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Nepalese Linguistics Is a Journal Published by Linguistic Society of Nepal Office Bearers for 2010-2012 President Dr. Dan Raj Regmi Nepalese Vice President Krishna Prasad Parajuli General Secretary Bhim Lal Gautam Secretary (Office) Bhim Narayan Regmi Secretary (General) Kamal Poudel Linguistics Treasurer Jyoti Pradhan Member Prof. Dr. Krishna Chandra Sharma Member Dr. Jivendra Deo Giri Member Gopal Thakur Lohar Member Prem B. Phyak Member Kedar Bilash Nagila Nepalese Linguistics is a Journal published by Linguistic Society of Nepal. This Journal publishes articles related to the scientific study of languages, especially from Nepal. The views expressed therein are not necessarily shared by the committee on publications. Published by: Linguistic Society of Nepal Volume 26 November 2011 Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal Copies: 500 ¤ Linguistic Society of Nepal ISSN – 0259-1006 Chief Editor: Govinda Raj Bhattarai Editors: Krishna Prasad Chalise Price: NC 400/- (Nepal) Balaram Prasain IC 350/- (India) US$ 10/- (Others) Life membership fees include subscription for the journal. SPECIAL THANKS to Nepal Academy TABLE OF CONTENTS Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal Pronominal possessive affixes in Darai, Majhi and Nepal Academy (Nepal Pragya Pratisthan) was founded in Kusunda June 22, 1957 by the then His Late Majesty King Mahendra as Dubi Nanda Dhakal 1 Nepal Sahitya Kala Academy. It was later renamed Nepal Rajkija Pragya Pratisthan and now it is named as Nepal Acoustic analysis of Balami nasal consonants Pragya Prastisthan. This prestigious national academic Bhoj Raj Gautam 13 institution is committed to enhance the language, culture, Reported speech in Lamjung Yolmo philosophy and social sciences of Nepal. The major objectives of Nepal Academy include (a) to focus on the creation of Lauren Gawne 25 original works in the fields of languages and their literature of Ideologies in the educational language policies of Nepal, culture, phylosophy and social sciences (b) to translate Nepal outstanding works in foreign languages into Nepali and other Laxman Ghimire 36 native languages and vice versa (c) to organize talks, lectures, seminars workshops, conferences, exhibitions, etc. on topics Tense system in Dhimal related to language, literature, philosophy culture and social Karnakhar Khatiwada 45 sciences, and to participate in international programmes of such nature (d) to maintain relations between Nepal Academy Notes on the Raji verbs and various related international organizations (e) to honour Ramesh Khatri 57 and present awards to distinguish ed native and other scholars Case marking in Chhulung in recognition of their signific ant contributions to language, literature, art, crafts, music, drama, culture and social sciences Man Kumari Limbu 69 (f) to promote a congenial atmosphere for facilitating the Bhojpuri in Nepalese education works of individuals and organizations devoted to such areas (g) to offer life and honorary memberships to distinguished Gopal Thakur Lohar 77 scholars, artists and organizations. Body part words in classical Newari: AD 1381-1711 In this context, Nepal Academy has shown its generosity to Kamal P. Malla 87 collaborate in supporting and publishing this volume of NEPALESE LINGUISTICS, the annual journal of LSN, a Coordination in Kumal premier organization devoted to the study of languages in Krishna Prasad Parajuli 97 general and the Nepalese languages in particular. Linguistic Tense and aspect in the Chitoniya Tharu Society of Nepal extends its sincere gratitude and thankfulness Krishna Prasad Paudyal 104 to Nepal Academy for sponsoring the publication of the present issue of NEPALESE LINGUISTICS. Nominalization in Chintang Netra Prasad Paudyal 116 Tense, aspect and modality in Thakali Solving problems or creating more problems? Narayan P. Sharma 250 Towards local and emic-oriented applied linguistics Pronominal usage in Nepali literary texts: Prem B. Phyak 130 Construction of wifely identity Tamang morphophonology Uma Shrestha 261 Kedar Prasad Poudel 142 Vocabulary assessment of ESL college students: A Negation in Kathmandu Newar case study Jyoti Pradhan 152 Smita Sinha, Arati Biswal and Abha Gupta 275 Nominalization in Manipuri Case marking in Santhali N. Pramodini 164 Indresh Thakur 287 A defamiliarizing language in The God of Small Morphophonology in Limbu Things Govinda Bahadur Tumbahang 299 Shuv Raj Rana Bhat 176 Some notes on the connective then in oral speech Clause combining in Kaike Michael Vallee 308 Ambika Regmi 186 Coordination in Maithili The copular constructions in Ekegusii Dev Narayan Yadav 318 Dan Raj Regmi and Dubi Nanda Dhakal 198 Keynote speech Novel Kishor Rai 327 Nominalization in Bhaktapur Newar Presidential address Dan Raj Regmi 206 Dan Raj Regmi 332 Sociolinguistic status of Raji Krishna Kumar Sah 218 Issues in linguistic federalism in Nepal Suren Sapkota 227 Possessive experience verbs in Yakkha: between compounds and phrasal idioms Diana Schackow 239 2 / Pronominal possessive… PRONOMINAL POSSESSIVE AFFIXES IN (1) a. the man- s house DARAI, MAJHI AND KUSUNDA ‘The man’s house' Dubi Nanda Dhakal b. C\ GODGT JC\³C [email protected] the man house-3SG ‘the man’s house' (Nichols 1986:62) This paper presents a typological survey of pronominal possessive affixes and genitive phrases in Darai, Majhi and Kusunda. Although The syntactic relation between the possessor and possessum in pronominal possessive suffixes in Majhi are similar to those of these two examples (1a-b) is one and the same but the Darai, there are variations in the meaning and use of these suffixes. principles for marking that relation morphologically are Pronominal prefixes behave differently in Kusunda.1 opposed because in (1a), the dependent is marked whereas in (1b) the head is marked. As illustrated in (1-3), the 1 Head-marking and dependent-marking dependency relations in the construction are between Typologically, head-marking and dependent marking possessor and the possessed nouns. languages are widespread throughout the world. According to 2. Pronominal suffixes in Indo-Aryan languages this cross-linguistic study, Nichols (1986) classifies the languages into head-marking, dependent-marking, double- Grierson (1920) mentions that the pronominal possessive suffixes are present in a number of IA languages. He marking and split-marking. Some of the languages which are (1920:83-84) further comments: head and (or) dependent-marked are Burushaski, Finnish, Hebrew, Turkish and so on. Nichols does not however In North-Western Indo-Aryan Vernaculars and Kashmiri mention any other languages from the Indo-Aryan (IA) pronominal suffixes are very common, but are unknown language family which characterize this group. in the Midland proper. Thus, Lahanda I*TGO 'my In analyzing the universal grammar of head-marking and house', I*TWU 'his house', Sindhi RKWO 'my father' dependent marking, Nichols (1986:56) accounts for this RKWU 'his father'…. Assamese has DCR 'father', DQÖRCK phenomenon. She cites examples from English and Hungarian 'my father', DCRGM 'his father'….The use of pronominal respectively to claim that languages are mainly either head- suffixes with verbs has been preserved throughout all the marking (1b) or dependent marking (1a). Outer Indo-Aryan Vernaculars, and forms a prominent feature of conjugation, while it is entirely wanting in the Midland.2 1 Darai, an Indo-Aryan (IA) language, is spoken in central and western Nepal in the districts of Chitwan, Tanahun and 2 The term 'pronominal suffixes' are designated differently. Grierson Nawalparasi. Similarly, Majhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken (1920) calls them 'pronominal suffixes' whereas Dixon (2010) mainly in Ramechhap and Sindhuli districts of eastern Nepal. calls them 'pertensive, based on the Latin verb peritinere 'to Kusunda is a language isolate. belong'. Kroeger (2005) calls them possessive suffixes and adds that they are 'attached to the possessed nouns and indicate the Nepalese Linguistics, Vol. 26, 2011, pp. 1-12 Dhakal / 3 4 / Pronominal possessive… Peterson (2011:64) cites a case of Sadri language spoken in person singular honorific which is not included in the table. Jharkhanda in India and reports that pronominal possessive Table 1: Pronominal possessive suffixes suffixes are used due to the intense contact with the Munda language. Unlike Peterson's claim (2011:63) this feature is Pronouns Possessive pronouns Pronominal characterized in a number of IA languages.3 suffixes DaraiMajhi Darai Majhi Darai Majhi 3 Darai and Majhi 1 SG OK OK¿ OG³T OQ³T ³O ³O 1 PL JCOG JCK¿ JCO³T JCO³TQ ³1 ³1 The head-marking on nouns or pronominal possessive 2 SG VK VWK VG³T VQ³T ³T ³T suffixes are found in Darai and Majhi belonging to IA 2 PL VK³UD VQTC³N VGTU¡D³M VQTCN³MQ ³1 ³1 language family spoken in Nepal. Table (1) contains the 3 SG W JQK WM*³T JQM³T ³M ³M personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and pronominal 3 PL W³UD JQ³N WUD³M JQN³MQ ³MCP ³M*LCP suffixes. While they are suffixed to nouns exclusively to The possessor of a possessed noun is identified either by a express kinship relation in Majhi, they are used to show all possessive pronoun preceding the noun or by a genitive suffix kinds of possession in Darai. The data used for this analysis -Mand -T attached to nouns or pronouns in both of these on Majhi are from Bhatauli Village Development Committee languages. The possessors end either in or in Majhi of Ramechap district and data for Darai are from different ³T ³TQ villages in the Chitwan district. whereas they end in ³TDarai. Majhi thus has ³or ³Qending possessors whereas they end in ³in Darai. The There are striking similarities between Darai pronominal genitive markers on the nouns are identical in these two possessive suffixes and their Majhi counterparts. They are languages despite minor variations. alike in the first person singular, second person singular and third person singular. Although the form slightly differs in the (2) a. OGTD*CKO third person plural, this pronominal suffix has initial M-. They OK³T D*CK³O are thus the same or very similar initial consonants. The I-GEN brother pronominal possessive suffix is ³Win Darai for the second 'my brother' b.
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