CPCCCA3013A Install Lining, Panelling and Moulding
Student Learning Resource
Student Name ______
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Student Information Purpose: The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. These assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the following as required: Unit outlines / Performance Criteria Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this learning resource.
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1. Plan and 1.1.Work instructions and operational details are obtained using relevant information, prepare confirmed and applied for planning and preparation purposes. 1.2.Safety (WOHS) requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies. 1.3.Signage and barricade requirements are identified and implemented. 1.4.Tools, plant and equipment selected to carry out lining and moulding installation tasks are consistent with the requirements of the job, checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement. 1.5.Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and specifications and quality requirements. 1.6.Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use. 1.7.Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and regulatory obligations and applied.
2. Prepare 2.1. Fixing procedures for specified lining materials are selected in accordance with surface for specifications. lining/panelling 2.2. Surface is set out to provide a balanced panel or board effect to width and height.
3. Install lining 3.1. Panelling/lining is secured and fixed to job and manufacturer specifications. / panelling 3.2. Panelling/lining is secured and fixed to job and manufacturer specifications 3.3. Panelling/lining is installed to plumb, level and uniform plane.
4. Cut and fix 4.1. Standard architraves for edging are marked, cut to length, positioned and fitted to standard specifications architrave 4.2. Skirtings are marked, cut to length, positioned and fitted to specifications mouldings 4.3. Mitre joints are fitted flush to face and true without gaps. 4.4. Scribed joints are marked, cut to length, positioned and fitted to specifications. 4.5. Scotia return end is cut to profile shape and length as detailed for location in drawings and specifications. 4.6. Standard pelmet moulding sections are marked to length, cut, fitted and assembled and fixed to specifications with mitres true without gaps 4.7 Raked moulding is set out to position and mould is shaped to pattern for each position
5. Clean up. 5.1. Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification. 5.2.Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices.
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UNIT DESCRIPTOR CPCCCA3013A Install lining, panelling and moulding This unit of competency specifies the outcomes required to prepare, set out and install lining and panelling to either masonry or timber/metal framed walls. It includes the installation of mouldings to provide decorative finishes. ASSESSMENT Overall Assessment Requirements The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date. To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used. 1. Written Assessment 2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor) 3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”) 4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit) Theory Examination During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content. Self Checks Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer. Verbal Questions Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the competencies of this learning package. Practical Observation / Assessment Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: - 1. Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation checklist. 2. Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s performances. Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of the task undertaken.
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The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment. Log Book or Training Record Book It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit. Results A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed. RPL and Acceleration Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process. Methodology This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience. Due care Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training package. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited without prior written permission. Pre-requisites Pre-requisite units: CPCCOHS2001A Apply OHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry Feedback to the learner The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit – CPCCCA3013A Install lining, panelling and moulding as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Building Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.
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PREPARATION TO INSTALL LINING, PANELLING AND MOULDING
DEFINITION OF HAZARDS AND RISK
Hazards and risks are terms used on a daily basis, however, because their true meaning is not realized, by many we will look at the definition of each.
Hazard The term hazard may be defined by any, or all of the following • An energy source over which control has been lost • The potential for harm • A source of potential damaging Risk The term risk can be defined as:
• The potential for the realisation of unwanted negative consequences of an event • The probability of an event occurring and the maximum reasonable consequences should it occur. • The combination of the likelihood that an event will occur and the consequences if it does.
WORK HAZARDS
The exact nature of the hazards may vary from site to site, so it is important to assess each new task that you are about to undertake for hazards and the risks that may result from exposure to these hazards. If a hazard is identified and the risk is assessed at being high to yourself or others, you should take steps to eliminate it, or adjust your operation to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.
Some of the more common hazards that you are likely to encounter on site include:
• Falling objects • Slip/trip hazards • Fall hazards • Laser radiation • Suspended loads • Power tools/equipment • Hand tools • Mobile equipment • Hazardous substances.
WORKS PROCEDURE
Before any work commences on the job, the supervisor should prepare a ‘Works Procedure’. This is a written document that considers many aspects of the task and is based on a risk assessment and should include the following: 1.The name of the competent person in regard to the concreting job. 2.A list of supervisory staff available on site and instructions as how they are to ensure
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strict compliance with the procedure and daily inspections of the work site. 3.An emergency response plan, this plan must include: Details of a communication system (either telephone or two-way radio) that will provide assistance in the event of an accident in the shortest possible time. All personnel must familiarise themselves with the communication system and who to involve. 4.Provision for additional equipment to be kept on site in case of an emergency. 5.Provision for temporary protection for workers who are required to enter the site before long-term protection is installed. 6.A direction that no one enters the site unless authorised. 7.Methods and procedures to ensure scaffolding and associated work systems are installed with the minimum possible delay. 8.Instructions for all scaffolding and equipment be regularly inspected by workplace management directly in charge of the work. 9.The type of machinery that will be required for the job. 10.Access arrangements for machinery and equipment. 11.Traffic control requirements these may include:
• On-site traffic control and management • Traffic control of public roads to provide entry and exit to the site.
12.Transportation of workers to and from the site.
13.Amenities for the workers, these may include:
• Change room • Lunch/tea room • Toilets.
14.Availability of services, which may include:
• Power • Water The Work Procedure may also include a code of conduct for the workers. It should be stressed that the Work Procedure described is the minimum requirement. Many Work Procedures may cover greater detail and cover more items relevant to the site location
Safety Signage
This section provides information on the signs that you can encounter on the work site. Most signs are self-explanatory, but if you encounter a sign where the meaning is not clear, seek advice before you commence work in the area covered by the sign.
Why Do We Need Safety Signage?
Safety signs draw your attention to objects and situations affecting your health and safety. Safety signs are placed in strategic locations as close as possible to hazardous areas. If they become damaged or unreadable, please report this to your supervisor so that the sign/s can be replaced. If a sign displays a distinct safety message, it will carry the same authority as a direct instruction from your Supervisor.
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What are the different types of signs?
We all see many signs everyday but how many signs do we take notice of? The answer is most likely many, however we do not admit to this. Signs are put in place to assist people. It is not the intention of this note to attempt to teach all about all signs and the category they fit under. However some knowledge of signs and how to use them is essential. Identify signs and respond as necessary and appropriately Signs may be:
1. Picture (symbol) 2. Written (words) 3. Picture and written Picture signs are universal in language Written signs may have a language barrier Picture and written where the writing has the ability to clarify the picture.
There are many categories of signs that the Australian Standards have developed. The correct titles for these signs are:
1. Prohibition signs (don’t do) 2. Mandatory signs (must do) 3. Restriction signs (limiting) 4. Hazard signs (warning signs) 5. Danger hazard signs (life threatening) 6. Emergency signs (medical, exit etc.) 7. Fire signs (fire fighting)
Safety signs Compliance can be a confusing issue. We can help you make a “good faith effort” to comply with OH&S regulations and meet statutory requirements where they apply. Take advantage of our free site survey consultation service. Rules governing Safety signs are set out in the joint New Zealand Australian standards NZS/ AS 1319: 1994. All pictograms used on Safety Signs should be those approved by this standard. All Safety Sign legends should describe the danger or direction in a simple and concise manner. Safety Signs are generally either screen-printed or poly vinyl applied to aluminium, PVC or Corflute. Some are reflective or glow in the dark.
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Must do Signs Are WHITE with a BLUE circle
Restriction Signs Are RED circle with BLACK writing
What is important is that you appreciate and know how to respond to signs. It is just as important that you follow the meaning of the signs. People who do not respond to signs are a risk to themselves and others
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Hazard Warning Signs Are Triangular YELLOW with BLACK writing
Signs should be placed where they will be effective and at a height that is readily visible. This usually means that they need to be close, but before, to where the danger is and it should be fixed to a stable object. Consider the effectiveness of placing a number of signs at the entrance of a large commercial job. This means that everyone has the opportunity to read the signs before entering the site, but what happens an hour later when they actually come across the danger? Will they remember the details of the sign or will it be too late. Signs are best located near to the danger but not that close that it is too late. The following sign is typical of a cluster of signs that may be found on large commercial building sites.
Modern day construction site PPE Signs
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There are all types of signs and placing them effectively is always a concern. Consider where would you place a First Aid Sign that is going to be effective. Yes you place it at the location of the first aid room. It is expected that you will remember this later when you are working well away from the first aid room. In this instance the sign is where the object is and it relies on your memory when in need of it.
Be alert to signs and even be alert to the absence of signs. If you see a danger and there is no sign, do something about it. Bring it to the attention of your employer but do not let a serious danger remain without doing something about it.
Hazard Signs (Life Threatening)
Emergency Signs Wherever ‘lifesaving’ equipment exists, it is critical to ensure that it is ready to perform in the event of an emergency For those responsible for workplaces, there are strict requirements for the maintenance of essential services such as fire safety equipment. Responsibilities can include maintaining equipment to specific standards, keeping maintenance records and completing necessary compliance reports. One of the very important signs for every one is the emergency assembly area on the next page.
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Fire Fighting Signs
Your First Line of Defence A potential fire can often be controlled before it really takes hold, if the right fire equipment is close at hand. Companies including those in construction should have a range of portable fire extinguishers to suit all types and classes of fires.
What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)? A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is designed to provide both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. MSDS's include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. These are of particular use if a spill or other accident occurs.
MSDS's vary in length depending on their format, content, and font size. Sometimes from 1 to 10 pages, with most being 2 to 4 pages. An example of an MSDS sheet is at the rear of this booklet.
Who are MSDS's for?
MSDS's are meant for:
a. Employees who may be occupationally exposed to a hazard at work. b. Employers who need to know the proper methods for storage etc. c. Emergency responders such as fire fighters, hazardous material crews, emergency medical technicians, and emergency room personnel
Where can I get MSDS's? Your workplace should have a collection of MSDS that came with the hazardous chemicals you have ordered or with the products you use on your construction site. (don't throw them away!)
These MSDS must be stored in a MSDS Register.
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Always remember the substances that you are working with can often be very poisonous and even contact with your skin could have dire consequences. A helpful site in Australia for MSDS’s is http://www.msds.com.au/ where most dangerous substances can be found.
JSA (Job Safety Analysis) What are safe work procedures? Safe work procedures ensure your workers are aware of the risks in their work tasks, and outline how to avoid injury or illness while doing these tasks. Safe work procedures are a means of documenting the risks associated with a work task and incorporating the appropriate risk control measures into a sequence of steps for doing the task safely.
JSA’s Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a method of identifying hazards and developing ways to manage them. Basically, completing a JSA means taking the time before doing a job to plan for safety, rather than starting work assuming that everyone involved knows what to do and how to do it safely.
Key Point JSA is the responsibility of your supervisor, but you may be asked to contribute your ideas and knowledge about the job. There are 3 ways of doing a JSA: 1. Direct Observation: The supervisor watches and discusses job steps, hazards and solutions with the employee doing the job. 2. Group Discussion: A team of people familiar with all aspects of the job identifies the steps, hazards and solutions. The supervisor leads the team. 3. Recall and Check: The supervisor prepares a draft version of the analysis based on his or her knowledge of the job, and checks this by discussing it with the employee (and where necessary, by observing the job being carried out). Jobs that could be considered for a JSA include:
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• jobs with a history of many accidents • newly established jobs, and • jobs that could result in serious injuries or fatalities if risks are not controlled. A JSA (Job Safety Analysis) can be found at the end of this booklet and will be completed as part of a class exercise. It must also be handed in as part of the ongoing evidence collection process.
SWMS (Safe work method Statements) A Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) is developed by the employer for their employees or by a sub-contractor for work that they are performing. It details how specific risks in the workplace will be managed.
Working safely should be on the minds of all workers. A typical worker who is going to carry out a task must consider safety as one of the important items in the planning of a task.
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Environmental concerns Although concreting tasks do not have a huge impact on the environment, there are some things that should be considered. The following points must be considered when working on a construction site: • Water quality • Air levels • Waste management • Hazardous chemicals • Lighting.
Under no circumstances should waterways be polluted through thoughtless acts. As a concrete worker, you must ensure that material residue does not Water Quality enter waterways. One simple method is to contain wastewater when conducting cleaning and washout tasks and place any unused or waste concrete in a bunded area. Dust control and management is essential in ensuring air quality. Water Air Quality sprays should be used to prevent dust rising. This is particularly important on windy days.
Noise Levels Noise should be maintained to the minimum. This is particularly important during night operations, especially in populated areas.
Waste Waste management is an important link in maintaining a clean environment. Management Waste problems can be minimised by acting on the following priorities: • avoidance • recycling • re-use • disposal.
The storage, use and disposal of hazardous chemicals must be of prime importance to the concrete worker. Although concreting does not require Hazardous vast amounts of these types of substances, all employed within the site Chemicals must be aware of the problems associated with hazardous chemicals. If you are unsure of any product or their method of disposal, seek advice from your supervisor.
Lighting of construction sites close to populated areas can pose serious Lighting environmental concerns. Whenever possible, all lighting should be directed away from residential areas. Care should also be taken not to direct lighting onto public roads in a fashion that may cause traffic hazards.
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Environmental Hazards Objectives 1. Identify environmental hazards. 2. Recognize treatment and first aid for exposure to environmental hazards. All workers in Australia are committed to observing and practicing environmental management in all aspects of their job and in undertaking activities in compliance with all statutory legislation and other legal requirements.
Environmental protection of the building site Environmental protection begins at the building site with the air workers have to breathe. They should be protected from any fumes from construction machinery, as well as fumes from building waste or materials which need to be carefully separated and properly recycled or disposed of when the job is complete, the soil should be treated as a valuable asset and left unpolluted. Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated to EPA) was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following 2009 State elections, became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Resource Management This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government [2] To achieve this the section aims to
• provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus Environmental Services to assist manage development, business, and industry; • promote Sustainable Futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and
• achieve organisational Performance and Capability: including building a "robust" scientific base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION WHY DO WE NEED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS? We need environmental controls to protect the receiving environment not just on a small scale but on a global scale as well. Environmental controls on site are those structures or monitoring systems put in place to minimise the impacts of construction activities. Deciding which to use depends on the reasons why controls may be needed. • Waste control • Hazardous materials • Water quality (erosion and sediment control) • Cultural heritage management issues • Air quality • Noise • Flora and fauna
WHAT THE LAW SAYS GENERAL There are many legal requirements you must follow in order for the construction process to precede without damage to the environment. Legislation includes Acts and Regulations, which are mandatory, codes of Practice, Advisory Standards, and Guidelines, which are non-mandatory but may be cited in mandatory Acts and Regulations. The tiers of Government are: • Federal or Commonwealth Legislation (the Environmental Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) • State & Territory Legislation (Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Water Act 2000) • Local Government Legislation (Development Approvals, Material Change of Use, Environmentally Relevant Activities) In Queensland, the principal law is the Environmental Protection Act (1994) and the administering Authority is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Common Law is where a precedent has been set in a Court of Law, not through an Act of Parliament (also known as Case Law). Two examples of Common Law are: • Rights of Neighbours – causing undue interference with use of land or damage. • Rights of Protection – requires obligations to be met to provide adequate safety standards. MOST RECENT LEGISLATION UPDATES RELATING TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND QUEENSLAND Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003: New legislation, which includes changes to regulate impacts and disturbances to significant Aboriginal areas or objects. Definition of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage has been amended and is: “anything that is – a) a significant Aboriginal area in Queensland; or b) a significant Aboriginal object; or c) evidence of archaeological or historical significance, of Aboriginal occupation of an area of Queensland.” It also includes the following new provisions: • Duty of Care (section 23) which carries a penalty for Individuals of $7500, and for
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Corporations $75000. • Unlawful Harm (section 24) which carries a penalty of $7500 or 2 years imprisonment. • Prohibited excavation, relocation and taking away (section 25). • Unlawful possession of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage (section 26). Water Regulation 2002: Permits and approvals required for development, which affects water access or impacts on water (e.g. canal developments). Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Integrated Planning Act 1997 outline the required ERA’s and Development Approvals. Common Law Obligations regarding Prevention of Vandalism, Fire or Flooding: A duty of care exists on managed land to prevent foreseeable events to provide Due Diligence for the public and your employee’s safety. Contractor must prevent consequential air pollution, water pollution, and unlawful discharges to the sewer, noise pollution and other environmental offences by taking preventative actions to deal with foreseeable acts of vandalism or natural events. For example, properly maintain and protect through fencing, roofing, contouring, fire breaks, locked gates etc. any liquid storage tanks or other plant and equipment exposed to the elements or to mischief from vandals. DETAILS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994 Due Diligence Due diligence is: 1. A defence under the Environmental Protection (EP) Act to protect the workforce and the companies they work for against prosecution 2. A duty of care from individuals and companies to prevent or minimise environmental harm 3. "Taking all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by establishing and maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act". Taking all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by establishing and maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act". 4. Where there is an obligation to provide a level of care through expected standards (e.g. record keeping demonstrating compliance with legal obligations, contractor responsibilities such as obtaining an Environmentally Relevant Activity (ERA) permit to undertake an ERA activity.) GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL DUTY Every person has a duty not to carry out any activity that will cause or is likely to cause environmental harm unless all reasonable and practicable measures have been taken to prevent or minimise the harm (S36). It is important to understand that under this Act, a person can be found guilty of an offence before any actual harm is caused.
Duty to Notify Environmental Harm Any person who becomes aware that serious or material environmental harm will be caused or is likely to occur (unless it is authorised or an emergency direction) must notify their employer or the relevant authority as soon as possible (S37). The maximum penalty for not notifying environmental harm is $6,000. Project employees should notify their Supervisor as soon as possible if they have any concerns.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICIES Environmental policies have been established under the EP Act for air, water noise, and waste management. Some examples are as follows. Air – failure to comply with an air quality abatement notice (S19 Air Policy). Penalty is $2500.
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Water – 1) Rubbish, waste water, concrete, pesticides, oil, etc., cannot be released into a roadside gutter, drain or body of water, or be placed in a position where it could be released (S31 of 136). The penalty varies between $1200 and $1500. This may include an unprotected stockpile of topsoil or mulch close to a creek. 2) Storm water that results in a buildup of mud or silt in drains. Sand, silt, or mud may not be deposited or placed where it could wash into a gutter or drain (S32 Water Policy). The penalty is $1200. This may include washing a vehicle on the roadside or in a driveway. Noise – Failure to comply with a noise abatement notice (S23 Noise Policy), the penalty is $2500. Under the new Noise Policy, any audible noise outside normal working hours is a nuisance and is an offence under the EP Act. This means a contractor cannot work on a Sunday or public holiday at any time, or any weekday including Saturday, before 6.30am or after 6.30pm without prior approval from a regulatory authority. • Waste Management – The EP (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 imposes fines for littering and waste dumping. Fines range up to $1,500 for littering, then from around $3000 (less than 200 litres) to up to $12,375 if over 200 litres for illegally dumping waste. The penalties stated above are an indication only and may change according to circumstances. ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENCES The fines quoted are for individuals. For companies the fine is five to ten times greater. • Unlawful environmental harm – any act or omission that causes material or serious environmental harm or a nuisance is unlawful, unless it is authorised or an emergency (S119). • Environmental nuisance – (not trivial or negligible in nature) the penalty is $10,000 or $50,000 if willful (S123). Some examples include noise, dust and odour exceeding the limits. • Material environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $50,000. If the harm is willful, the fine is $100,000 and up to two years imprisonment (S120). Examples include land contamination and/or improper waste disposal. • Serious environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $100 000. If the arm is willful, the fine is $250 000 and up to five years imprisonment (S120). Examples would include a major oil spill in waterways and/or dumping toxic material. • Offences against environmental protection policies – a person must not willfully contravene an environmental protection policy. Penalties range up to $100,000 (S124). • Prescribed contaminants – contaminants prescribed by an environmental policy must not be placed in a position where they could cause serious or material environmental harm or environmental nuisance (S126) or be released into the environment except when directed by an authorised person’s emergency direction (S125). The maximum penalty is $10,000.
WHAT COMPANIES ARE DOING TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT? Many companies are committed to implementing and maintaining an Environmental Management System in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZ ISO 14001 (International Standard Quality Assurance for the Environment). This includes the following specific to each project: • Company Environmental Policy:
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Sets out obligations and company requirements. The Company Environmental Policy applies to all employees and their subcontractors • Company Branch Environmental Management Plan (EMP). A separate EMP is required for each project and considers the specific environmental impacts of the project: • Legal requirements • Identification of all environmental impacts • Controls for all significant impacts • Emergency response for critical activities • Clear authorities and responsibilities • Monitoring programs for all controls • Audits, management review and corrective action • Records of all activities, e.g., training and communications. Included in the EMP are a series of Project Instructions (PI) and Process Control Plans (PCP). These documents are specific to each project and activity, and detail the required environmental controls including responsibilities. These documents are administered by Project Management. Civil Construction is striving to be a leading example of environmental management in the construction industry. Achieving certification to ASNZ 14001 gives companies certain commercial advantages such as being able to undertake contracts, which specify this as a requirement. Environmental protection Acts and Regulations • Environmental Protection Act 1994 • Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 • Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000 • Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 • Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997 • Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 • National Environment Protection Council (Queensland) Act 1994 • Queensland heritage Act 1992 • Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994 THIS ACT IS TO PROTECT QUEENSLAND'S ENVIRONMENT WHILE ALLOWING FOR DEVELOPMENT THAT IMPROVES THE TOTAL QUALITY OF LIFE, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE, IN A WAY THAT MAINTAINS ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON WHICH LIFE DEPENDS. THIS APPROACH IS TERMED 'ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT'. Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 One of the main functions of the Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 is to list all the environmentally relevant activities, their level and the annual fee. Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000 The Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Policy 2000 (Waste EPP) and the Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 co-ordinate and clarify waste management practices in Queensland and provide improved environmental safeguards. The legislation commenced on 1 July 2000. Developed with local government and industry input, the legislation will benefit the Queensland community through safer disposal practices, and cost savings achieved by
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improved planning and management of waste services. It provides clarification for waste contractors, waste generators, local governments and the general community. • EPP summary The Waste EPP provides a strategic framework for managing wastes in Queensland. It does this by establishing a preferred waste management hierarchy and various principles as the basis for waste management. The waste hierarchy moves from the most preferred — waste avoidance, to re-use, recycling, and energy recovery, through to waste disposal, the least preferred
Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland waters. The purpose is to be achieved by providing a framework for— • identifying environmental values for Queensland waters; • deciding and stating water quality guidelines and objectives to enhance the environmental values; • making consistent and equitable decisions about Queensland waters that promote efficient use of resources and best practice environmental management; and • involving the community through consultation and education, and promoting community responsibility
Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland's acoustic environment. To achieve the object, the policy— • identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected; • specifies an acoustic quality objective; and • provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions that best protect Queensland's acoustic environment, resolving disputes about noise issues, developing noise management programs involving government entities, industry groups and the community, making accurate and consistent noise assessments, and providing customers with important information about noise. • Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland's air environment. To achieve the object, the policy— • Identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected; • Specifies air quality indicators and goals to protect the environmental values; and • Provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions about managing the air environment and involving the community in achieving air quality goals that best protect Queensland's air environment. Queensland Heritage Act 1992 This provides for the conservation of Queensland's historical cultural heritage. It requires all involved in its administration to achieve the retention of the cultural heritage significance of the places and objects to which it applies and the greatest sustainable benefit to the community from those places and objects consistent with the preservation of their cultural heritage significance.
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Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003 This sets out the details of forms approved by the Minister, fees in a schedule, and states the details that must accompany an application to enter a place in the heritage register, an application for a certificate of immunity from registration and a application for an exemption certificate. PREPARING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS This guideline provides information on the purpose and content of an environmental management plan (EM plan) and how to prepare one as part of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This guideline provides guidance on how to undertake effective EIA.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
The drawing above displays a person who may be considered ready for work. This does not mean that they are ready for all types of work. The clothing and equipment worn by this person is a starting point for a construction worker. Having said this it is not necessary to wear long trousers regularly. Being ready for work is important and generally good heavy duty clothing, and safety shoes and hard hat are very good starting points. This is only the beginning and to choose the correct equipment depends on the task to be performed
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Fit PPE where required and when appropriate to do so.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) has been designed for protecting people from harm that can occur to your body. It is considered as a last resort against hazards that can harm you. Your employer will provide you with PPE to use and it is your responsibility to use it. It is strongly recommended that you do so when it is appropriate. The selection and use of PPE should not be taken lightly or ignored. There are many hazards in the construction industry that can cause you serious and short and long term harm. The correct selection of the appropriate PPE is essential.
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Hi Vis Jackets & Chain Saw PPE
PPE is one of those items that someone is going to keep reminding you that you must use. Eventually it will be left to you to automatically fit your PPE when it is appropriate to do so. When considering buying PPE, select items that are quality products that fit comfortably and are convenient to use.
Protection location Description
Body clothing Suitable clothing
Feet protection Safety shoes
Hearing protection Ear muffs or ear plugs
Eye protection Full face shields or safety eye glasses or goggles
Head protection Comfortable Safety helmets
Lung or breathing protection Dust masks, chemical, gas and fine particle filtering respirators.
Hand Gloves Wear, heat and chemical resistant types
There are many good safety stores available and at the end of the day it is up to you to look after yourself. Do not blame others for your own bad habits.
PPE Items The following describes a range of PPE that you should be prepared to wear.
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Clothing Sensible clothing that protects from the sun and is tough enough to resist annoying scratches. It should not be very loose or baggy as loose clothing can get caught on obstacles or in machinery. It should not be skin tight as some circulation of air is recommended. Sun-safe, breathable heavy duty cotton materials are recommended for general purpose clothes in the construction industry.
Protective suites for different jobs
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Safety Shoes Shoes should be quality shoes that have steel caps in the toe. There are types for most occasions including working on the ground, below ground in trenches or on the roof.
Safety shoes protect you from objects falling onto the front of your feet. Shoes need to be a quality product that can flex sufficiently when
You are required to climb ladders or similar. Do not wear thongs or open foot-ware as you can easily receive serious damage to your feet. Most building sites will ban such practices.
Steel capped Wellington style boots for concreting and muddy conditions are recommended
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Hearing Protection Hearing protection is essential where ever excessive noise is being created i.e. more than 70 decibels. Circular saws that cut brick, timber, tiles and other materials create a noise level that can permanently damage your hearing. This is a long term process and after many years working in the industry, permanent damage occurs. Many people take this far too lightly and after years in the industry you may have wished that you listened to early warnings. By then it is too late
The earplugs shown above offer excellent protection and these reduce the noise down to an acceptable level. Earplugs can reduce the noise level 20 to 35 decibels. It is best to have suitable protection that offers safe reduction. It is not wise to make it impossible to hear any noise as this can become dangerous. Your trainer will demonstrate their correct use.
Eye Protection Eye protection is a must where there is a chance of getting something caught in your eyes. Far worse than this is the chance that something may pierce your eye. It is recommended that people wear quality protective safety glasses all of the time. They may also be lightly tinted for sun protection. These are not expensive and can look quite fashionable. Once again, many people take this advice far too lightly and only wish they had listened when told of the dangers. Other forms of eye protection are available including full face shields.
Eye protection is essential on site
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Head Protection Wearing hard hats are now the standard that must be followed in construction. Commercial building sites now demand this and you will not be permitted to work without wearing them. The housing industry is slow in making hard hats compulsory but should be seriously considered. You only have one head and one severe blow to your head can be fatal. There are basic hard hats to select from, ventilated hardhats, attachments to your hardhat in the way of broad brims, ear muffs, communication devices etc.
Select a hardhat that is comfortable and cool to use and one that offers good support from inside.
Hand Protection Gloves are available for many duties that are hard on the hands. The range includes general purpose gloves, gloves for heat protection, gloves for chemical protection, and many others. You should not be afraid to wear gloves simply because you may be considered soft. Ignore such remarks and protect yourself from bad cuts and chemicals attack etc.
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Hundreds of different types of gloves for hand protection
Mouth or Breathing Protection Breathing dust, fumes and chemical vapours are all possible while working in the construction industry.
From simple dust masks to more complex breathing masks are available. What is needed for the job may depend on the type of job being performed. If in doubt it may be necessary to consult your employer or read the material safety data sheet that is available. More information is provided on this topic later. Below are masks for dust, mist and fume protection
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Many types of simple masks are available to protect against small amounts of dust
Skin Protection Other types of PPE are available and should be seriously considered as part of the tool kit.
• Sun creams min factor 30+ • Extended brims for hard hats • Protective creams from cement etc.
Each of the PPE displayed over the previous pages is only a sample and a very wide range of each of the PPE items is possible. It is important to make your selection
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carefully because if you are not protected properly, you may suffer lifelong consequences. Later you will read about many other issues of poisoning and chemicals that can lead to extreme health risks. Read advice provided carefully and do not take anything for granted.
The wearing of PPE is nominated on many building sites and you may see this as signs at the entry of the premises. If the signs state that nominated or displayed PPE must be worn, then it becomes illegal not to wear it and you may be fined if you do not.
If a building site does not have signs displaying PPE to be worn you may be informed about it by your employer. Your employer will have a policy that you must wear nominated PPE for various duties. Inspectors may request to see the work method statement or the construction workplace safety plan to see what safety items are required on site. Ignoring advice or signs can lead to fines.
Machinery Guards Manufacturers of machinery are required to produce equipment with safe quality guards and protection devices. These are provided you’re your safety and it is a very dangerous practice to interfere with these protective devices.
Check tools and report faults When selecting tools and equipment for the first time in the day, inspect them to see that they are safe to use. If you come across a damaged tool you need to ask "What do I do with this now?" For your part, the employee, it is necessary to obtain a faulty tool tag and identify it as not safe to use. You then draw attention of the problem to your employer and they will organise the repair of the tool. Below - damaged electrical machinery.
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If your employer asks you to use the tool just this once and the condition of the tool is much like the one shown above or below, you are strongly advised not to. Your life is too important to say "Ok, just this once".
Daily Routines or procedures There will set routines for you to perform on a daily basis. If you are the person who connects extension leads etc. in readiness for other trades people to use, it is necessary for you to understand the correct procedures. For example, if connecting power extension leads to a power supply there are some basic rules to apply. These are:
• You must have an earth leakage device or ensure that the power supply is protected by earth leakage. Construction sites that use temporary power supplies are required to have these built into the power supply. If using a private household power supply, it is essential to connect an Earth Leakage Device (ELD) to the power point first.
• Connect extension leads to the ELD or protected power supply.
• Do not use double adaptors at any time. These are illegal.
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• Use only heavy-duty extension leads.
• It is unwise to connect several leads to create a very long power source. This causes significant power loss and can damage the tools being used.
• Protect the extension leads so that they do not get damaged by other working in the vicinity.
• If wheel barrows or vehicles are required to run over the leads, protect them with two boards
• spaced apart to protect the lead. Better still keep them up off the road or walk ways out of danger.
• Do not allow connections to get wet or leads and hoses to get near anything that is very hot as this may melt the outside protection surface or the hoses and leads.
• Keep a check on the expiry date of the leads. When almost due for testing, bring this to the attention of your employer.
The duties listed above are a sample of everyday duties just for setting up power supplies. You may be required to make ready for other daily equipment use. Some of these include:
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• Air compressors and hoses
• Air guns and fasteners
• Power tools
• Hand tools
• Digging tools and wheel barrows
• Concrete mixer
• Saw stools
• Planks for scaffolds
• Check batteries for battery operated tools
• Laser levels or automatic levels
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Many jobs have duties often required to be carried out at the beginning of the day. Similar duties are required at the end of the day. Consider: • Rolling up extension leads so that they do not get tangled • Air compressor hoses carefully coiled and tied and placed where no damage can occur etc.
The packing-up of equipment at the end of the day is possibly more important than unpacking it in the morning. This is because damage can occur if equipment is not placed correctly. Extension leads can get tangled, hoses damaged from sharp objects etc.
Remember safety
During installation Metal or other conductive fasteners must not be used when installing ceiling insulation and the installation of ceiling insulation must comply with clause 4.5.2.3 of the Wiring Rules (AS/NZS 3000:2007).
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Section 1: Architrave, Skirting and Cornice Installation
INTRODUCTION
This section deals with the knowledge and skills required for internal fixing out of domestic dwellings.
In general terms, Section 1 deals with:
• Installation of architraves, nosing and scotia around windows; • Installation of architraves to internal door jambs; • Installing skirting and timber cornices to a specified area; and • Calculation of quantities and cost of materials required.
These four components above include the essential information you will need to complete the Assessment Task, which addresses:
Fit and fix architraves, skirtings, pelmets, cornices, nosings and scotia moulds and calculate lineal quantities of materials.
The information required for architrave, skirting and cornice installation will be presented within seven topics:
• Component Identification • Installation of Nosing and Scotia • Installation of Architraves (Window) • Installation of Architraves (Door) • Installation of Skirting • Installation of Timber Cornice • Calculation of Quantity and Cost of Required Materials
1. COMPONENT IDENTIFICATION
The terms, architrave, skirting and cornice are associated with the stage of “fit out” or fixing which is one of the final tasks a tradesman would undertake in the process of domestic dwelling construction.
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Member Identification
Architrave
This is a timber lining, which is installed around the perimeter of internal door jambs, and window frames and allows the joints between the window or door jamb and wall lining to be concealed in a professional manner. Architraves are available in a variety of profiles and sizes.
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Skirting
This timber member is installed at the bottom of walls and forms a continual timber trim around the perimeter of each room. Skirting is installed for two reasons.
1. To conceal the joint between the wall lining and adjoining floor in a professional manner.
2. To protect the wall lining from damage likely to occur at that height.
As with architraves, skirting is available in a variety of profiles, sizes and timbers.
As is the case in most instances, the architrave and skirting are the same profile. For example if Bullnose skirting is used so is Bullnose architrave. Sometimes the widths differ, where larger widths are used for skirting.
Cornice: (See Figure 1)
Although the more common form of cornice is manufactured from plaster, there are occasions when timber cornice is specified. These are usually installed in conjunction with timber lined ceilings or walls.
The installation of cornice allows the tradesperson to conceal the joint between the ceilings and adjoining walls in a professional manner, while also producing a decorative finish.
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Nosing: (See Figure 1) Nosing is usually in the form of a bullnosed timber section, which is positioned at the bottom of the window frame. Nosing is fixed to the sill of the window frame and is supported by a scotia bead, which is fixed underneath the nosing. The nosing is installed first as this allows the vertical architraves to be easily positioned and installed.
It is important to note that the installation of the components described above requires a high degree of accuracy and substandard quality will detract from the overall appearance of the job.
Scotia
Is used as a finishing piece and is not only used under the window to finish off the nosing piece but can be used around the floor to finish off the floor to wall construction. The scotia can also be used next to skirting or architrave to change the appearance of the timber.
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Preparation for Installation (Metal Frames) The current method of installation skirting, architraves and cornices is to fix them in place with screws, which are covered by caps. Small headed screws that can be set below the timber surface are also available.
However, an alternative would be to fix timber blockings beside metal studs prior to lining. This would allow particularly skirting and cornice to be nailed thus eliminating the larger and more obvious screw caps.
2. INSTALLATION OF NOSING AND SCOTIA
When determining nosing length it is important to remember that the nosing should protrude equal distances from both the outside edge and the face of the architrave.
Specifications:
Architrave - 90 mm x 20 mm Nosing - 40 mm x 32 mm Quirk - 2 mm Internal Window Dimension - 1050 mm
Nosing Length: = Internal Window Dimension + Architrave x 2 + Quirk x 2 + Protrusion x 2 Therefore: Nosing Length = 1050 + 180 + 4 + 40 = 1274
Therefore:
Nosing Length is 1274 mm
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WINDOW NOSING
The scotia should be positioned so that each end finishes directly under the outside edge of the vertical architraves.
Therefore length of scotia would be determined as follows.
Scotia length = Nosing Length - (protrusion x 2) = 1274 = (20 x 2) = 1274 - 40 = 1234
Therefore:
Scotia length is 1234 mm
Having determined the length of nosing and scotia required, these can be cut to size.
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INSTALLATION DETAIL - NOSING AND SCOTIA
Before installation, the profile on both the nosing and scotia has to be returned on both ends. This means that the ends have to be shaped by hand so that the face profile (mould) continues across the end grain of the nosing and scotia. See diagram above.
Prior to installing the nosing, mark both the centre of the window and nosing. This will assist with balancing the nosing as the centre marks can be lined up, thus ensuring the correct position of the nosing. As with the architraves, a quirk should be allowed for when installing the nosing.
When the nosing is positioned properly it can be secured by nailing it to the window sill. The scotia is then positioned and nailed up underneath the nosing.
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3. INSTALLATION OF ARCHITRAVES (WINDOW)
Having installed the nosing and scotia to the window sill the next step is to install the architrave, which is positioned around the remaining window perimeter.
When measuring architraves it is usual practice to show the long point of the mitre. The quirk must also be allowed for when calculating length.
It is recommended that a side or vertical architrave is cut first. This is then followed by the header architrave and the opposite side or vertical architrave.
Having cut the first architrave to length, it can be tacked in position. (Tacking allows minor adjustments, which may be required later).
The header or top architrave is then cut and checked for accurate fitting. The header is then tacked into position.
The remaining side architrave is then cut and fitted.
When all architraves and mitre joints are fitting accurately, the header can be removed and glue applied to both mitres. Each architrave can then be securely nailed with mitres nailed to secure glue joint. It is important to ensure that all architraves are arrised and sanded with all nails punched below the timber surface.
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4. INSTALLATION OF ARCHITRAVES (DOOR)
The installation of architraves to an internal door jamb is similar to the process associated with the installation of architraves around a window. Door jambs do not require nosing or scotia; however, the vertical and header architraves are installed in a similar way, as seen in pictures above.
5. INSTALLATION OF SKIRTING
When installing skirting there are two types of joints that may be required these being. See diagram below
Scribe Joint - for internal corners Mitre Joint - for external corners
Scribe joint Mitre joint
A scribe rather than mitre joint is preferred on internal corners as the scribe joint has the advantage of not opening up when the skirting is secured.
On external corners a mitre joint is used as the securing of the skirting will close the mitre and assist in holding the joint together.
Prior to installation of skirting, the sequence of installation must be determined. Installing skirting in the proper sequence will allow the scribe joints to be facing in the correct direction. This is carried out so that people entering a room will not be looking directly into the scribe joint but looking at it from “side on”. Hence the first length of skirting to be installed would be the one on the opposite wall to the doorway or entrance to the room. This length of skirting is cut square and neatly fitted between the two adjoining walls. For the adjoining skirting, a scribe joint is cut on the end, which connects to the initial skirting. This is then cut to length with a square cut on the opposite end. This process continues until all skirting is installed. For ease of installation and secure fixing the position of wall
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studs should be marked on the floor. This will prevent unnecessary nailing and ensure a strong fixing.
Cutting a Scribe Joint: - To cut a scribe joint, an internal mitre must first be cut on the skirting. The internal shoulder of the mitre will indicate the same profile as that of the face of the skirting. Using a coping saw, the waste must be cut away. The internal shoulder of the mitre is used as a guide to follow. When cutting the scribe it is recommended to cut slightly off square thus easing the back of the scribe so that a tight joint in the face of the skirting is achieved.
External corner joints are cut as a standard mitre. Measurements to determine skirting length are taken from the short point of the mitre at the back of the skirting.
The skirting is usually fixed at every stud with nails at both top and bottom of skirting. However, where narrow skirting (50 mm) is specified, one nail per stud is sufficient.
SKIRTING - INTERNAL SCRIBE JOINT AND EXTERNAL MITRE JOINT
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6. INSTALLATION OF TIMBER CORNICE
The processes associated with installing timber cornice are similar to that of skirting installation. As with skirting, positioning of scribe joints and starting point should be determined before commencing installation. As cornice is usually a continual run, without breaks (ie. Doorways etc) it may be necessary to cut a length of cornice with a double scribe. To determine this length you will need to measure the length of the wall. This will be the length of the cornice measured from the long points or back of mitres. A double mitre is usually cut on the last section of cornice to be installed as seen in the diagram Plan view of room.
PLAN VIEW OF A ROOM
Drawn above is a plan view of a room with the entrance and cornice positions (A, B, C, D) indicated.
The sequence of cornice installation is as follows:-
Step 1: Cornice A is cut and neatly fitted between wall 2 and 4.
Step 2: Cornice B is scribed to fit (A) and then cut neatly to fit wall 2.
Step 3: Cornice C is scribed to fit (A) and then cut to fit wall 4.
Step 4: Cornice D is measured and both ends scribed to fit cornices (B) and (C).
This method allows the scribe joints to be facing away from the line of sight when entering the room. 7. CALCULATION OF QUANTITY AND COST OF REQUIRED MATERIALS
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Architraves to an Internal Door
• Jamb Dimensions - 2060 x 820 • Architrave - 90 x 19 colonial profile • Cost per metre - $2.80 per metre • Architrave required - Vertical architrave x 4 + Header architrave x 2
Therefore Architrave Required = (2060 + 100) x 4 + (820 + 200) x 2
= 2160 x 4 + 1020 x 2
= 8640 +2040 Calculating to standard lengths:
Quantity of Architrave required = 2/4500 mm and 1/2100 mm
Cost of Architrave = Total length x 2.80 = 11.1 m x 2.8 = $31.08
Therefore:
Total cost of Architrave is $31.08
Skirting
Specifications:
Room Dimensions - 3890 x 3215 Skirting - 190 x 19 Victorian Profile Cost per metre - $6.40
Skirting Required = 2 x 3890 + 2 x 3215
Calculating to Standard Lengths 2 x 3900 + 2 x 3300
= 2/3.9 and 2/3.3
Total Length = 2 x 3.9 + 2 x 3.3 = 7.8 + 6.6 = 14.4 metres
Cost of Skirting = Total Length x 6.40
= 14.4 x 6.4
= $92.16
Therefore:
Total cost of skirting is $92.16
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NOTE: For large quantities a delivery fee may be an added expense, which should be included in overall cost.
The method for calculating quantities and cost of timber cornice would be similar to that used for skirting.
ACTIVITY 1 INSTALLATION OF SKIRTING
Below is the procedure for measuring, cutting and installing skirting to a specified area. The area is to include at least two scribe and two external mitre joints.
All work must be carried out according to the criteria and tolerances specified in Assessment Task 1.
You may find it useful to refer back to relevant segments of the instructional material while carrying out this activity.
Follow the step set out below:
1. Select appropriate tools and equipment.
2. Select and use the appropriate OH&S personal safety equipment.
3. Determine from specifications, area to install skirting.
4. Determine specified skirting type.
5. Determine starting point or position of first skirting board.
6. Mark out stud positions.
7. Cut and install first skirting board to specifications.
8. Set out and cut scribe on adjoining skirting.
9. Cut adjoining skirting to length and install to specified tolerance, scribe to be tight fitting.
10. Cut and install remaining skirting including remaining scribe and mitre joints. All joints must be tight fitting.
11. Punch nails below skirting surface to specified tolerance.
12. Butt joints to architrave to be tight fitting no tolerance.
13. Store reusable materials safely.
14. Maintain and store tools and equipment.
15. Clean work area and dispose of waste materials safely.
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INSTALLING OF TIMBER CORNICE
The procedure for measuring, cutting and installing timber cornice to a specified area is set out below. The area is to include at least two scribes and one external mitre joint.
You may find it useful to refer back to relevant segments of the instructional material while carrying out this activity.
Follow the steps set out below:
1. Select appropriate tools and equipment.
2. Select and use the appropriate OH&S personal safety equipment.
3. Determine specified area for cornice installation.
4. Determine starting point or position of first cornice to be installed.
5. Mark out ceiling joist or batten positions.
6. Cut and install first cornice to specifications.
7. Measure, cut & install adjoining cornice. Scribe joint to be tight fitting with no gaps.
8. Measure, cut and install remaining cornice, joint to be tight fitting with all nails punched below surface without splitting the cornice.
9. Calculate quantities and cost of material required.
10. Store reusable materials safely.
11. Maintain and store tools and equipment.
12. Clean work area and dispose of waste materials safely.
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Section 2: Wall and Ceiling Lining and panelling
CPCCCA3013B: Install lining, paneling and mouldings
In this section you will find learning resources to support the underpinning knowledge and skills relating to:
Competency CPCCCA3013B elements: 1, 2, 3 and 4
1. Plan and prepare work 2. Locate and prepare frame/surface 3. Install lining to frame/surface 4. Clean up
INTRODUCTION
This package deals with two main aspects:
• Preparation of surface to be lined; and • Setting out surface for panelling/lining.
These two areas include the essential information you will need to complete Assessment Task 1, which addresses:
1. Identify and fix interior sheet or solid timber wall and ceiling linings commonly used in building and calculate the quantities of internal lining materials.
The information presented in this section will allow you to cover the following operations:
• Straightening of stud wall; • Straightening of ceiling joists; • Installation of extra noggins to support joins in lining material; • Installation of timber or metal battens where specified; • Installation of flashings for wet areas; and • Uneven rendered surfaces.
The information required for wall and ceiling lining will be presented in six topics:
• Panel Types • Preparation for Timber Interior Finishing • Installation of Wall and Ceiling Lining • Thermal Insulation • Quantities and Costing of Lining Materials • Clean up
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1. PANEL TYPES Wood Based Panels
Particleboard
Standard Particleboard Main Features Benefits Applications Particleboard • Wide range of • No grain direction. • Furniture, building thickness and sizes. • Easy to work with and panels, benches, Standard grade • Reconstituted timber. install. shelves, partitions. • Uniform fine surface. • Resists splitting: Nails • Wherever a strong, and screws can be economical panel is fixed as close as 6 mm required. to the edge. • Sanded ready for finishing.
Edge Lipped • Timber strip bonded on • Timber edge effect. • Cupboard Panels one long edge (of • Other benefits as for • Wardrobes particleboard panel.) Pyneboard standard. • Wall units
• Wide range of • Wall shelving Timber edged thicknesses and sizes. Anywhere storage is particleboard • • Uniform fine surface. required. Melamine Faced • Surface and one long • Hard decorative • Shelving edge finished with surface. Cupboards Particleboard • melamine. • Surface is stain, • Wardrobes
• Neat machined edge. scratch and heat • Wall units Two sided, with a matching • Wide range of resistant, and easily melamine edge. thicknesses and sizes. maintained. • Substrate of • No edge finishing particleboard required. reconstituted timber. • Easy to work with normal woodworking tools.
HMR Particleboard
Main Features Benefits Applications • Formulated with a • Resists moisture uptake, • Kitchen cupboard, Highly Moisture special water resistant dampness and humidity. bench tops, around resin. • Minimal edge swell. dishwashers, bathroom Resistance • Higher density and • Minimal chip out in vanity units. Particleboard. stronger bonding (than detailed woodworking. • For furniture/cabinet Pyneboard Standard). • Excellent surface for use in high humidity veneering and areas or areas subject laminating, etc. to accidental wetting. Highly Moisture • HMR substrate. • With stands accidental • Design for areas Resistant • Prefinished on both wetting. subject to high relative sides and one long • No surface or edge density. edge. finishing required, ready • Shelving, cupboard, Two-sided, melamine- to install. wardrobes, wall units. faced particleboard with a matching melamine edge.
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Particleboard Flooring
Main Features Benefits Applications Flooring • Resin enriched surface. • Touch surface for Structafloor general • Every sheet is graded protection during Purpose. Structural grade for strength. installation and against • For platform or fitted weather exposure for up interior flooring. particleboard flooring. • Rigid plastic colour coded tongues. to three months. • Building where under • Tongue and groove • Ensures a tight, perfectly floor space or access is system. aligned fit. required. • Wax edge seal. • Colour codes designated • Can be used in wet • Premium grade is thickness and floor joist area rooms beneath fungicide treated. spacing. impervious floor • Suitable for wet and dry • Resists entry of surfacing. areas. moisture. Reduces edge Structafloor Premium • Large sheet sizes. swelling. • Decay resistant flooring • Can be used throughout for moisture prone the house, including “wet areas and regions of and dry area rooms”. high humidity. For quick installation, • As for Structafloor fewer joins, less General Purpose. draughts. Structafloor Commercial 25 • As for Structafloor Premium and for applications subject to increased commercial floor loads.
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Hardboard
General Purpose Hardboard sometimes known as Masonite
Main Features Benefits Applications Standard • Manufacture from • Will not split, or crack • Furniture, packaging, hardwood fibre. when properly used. wall linings, displays Hardboard • Uniform density. • Excellent machinability and signs, interior
• Tough, smooth surface. using normal linings, drawer Hardwood fibre buildings woodworking tools. bottoms, cabinet backs, board. • Strong and flexible, can partitions and doors, be shaped or bent. automotive • Impact resistant. components. • Suitable for most common finished. Pegboard • Tough, excellent • Durable and easy to • Utensil panels for strength and work panel. Kitchens. Perforated hardboard. machinability. • Compatible with most • Tools boards for • Smooth surface is pre- latex paints or enamels. workshops. coated with a matt white • Allows the hanging of • For attractive visual undercoat. goods, tools, displays, shop fittings • Regularly spaced decorations, etc. and renovations. perforations, in either a • Makes bare walls more • Wall shelving diagonal or square decorative and • Construction of pattern. functional. acoustic panel system. Readi-cote • Smooth, prime coated • Uniform light colour • As a lining for: interior surface. coating provides walls, ceilings, Primed hardboard. excellent ‘key’ for paint furniture, cabinets, finishes. doors, partitions, • Generally compatible displays and interior with most domestic and and short-term exterior industrial paints. signs. • Eliminates the need for ‘on-site priming’. White-cote • Smooth, white, semi- • Highly resistant to • Wardrobe and gloss finish. scuffing, marring, cupboard back, drawer Pre-finished hardboard. denting and abrasion. bottoms. • Easily maintained, wipe clean. • Not normally affected by mineral turps or household stains.
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Reduced Density Hardboard
Readi-fix Main Features Benefits Applications • Reduced density • Strong, tough and • Lining for: interior walls, wallboard. flexible. Adds bracing ceilings, wardrobes and • Planned back for strength. cabinets. thickness control with • Easy to work and fix. • Renovating existing long edges bevelled. • Ready to use under walls. • Pre-conditioned to normal atmospheric • Flush panel partitions normal moisture conditions. and doors. Primed Lining board content. • Compatible with most • Displays and • Light grey primer sealer domestic and industrial signboards. coating on the surface. paints giving excellent ‘key’ for finish paint coatings. Budgetboard • Reduced density • Strong, tough and • Structural wall bracing wallboard. flexible. Adds bracing of timber frame. • Planed back for strength. • Lining for: interior walls, thickness control with • Easy to work and fix. ceilings, wardrobes and long edges bevelled. • Ready to use under cabinets. • Pre-conditioned to normal atmospheric • Renovating existing normal moisture. conditions. walls. Lining board • Unprimed. • Compatible with most • Flush panel partitions domestic and industrial and doors. paints giving excellent • Displays and ‘key’ for finish paint signboards. coatings. Underlay • Flat, indent resistance • Uniform thickness • Use over strip timber, surface. provides for uniform and particleboard and Reduced density • Tough, smooth surface, economical application plywood floors. hardboard flooring without grain or of adhesive. • As a base for resilient underlay. blemishes. • Rigid enough to bridge sheet and tile floor • Reverse side planed. small irregularities. coverings, including • Uniform density. • Easy to trim and sand. flexible and semi-rigid • Pre-conditioned to PVC, cork, rubber, normal moisture linoleum and cushioned content. vinyl. • Beneath textile floor coverings including carpet tiles.
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Tempered Hardboard
Main Features Benefits Applications Tempered • Tough, strong surface. • Resistance to abrasive • Interior linings of walls Hardboard • Durable and moisture and impact. and ceilings in resistant. • Used in “wet area” workshops, garages,
• Smooth, dark surface rooms or in semi- bathrooms, laundries. High density hardboard. and fine wire screen protected exterior • Shopfitting, cabinet back. applications. construction, industrial • Easy to work with shelving and normal woodworking workbench surfacing. tools. • Short term exterior • Smooth surface provides signs. an excellent base for • Structural bracing of finishing with most timber frames in high industrial and domestic wind areas. paint coatings. • Seat backing, interior side and floor panels for vehicles.
Exterior Hardboard
Weathertex • Timber based: • Flexible and resistant • Exterior cladding of homes, schools Timber dense and durable. to impact. and outbuildings. • Long plank edges • Easy to cut, fix with • Building extension and upper storey Classic are lightly rounded normal woodworking lightweight construction. or rebated. tools. • Renovation of existing walls. • Available in a range • Consistent quality, • Gable ends. of attractive plank straight edges free of • Infill panels around windows and and sheet profiles. warp and twist. doors. Exterior Wall • 25 year guarantee. • Outstanding weather Cladding • Most products are resistance. pre-primed. • Guaranteed not to rot, split or crack if installed as directed. • Ready for finishing with exterior grade paint. Weathertex • Timber based: • Flexible and resistant • Exterior signboards, displays and Signboards dense and durable. to impact. exhibition buildings. • Machine finished. • Easy to cut, fix with • Construction site hoardings for
• 25 year guarantee. normal woodworking decorative signwriting. Medium Density • Pre-primed surface. tools. Fibreboard • Consistent quality, straight edges free of warp and twist. • Outstanding weather resistance. • Guaranteed not to rot, split or crack if installed as directed. • Ready for finishing with exterior grade paint.
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Medium Density Fibreboard (M.D.F.)
Fibron Main Features Benefits Applications • Fine, smooth surface. • Easy painted with “PREMIUM” • Uniform density. minimal preparation. • Cored for carved doors, • Light colour. • Machines cleanly. door skins. • HMR option (Highly • Good dimensional • Lounge/dining, bedroom Primed Lining board Moisture Resistant stability. and office furniture. Medium Density • Good screw holding and • Wall units, TV and video, Fibreboard). joins cleanly. cabinet backs, drawer • Withstands accidental carcases, general wetting. cabinetry. • Domestic and commercial shelving. • Staircase, partitioning, shopfittings. • Picture frames, picture mounts, trophies. Glamapyne Fibron • Hard, decorative • Stain, scratch, fade and • Vertical surfacing of Premium surface. heat resistant. quality furniture. • Pre-finished on both • Easy maintenance, • Kitchen cupboards, built- sides. clean with a damp cloth. ins, shelving, shoplifting, Two sided low pressure • Wide range of colours. • No surface finishing cabinets, vanities. melamine faced board on • Fibron Premium panel required, ready to install. • Commercial Fitouts. Fibron “Premium”. as substrate. • No surface finishing • Also in light wear required, ready to install. horizontal applications. • Easy to cut and work with normal woodworking tools. • Variety of designs.
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Insulating Board
Main Features Benefits Applications • Low density board. • Lightweight, easy to cut • Protective coverings to • Natural pine colour or and fasten. decorative walls during with ivory paint coating • Good thermal and construction. Wood Fibre one side. acoustic insulation • Protective packaging. Insulating Board • Fine textured surface. properties. • Pin boards. • Little or no finishing • Thermal and acoustic required. insulation panels for partitions, screens and ceilings.
Laminates
High Pressure Laminates
Main Features Benefits Applications Horizontal • Extremely durable • Resistant to normal wear • Kitchen bench tops. Laminate surface. and tear. • Counter tops. • Decorative surface in a • Resists straining or • Store and display wide range of designer damage from most fixtures. High pressure decorative colours, prints and common chemicals and • School, office and laminate. textures. household agents. reception desks. • Withstanding surface • Furniture. temperatures up to Bars. o • 135 C. • Laboratory and hospital • Will not split or crack surfaces. when properly fabricated. Wet Area Laminate • Solid core, 3 mm thick • Flat and resists bowing • Lining for: wet areas of board. during and after domestic and High pressure decorative • Two matching melamine installation. commercial buildings, laminate for wet areas. surfaces. • Outstanding moisture hospitals and • Extremely durable resistance. laboratories; bathrooms, surface. • Smooth, attractive, shower recesses, • Wide sheets. decorative, grout-free laundries, kitchen splash surface. backs. • Easy to maintain: resist staining or damage from most common cleaning agents. • Withstands surface temperature up to 135oC.
2. PREPARATION FOR TIMBER INTERIOR FINISHING
Erection of Scaffold
The need for scaffolding will be determined by the requirements of the training exercise. This is particularly relevant to the insulation of ceiling linings.
Scaffolding requirements are strictly governed by the relevant Australian Standard and must be adhered to.
Where specified, as part of this program, you will need to determine, from Australian Standards 1565.1. the type of scaffolding and erect it to specifications.
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Surface Preparation and Set Out
This section covers two stages. These being:
• Preparation of surface to be lined; and • Setting out surface for panelling/lining.
Surface Preparation
Structural material which forms the surface to be lined will determine the process required to prepare the surface for lining i.e. Timber stud wall, steel frame, brickwork etc.
Prior to setting out, the surface to be lined must be assessed for possible imperfections. This can be done visually or manually. It is a precautionary measure as recognition and rectification of defects at this stage will save extra time, effort and will assist in gaining a good result during the installation stage.
Some areas that may need rectifying have been listed below.
• Straightening of stud wall. • Straightening of ceiling joists. • Installation of extra noggins to support joins in lining material. • Installation of timber or metal battens where specified. • Installation of flashings for wet areas. • Uneven rendered surfaces.
As there are a number of structural materials available for construction, it is important to ensure that the fixing technique is compatible with the material used in the structure.
For example: Specification - fix tongue and grooved Vee jointed (TGVJ) lining to a steel frame using concealed fastening. See Figure 1.
As the common form of fixing to steel frames is with screws, timber battens or cleats may have to be screwed to the frame which would then allow the lining board to be secret nailed.
This procedure would be carried out during the surface preparation stage and as with other preparation steps, would assist in gaining a quality final finish.
Setting Out
This is an important part of the lining process as it assists in eliminating pitfalls during the installation stage and as with surface preparation enhances the finished appearance of the lined surface.
Listed below are some of the factors that will determine the setting out process.
* Direction of lining material. * Positioning of sheet or solid timber lining ie. balance of lining. * Identification of starting point for installation. * Lines of fastening to be indicated ie. stud position.
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FIXING LININGS TO METAL STUDS - SECRET NAILED
Direction of Lining Material
Positioning and direction of sheet/lining board may be governed by factors such as the location and direction of structural members, which support the lining. ie. The recommended direction for installing sheet lining is at 90o to the structural member in the surface to be lined. Where this is not possible battens or rows of noggins must be installed at specified spacing to provide support. Another factor is the overall appearance of the finished surface. For example lining boards placed vertically on the wall would create the illusion of increased ceiling height.
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Positioning of Sheet or Solid Timber Lining (Balance)
Balancing the position of the lining is carried out for aesthetic reasons. Basically this means positioning the linings so that the first and last lining board/sheet are of equivalent width or length.
PANEL SET OUT
Identification Of Starting Point
Accurate measuring and calculations may be required to determine the starting point. Commencing installation from the incorrect position may result in difficulty during the process and an unbalanced overall appearance of the lined surface.
Lines Of Fastening
This process involves the marking of stud or batten positions on adjoining walls, floor or ceiling. This will allow accurate alignment of fasteners with studs/battens that may be concealed by linings.
Both of the surface preparation and setting out processes need to be carried out to ensure a quality finish.
STUD POSITIONS MARKED
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3. INSTALLATION OF WALL AND CEILING LINING
Having identified the material fixing method and prepared the surface, the process of installation is now carried out.
This process will cover three areas:
* Measuring and cutting material. * Install and fasten sheet/lining. * Installation of cover strap or beading where required.
As the starting point has been determined and the surface checked for square, it will now be a process of ensuring the grid pattern of first sheet/lining board is correctly positioned to maintain accuracy.
Measure And Cut Wall/Ceiling Lining
The processes involved in this section will be determined by the type of lining to be installed and by architectural or manufacturers specifications.
For example: When sheet lining a large area, only the perimeter sheets may require cutting, where as solid timber lining boards require individual measuring and cutting.
Solid timber lining boards may also be required to be placed at an angle, which makes the marking and cutting process more complex and therefore greater concentration will be required.
Sheet lining should be checked for square, straight and parallel to ensure tight fitting joints. Where joints between linings or lining butt joints to wall or ceiling are not concealed, care should be taken when marking and cutting to ensure neatness of finish.
As this stage, the installation involves the use of power and hand tools, the relevant OH&S requirements must be adhered to.
Install And Fasten Sheet/Lining
* Installing Sheet/Lining
This stage of lining will be relatively straight forward, if the previous preparation procedures have been carried out.
Prior to commencing the positioning of linings it is recommended that the surface to be covered is checked to ensure that all plumbing, electrical, insulation, etc, has been installed.
The initial sheet/lining board must be positioned correctly ie. plumb, level or at the correct angle for oblique linings.
Where ceiling lining is to be undertaken, it may be necessary to gain assistance or construct temporary props to hold the lining in position while it is being secured.
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* Fastening Sheet/Lining
Fastening required can be determined from architectural or manufacturers specifications which should be adhered to.
It is important to use the nominated fastener as failure to do so may affect the life or appearance of the lining.
Specifications may include some of the following:
* Types of fasteners. * Spacing of fasteners. * Concealed or exposed techniques. * Adhesive type and specifications.
Adhesives are usually specified to enhance the strength of the fastening and in some situations as an alternative to mechanical fasteners.
Installation Of Cover Strip And Beading
Beads, which are generally used with interior panelling come under two categories.
These are:
* Integrated plastic moulding. * Timber cover strip and perimeter beading.
Integrated plastic moulding is specifically designed for covering joins between sheet panelling and is installed during the process of fixing the panelling. It is usually a “H” section profile which allows adjacent sheet to butt up with the joint concealed.
Manufacturers produce these in various colours, which are compatible with particular sheet linings and finishes.
Timber cover strip is generally used to conceal intermediate joins on a panelled surface. Depending on the profile, it can be either unobtrusive or a decorative feature.
The use of cover stripping allows a greater tolerance when fitting sheet panelling, thus reducing installation time. The cover stripping is fastened through the sheet panelling and into the timber members behind.
Perimeter beading or cornice can be in a variety of profiles.
The more common types being.
* Square section. * Quadrant mould. * Scotia mould. * Bevelled profile. * Ovalo mould.
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These are usually positioned along the junction between the lined surface and the adjoining ceiling or wall, thus acting as a cornice. This method allows variations in the joint between the intersecting surfaces to be concealed.
When using quad, Scotia, beveled or oval beading, internal joints should be scribed and external joints mitred. This process is similar to that used, when installing skirting around the floor.
INTERNAL SCRIBES
Fastening for the perimetre bead should be angled towards the internal corner of the two surfaces to ensure a neat fit.
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4. THERMAL INSULATION
Types And Application
There are a variety of thermal insulation products available. Listed below are some of the more common products and a brief description of each:
* Foil Batts
This product is made of reflective foil clad paper and comprises two face sheets with a cell between.
* Loose Fibre Insulation
Is a product more commonly used in ceilings where it is able to be laid onto a horizontal surface to the specified thickness.
CEILING AND WALL INSULATION
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* Fibreglass Batts
This product is made of interwoven fibreglass fibres. Fibreglass batts are manufactured to a particular size and various thicknesses to satisfy the thermal insulation requirements.
* Natural Wool Batts
This insulation is manufactured from wool fibre hence the safety aspects associated with its insulation are substantially reduced. As with the fibreglass batts these are manufactured to a particular size and various thicknesses.
Installation of Thermal Insulation
The type, thermal rating and positioning of insulation is nominated in the architectural specifications.
The installation procedure is nominated in the manufacturer specifications. These include OH&S requirements associated with personal safety during installation and should be adhered to.
Where installation of the lining will eliminate access to cavities, the insulation should be installed prior to or during the lining process. ie. wall and flat roof construction.
This process involves fitting the batts or foil between studs.
NOTE During installation Metal or other conductive fasteners must not be used when installing ceiling insulation and the installation of ceiling insulation must comply with clause 4.5.2.3 of the Wiring Rules (AS/NZS 3000:2007).
There have been a number of deaths involving electricity in ceiling cavities due to untrained workers or poor standards used when installing products. For safety sake turn off power when working in ceiling spaces in home situations
It is important to ensure that the insulation is tight fitting and the area completely covered, as failure to do this will affect the thermal rating.
In the situation of conventional pitched roof construction or suspended ceiling installation, the insulation is installed after ceiling lining has been carried out.
This can be in the form of loose fibre, which can be either pumped in or positioned manually or batts, which are tightly fitted between ceiling joists or roof trusses.
The loose fibre is built up to the required thickness, which is necessary for that particular thermal rating.
Thermal insulation is a cost effective method of improving energy efficiency, ie. heating and cooling and is an important integral part of construction.
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5. QUANTITIES AND COSTING OF LINING MATERIALS
This topic will be divided into two parts:
* Calculation of Quantities. * Calculation of Material Cost.
Calculation Of Quantities
When calculating surface lining there are a number of factors that require consideration.
These are:
* Overall size of surface. * Specified openings in surface. * Type of lining (sheet or board) * Directional placement. * Effective cover. * Size of sheet lining.
When determining the quantities for sheet lining (ie. number of sheets) an approximate number can be arrived at by dividing the area of the surface by the area of an individual sheet.
For example:
WALL TO BE LINED (SHEETS)
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SPECIFICATION: Wall to be vertical lined with 4 mm Blackwood Ply (2400 x 1200 m).
No. of sheets for over all surface = m2 of overall surface m2 of individual sheet
= 5400 x 3000 2.400 x 1.200
= 5.4 x 3.0 2.4 x 1.2
= 16.2 m2 2.88 m2
= 5.626
. . . total number of sheets = 5.626
In this situation the next full number would be the amount of sheets required ie. 5.626 ! 6 sheets. However if the surface has an opening in it (as above) then the area of the opening is subtracted from the overall surface area.
ie. 16.2 - (2.1 x 0.9)
2 = 16.2 m − 1.89
= 14.31m2
The resulting 14.31 m2 would replace the amount of 16.2 m2 in the equation.
ie. 14.31 m2 = No. of sheets 2.88 m2
4.96875 = No. of sheets
Therefore the number of sheets required for the surface with the opening would be five.
i.e. 5 sheets of 2400 mm x 1200 mm x 4 mm Blackwood Ply.
This method will give the exact number of sheets required. However there are certain situations where the positioning of the sheets needs to be determined prior to calculating quantities.
For example, where natural timber veneered M.D.F. is specified it may be necessary to determine sheet and offcut positions so that grain continuity and blending of colour is achieved.
In the above situation, extra sheets may be required to achieve the specific result.
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Another factor is the minimising of joints ie. It may be necessary to order extra sheets to eliminate extensive use of offcuts, which would increase the number of joins.
Selecting the correct size of sheets is also a factor, which can reduce the number of joins in a lined surface.
The method of calculating quantities of lining board varies from that used when calculating sheet lining.
When calculating lining board quantities, total lineal metres are determined.
Although total lineal metres can be calculated, it is more practical to calculate the number and required length of boards.
Two factors that must be considered when determining quantities of lining board are:
* Effective cover (E.C.) * Standard lengths of lining boards.
Effective Cover (E.C.)
Effective cover is the actual coverage that each lining board will allow.
For example: Refer to example below
COVER WIDTH (E.C.)
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Standard Lengths
When lining boards are produced they are machined to standard lengths. These lengths start at 900 mm and increase in increments of 300mm. ie. 900; 1200; 1500; 1800; 2100; 2400; up to 6000.
Therefore where the specified length is between these, the next standard length should be adopted ie. A specified length of 3780 mm would have to be increased to 3900 mm.
Below is an example of calculating lining board quantities:
Figure 1 WALL TO BE LINED (BOARDS)
SPECIFICATION: Wall to be vertically lined with W.R.C. lining boards effective
cover (E.C.) - 140 mm.
To determine number of boards the surface has been divided into three sections (A, B, & C). The lining to cover each is to be calculated.
Section A
Number of boards = Width EC
= 1200 140
= 8.57 Increased to next full board = 9 boards
The height of wall will determine length of boards. As 3100 mm is a non standard length, 3300 mm is to be used.
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Therefore, number and length of boards for section A would be 9/3300 mm.
Section B
Number of Boards = Width EC
= 900 140
= 6.42
= 7 boards
Calculated height 1000 mm.
Therefore, lining boards required for Section B - 7/1200 mm.
Section C
Number of boards = Width EC
= 3300 140
= 23.57
= 24 boards
Therefore, lining boards required for section C would be 24/3300.
Total number and length of boards required is 33/3300 mm; 7/1200 mm.
Where specified length is slightly longer than a standard length, it may be more economical to take these from a longer board.
ie. Required boards - 20/1050 mm working to standard length would require 20/1200, or 24 lineal metres.
However, if these were taken from longer boards, in this case 4200’s, the number of boards would be 5/4200 mm and the total lineal metreage would be 21 lineal metres.
When calculating quantities of materials which may have imperfections ie. knots end splitting etc. recommended allowance of 10% for waste should be included in the calculations.
Where the quantity has been calculated in square metres the cost per square metre is multiplied by the total m2.
ie. 72 square metres required.
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Total cost = 72 x $13.40 = 965
Therefore, total cost of lining is $965
Costing of Lining Boards
This method involved the relatively straight forward process of multiplying the total lineal metres by the cost per metre.
For example: Total L/m lining required 199.5 m Cost per L/m is $2.80
Total Cost = 199.5 x 2.80
= 558.60
Therefore, total cost of lining board is $558.60.
The quantities and costing of the following may also be required.
* Battens. * Fasteners. * Adhesive. * Cover Strip. * Perimeter Beads.
Where any of the above are specified they need to be included in the total cost.
It is important to determine the cost of delivery (where required) and add this to the cost of the material.
This will give an accurate costing of the material supplied and delivered to the worksite.
Always remember to charge for labour cost in addition to cost of materials, when quoting.
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INSTALLATION OF SHEET LINING TO TIMBER FRAMED CEILING
Having successfully completed Activity 1 you can now proceed to Activity 2 and 3. Be guided by your instructor in choosing these activities.
Procedure for installing sheet lining to a timber framed ceiling, calculating quantities and cost of materials.
As with activity 1 all work must be carried out according to the criteria and tolerances specified in Assessment Task 1.
Follow the steps set out below.
1. Select and use correctly the appropriate personal protective equipment.
2. Select appropriate tools and equipment.
3. Identify ceiling to be line.
4. Determine fixing method from specifications.
5. Nominate specified thermal insulation.
6. Determine lining material requirements from job drawings and specifications.
7. Calculate working height and determine the need for scaffold. Scaffold type and erection to comply with AS 1576.1 requirements.
8. Check spacing of ceiling frame members to determine batten requirements (batten spacing to be within the specified maximum span for nominated sheet lining.
9. Determine flatness of ceiling frame and rectify where required by machining, packing or installing battens.
10. Check roof cavity for access and determine the stage of installation for thermal insulation.
11. Set out ceiling to ensure balance of panels and nominated starting point.
12. Where required, cut first sheet to size and install to specification.
13. Install integrated cover strip where specified.
14. Install remaining sheet panelling, ensuring joints are tight and sheet alignment is accurate. Joint between perimeter sheets and adjoining wall to be neat and within the specified tolerance.
15. Cut and install perimeter bead/scotia. Scribe and mitre joints to be tight fitting with nails punched below surface.
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16. Cut and install intermediate cover strip where specified. Joints to be tight fitting and nails punched below surface.
17. Dismantle scaffold and store in specified area.
18. Store reusable materials safely.
19. Maintain and store tools and equipment.
20. Clean work area and dispose of waste materials safely.
CALCULATIONS
Having successfully completed the previous activity you may now proceed with this exercise.
Procedure for calculating the quantities and cost of sheet material required to line a specified surface with a door or window opening.
The methods of calculation is to be clearly indicated and an accurate result achieved for both quantities and cost.
You may find it useful to refer back to the relevant segments of the instructional material while carrying out this activity.
Follow the steps set out below.
1. Determine the overall size of the surface to be lined.
2. Determine size of sheet lining to be used.
3. Determine direction of sheet lining.
4. Calculate quantity of batten material where required.
5. Calculate total surface area (m2) of wall to be lined.
6. Calculate area (m2) of openings in wall.
7. Determine by calculation, the actual area of the surface to be covered by lining.
8. Calculate the surface area (m2) or coverage of one sheet of lining.
9. Using the results from steps 7 & 8 determine the number of sheets required.
10. Determine the cost per sheet of lining and calculate the total cost of lining required to line the nominated surface.
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Self Checks
1. Describe where the following moulding may be used.
Skirting ______
Cornice ______
Nosing ______
Architrave ______
2. Write a timber order for the cornice, skirting and architrave required for the room below:
Cornice 68 x 19 4 200
Architrave 42 x 12
Skirting 68 x 12 W1 ROOM Note all mouldings to be radiata pine.
D1
LEGEND W1 900 X 1800 D1 2040 X 820
Member Size Lengths Cornice 68 x 19
Architrave 42 x 12
Skirting 68 x 12
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3. List three items or procedure that may need to be considered before starting to install interior linings inside a building?
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
4. Interior linings materials may need to be inspected before installation. List three items that are important to inspect when accepting a delivery of these materials.
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
5. Describe how you successfully check the alignment of framework before fixing linings.
______
______
______
6. Describe a lining material suitable as a finished feature wall.
______
7. Linings are normally to be kept above the floor by a small distance. Why is this required?
______
______
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8. Brick or block walls may sometimes require a smooth lining material fixed to battens. What advantage is there in battening a wall before lining it?
______
______
9. When planning the fixing of pre-finished vertical sheet material, it is important to consider the layout of the sheets. What precautions or considerations should you be aware of when planning the layout of this wall sheeting?
______
______
10. Where would you obtain the correct fixing details of any wall or ceiling sheeting?
______
______
Practical Exercise 1
As in any carpentry activity calculations is part of the requirement so here is a practical activity to assist with gaining skills needed to calculate lining boards and skirting. On the following two pages are plans for one large room with a concertina door in the centre of the room. The second plan is for a simple layout of a three-bedroom home. With the first plan calculate the amount of lining boards needed to line the inside walls of the room shown. The wall height is 2.7m.The doorway is standard 2040mm x 820mm and the window is 1.5m wide x 1.2mm high. The lining boards to be used are VJ boards that are 133mm × 12mm and they are run horizontally up the wall. The lineal metres are required. Add 7% for offcuts
The second plan needs the skirting to be calculated for all the bedrooms. The doorways in the bedrooms are 820 wide. Include the orderable lengths in your answer. Include the total lineal metres required for the three rooms also. Calculate the cost of materials at $3.47 per metre for the skirting also in your answer.
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Practical Exercise 2
Complete the Job Safety Analysis on the next page for a Install lining, panelling and moulding project. Please hand this in to your trainer to be compiled with your written Assessment.
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Job Safety Analysis – 1 Copy to be handed in for each unit
Project: Trainers Name:
Location: Date: Accepted: Yes " No "
Procedure - List Possible Hazards – What things can Safety Control – How can I stop of steps in doing happen or go wrong, also what hidden Risk or minimize these things Risk a Job on a site. dangers are there on this Job Site? happening or going wrong or injuries occurring?
Signature Trainer / Site Leader______
Signature Building Supervisor______
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Job Safety Analysis – Risk Matrix
Consequence
Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25
B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24
C (Possible) 4 8 13 18 22
D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19
E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15
Low Medium High Extreme
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