. 266 6.2. Desarrollo del Nacionalismo Puertorriqueño (1960–1980) ............................... 268 6.2.1.El Concilio Vaticano II y la Conferencia de Medellín y sus efectos en Puerto Rico: Comerío, Yauco y el Seminario Mayor “Regina Cleri” de Ponce. ............ 272 6.2.1.1. Los Padres Dominicos en Puerto Rico ................................................ 272 6.2.1.1.1. Los Padres Dominicos de Yauco ...................................................... 274 6.2.1.1.2. Los Padres Dominicos de Comerío .................................................. 275 6.2.1.2. El Seminario Puertorriqueño ................................................................ 279 6.2.1.2.1. El Seminario Conciliar “San Ildefonso” ............................................. 279 6.2.1.2.2. El Seminario Mayor “Regina Cleri” .................................................. 280 6.2.1.3. La Universidad Católica de P. R. y la Teología de la Liberación ......... 283 6.3. La Conferencia Episcopal Puertorriqueña y la Teología de la Liberación. ........ 287 CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................... 290 3 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .........................................................................................................
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