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Studies in the Linguistic Sciences UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANACHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which It was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilotion, and underlining of books ore reasons for disciplinary octlon and may result in dismissal from the University, To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF lUINOIS tIBRARy AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1975 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN EDITORS CHARLES W. KISSEBERTH BRAJ B. KACHRU, JERRY MORGAN, LADISLAV ZGUSTA EDITORIAL BOARD Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng, Peter Cole, Georgia M. Green, Hans Henrich Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz, Chin-W. Kim, and Howard Maclay. AIM: SLS is intended as a forum for the presentation in prepublication form, of the latest original research by the faculty and especially the students of the Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. SPECIAL ISSUES: Since its inception SLS has been devoting one issue each year to restricted, specialized topics. A complete list of such special issues is given on the back cover. The following special issues are under preparation: Fall 1975: Papers on His- torical Linguistics: Theory and Method, edited by Ladislav Zgusta and Hans H. Hock; Fall 1976: Papers on African Linguistics, edited by Eyamba G. Bokamba and Charles W. Kisseberth. BOOKS FOR REVIEW: Review copies of books (in duplicate) may be sent to: Ladislav Zgusta, Review Editor, Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Department of Lin- guistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801. SUBSCRIPTION: There will be two issues during the academic year. Requests for subscriptions should be addressed to SLS Subscriptions, Department of Linguistics, 4088 Foreign Languages Building, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801. Price: $3.00 (per issue) STUDIES IN THE LINGUISTIC SCIENCES EDITORS CHARLES W. KISSEBERTH BRAJ B. KACHRU, JERRY MORGAN. LADISLAV ZGUSTA EDITORIAL BOARD Eyamba G. Bokamba, Chin-chuan Cheng. Peter Cole. Georgia M. Green. Hans Henrick Hock, Yamuna Kachru, Henry Kahane, Michael J. Kenstowicz, Chin-W. Kim, and Howard Maclay. VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 SPRING, 1975 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 TABLE OF CONTENTS Peter Cole: An Apparent Asymmetry in the Formation of Relative Clauses in Modem Hebrew 1 Richard Neil Halpem: Time Travel or the Futuristic Use of "To Go" 36 Yamuna Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia: Evidence for Global Constraints: The Case of Reflexivization in Hindi-Urdu '+2 Braj B. Kachru: Toward Structuring the Form and . Function of Code-Mixing: An Indian Perspective. .. .74 Rajeshwari Pandharipande : On the Semantics of Hindi- Urdu celna 9 3 Elizabeth Riddle: What They Say About Say 113 Gloria Sheintuch: Subject-Raising — A Unitary Rule? 125 Habibullah Tegey: A Study of Pashto Clitics and Implications for Linguistic Theory 154 ' ' ' studies in the Linguistic Sciences Volume 5 , number 1 , Spring 1975 AN APPARENT ASYI41ETRY III THE FORMATION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES IN MODERN HEBREW* Peter Cole I . The Asymmetry- There is an asymmetry in the form of relative clauses in Modem Hebrew (MH). Nominative and Accusative Relativized Noxin Phrases (RJfP's) may appear in pronominal or null form while all other RNP's can appeeir only in pronominal form. This asymmetry is illustrated in (l) - (5). (1) Nominative RNP a. Ze haish she hu veaxi patxu misada beyaxad. that (is) the man that' he and my brother opened (a) restaurant together 'That's the man that he and my brother opened a restaurant. b. Ze haish she mata et haJcelev sheli. that (is) the man that found ace. marker the dog of mine 'That's the man that found my dog. (2) Accusative RNP a. Ze haish she hakelev sheli maca oto al hahar. that (is) the man that the dog of mine found ace. marker+him on tlie mountain 'That's the man that my dog found on the mountain.' b. Ze haish she hakelev sheli maca al heihar. that (is) the man that the dog of mine found on the mountain 'That's the man that my dog foiond on the moxintain. ' (3) Dative RIfP a, Ze haish she natati lo et hasefer. that (is) the man that (I) gave dative marker+him ace. marker the book 'That's the man to whom I gave the book. b. *Ze haish she natati et hasefer. that (is) the man that (l) gave ace. marker the book (U) RNP with be 'in' a. Ze haet she ani kotev bo. that (is) the pen that I write in it •That's the pen I write with.' b. *Ze haet she ani kotev . that (is) the pen that I write (5) RWP with al 'upon' a. Zot hatmuna she ani ohev lehistakel aleha. that (is) the pictiire that I love to look upon it "That's the picture I love to look at.' b. *Zot hatmuna she ani ohev lehistakel. that (is) the picture that I love to look It might be hypothesized that the asymmetry shown in (l) - (5) is due to restrictions on the rule of Relativized Noun Phrase Deletion (RND) in MH, , RKD optionally deletes a relativized noim phrase under identity with 2 the head noun phrase of the relative clause. This hypothesis would claim that the application of RND is restricted to Nominative and Accusative Ri^P's. I shall argue that such a hypothesis is incorrect. Not only can the asym- metrical distribution of deletion as a relativization strategy in I4H be explained without restricting the environment of RND, but an explanation of this asymmetry in terms of restrictions on RND misses important general- izations regarding the interaction of RND and other rules of Iffi grammar. It is claimed in this paper that the asymmetry results from the inter- action of RND with two rules affecting the appearance of case markers in surface structure, and with a constraint against the appearance of pre- positions when their objects have been deleted. The two riiles which are required to generate case markers in the appropriate environments are Case Marking (CM) and Et Deletion (ED). A Constraint Against Preposition Strand- ing (PSC) is also necessajry. I shall argue that the apparent inapplicabil- ity of RND to RNP's other than nominatives and accusatives is due to the fact that RND resiilts in preposition stranding with non-nominative or ac- cusative RNP's. In the sections which follow, I shall show how CM and ED ' ' ' : apply to generate the correct case markings in environments other than relative clauses. Examples of the operation of PSC will also be given. I shall then provide derivations demonstrating how the asymmetry illustrated by (1) - (5) resiilts from the interaction of CM, ED, and PSC with MD. II. Case Marking and ET Deletion The superficial distribution of case markers in MH is as follows Nominative HP's receive no overt case marker in any environment. This cam be seen from (6). (6) Yeladim ohavim leexol. children love to eat 'Children love to eat. 3 . Accusative noun phrases are preceded by the preposition et_ if the noun is k definite . Otherwise no overt case marker appears. (T) a. Radti et Miriam etmol. (I) saw ace. marker Mary yesterday 'I saw Mary yesterday. b. *Raiti Miriam etmol. (l) saw Mary yesterday (8) a. *Raiti et ec yafe etmol. (l) saw ace. marker tree beautiful yesterday b. Raiti ec yafe etmol. (I) saw (a) tree beautiful yesterday 'I saw a beautiful tree yesterday. Dative noun phrases are preceded by the preposition le_ whether definite or not. (9) a- Natati et hasefer layeled. (l) gave ace. marker the book dat. marker the child •I gave the book to the child. • b. Natati et hasefer leyeled. (l) gave ace. marker the book dat. marker (a) child 'I gave the book to a child.' It is iinclear whether certain instances of be , al > and other, prepositions should be interpreted as case markers and therefore inserted by the rule of Case Marking discussed below. In any case, the conditions on the appearance of those prepositions are parallel to these on le_ in that they appear be- fore both definite and indefinite noun phrases. The case markers illustrated in (6) - (9) can be generated by two rules : A cyclic rule of CM and a rule deleting et_ when it is not followed by a definite noun phrase. CM marks subject noun phrases with a null case marker, direct object noun phrases with the accusative case marker et_, and indirect object noun phrases with the dative case marker le . Certain verbs are lexicaJ-ly marked as taking objects in cases other than those just men-- tioned: e.g. the direct object of laazor 'to help' receives the dative case marker le . In section V I show that CM should be treated as cyclic, and in section VI I present reasons why CH and ED should be formulated as separate rules. Thus, I shall not discuss these questions here. " Derivations exemplifying the application of CM and ED follow. ' ' (lO) Case Marking of Subject NP • . ' a. Underlying String: - .• Hayelsd haya sham the child was there b. Output of CM: Hayeled haya sham the child was there c. ED does not apply. d. Surface String: Hayeled haya sham ' the child was there 'The child was there'. ' ' (11) Case Marking of Definite Direct Object NP a. Underlying String: Ani raiti Yoxanan I saw John b. Output of CM: Ani raiti et Yoxanan I saw ace. marker John c. ED does not apply. d. Surface String: Raiti et Yoxanan.
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