POTTER Keith TEC-S/EST-LEA CChn UPUIHCR International journal of high energy physics

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varian® ISSN 0304-288X Advertising enquiries Europe Volume 38 No. 1 Micheline Falciola January/February Covering current developments in high energy Advertising Manager CERN 1998 physics and related fields worldwide CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Editor: Gordon Fraser Tel.: +41 (22) 767 4103 CERN.COURIER® CERN.CH Fax: +41 (22) 782 1906 Production and Advertisements: Micheline Falciola Rest of the world Micheline.Falciola@cern.ch Danielle Ford Advisory Board: E.J.N. Wilson (Chairman), E. Lillestol, Advertising Manager, USA M. Neubert, D. Treille; with L. Foà, International Publishers Distributor J. Ferguson 820 Town Center Drive World Wide Web http://www.cern.ch/CERN/Courier/ LANGHORNE PA 19047 Tel.: (215) 750-2642 -I US contributions to LHC Fax: (215) 750-6343 ' Major American commitment to CERN Distributed to Member State governments, institutes and laboratories affilliated with CERN, and to their personnel. Technology transfer Managing spinoff from basic research General distribution Jacques Dallemagne Around the Laboratories CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CHOOZ: New neutrino results In certain countries, to request copies or to Important new limits on particle oscillations make address changes contact : CERN: ISOLDE astrophysics/Hybrid photodetectors China Understanding supernovae in the laboratory/Detector Chen Huaiwei development Institute of High Energy Physics P.O. Box 918, Beijing, RHIC: More STAR physics People's Republic of China 10 Research for Brookhaven's new heavy ion collider

Germany CERN: Barkas effect revisited Gabriela Heessel or Astrid Nagel 12 The range of pions in matter DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg 52 3 WORKSHOP: Beam dynamics issues Italy DESY: Theory workshop Mrs. Pieri or Mrs. Montanari Quark-gluon field theory in the spotlight INFN, Casella Postale 56 13 00044 Frascati, Roma RUTHERFORD APPLETON: Kalmusfest United Kingdom 17 George Kalmus steps down

Su Lockley "| Q KYOTO: Polarized protons at room temperature Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11 0QX Physics monitor USA/Canada Photodetection Janice Voss 20 New conference surveys rapidly developing scene Creative Mailing Services P.O. Box 1147 Particle physics and the Early Universe St. Charles, Illinois 60174 24 Workshop report Tel.: 630-377-1589 / Fax: 630-377-1569

CERN COURIER is published monthly 28 Bookshelf except January and August in English and French editions. The views expressed in the Journal are not necessarily those of the 28 People and things CERN management. Printed by: Drukkerij Lannoo nv 8700 Tielt, Belgium Published by: European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland tel.: +41 (22)767 61 11, telex: 419 000 CERN CH, telefax: +41 (22) 767 65 55

CERN COURIER only: tel. +41 (22) 767 41 03, Cover photograph: Infrastructure of the new neutrino experiment at a telefax +41 (22) 782 19 06 recently commissioned nuclear power station near the village of Chooz (pronounced 'Shau') in the Ardennes region of France. Its results have USA: Controlled Circulation been awaited with great interest by physicists trying to explain the apparent Periodicals postage paid at St. Charles, deficit of muon neutrinos produced by cosmic ray interactions in the Illinois atmosphere (see page 5).

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 III The material is organized into five Current status of development of comprehensive units. The first three are superconducting materials for magnets. available now and contain about twelve hours Interactive retrieval of properties of of instructional material. materials used in magnet construction

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IV CERN Courier, January/February 1998 US contributions to the LHC

n a significant international CERN's governing body, Council, and fabricating these components. agreement, signed in the 'Indian distinguished theorist Maiani, who is Some 15 percent of the physicists Treaty Room5 of the Old Executive also the President of the Italian INFN, working on the large LHC Office Building in Washington, DC, was elected CERN's next Director experiments are from the US. on 8 December, US scientists will General, to take office on 1 January Further protocols were signed by contribute a total of $531 million 1999 - see page 28.) Martha Krebs, Director of the Office towards the 27-kilometre Large Under the agreement, the United of Energy Research, US Department Hadron Collider (LHC) now under States will provide goods and of Energy, Bob Eisenstein, Assistant construction and its physics services for the LHC, scheduled to Director of Mathematical and experiments. Subsequent protocols come into operation in 2005. Physical Science of the US National were signed at the CERN Council Specifically, the Department of Science Foundation, and CERN meeting on 19 December. Energy will provide components and Director General Chris Llewellyn This is the first time that the US will materials costed at $200 million for Smith during the meetings of CERN's contribute significantly to an use in the accelerator. Three of the governing body, Council, at CERN at accelerator to be built outside the department's national laboratories, the end of December, when the US US, and it is the first agreement Brookhaven, Berkeley and Fermilab, joined the growing ranks of CERN between CERN and the US will use $110 million to design and Observer States. government. About 25 percent of the produce systems for the accelerator's US experimental high energy physics interaction regions where the community are expected to do detectors are located. The remaining LHC preparations gather momentum research at the LHC. $90 million will be used for . The agreement also underlines the procurements from US industrial Since approval by CERN Council in global nature of the physics research firms, including niobium and niobium- December 1994, LHC preparations at CERN, with the US now joining a titanium for European production of have pushed ahead steadily, and participation which includes Japan, superconducting cable, and for some some 800 million Swiss francs of Russia and Commonwealth of of the superconducting cable supply. contracts, in line with budget Independent States, Canada, China, The United States will also provide estimates, are signed or in the India and Israel as well as CERN's an in-kind contribution of process of being signed. The total 19 European Member States. components costed at $331 million to cost of the LHC is 2488 million (1997 Signing the new agreement in the massive ATLAS and CMS prices). Washington were US Secretary of detectors, with $250 million from the 1998 marks a special LHC Energy Federico Pena, US National Department of Energy and $81 milestone following the award of Science Foundation Director Neal million from the National Science three major civil engineering projects Lane, CERN Director General Chris Foundation. More than 550 US worth together 269 million Swiss Llewellyn Smith and President of scientists from nearly 60 universities francs and the commencement of CERN Council Luciano Maiani. and six national laboratories in 25 large-scale civil engineering. (Shortly afterwards, at the meeting of states are collaborating on designing This includes 102 million of work for

Under a major agreement signed in the historic Indian Treaty Room of the Old Executive Office Building in Washington, DC, on 8 December, US scientists will contribute a total of $531 million towards the 27-kilometre Large Hadron Collider (LHC) now under construction at CERN and its physics experiments. Signing the new agreement were (left to right) US National Science Foundation Director Neal Lane, US Secretary of Energy Federico Peha, President of CERN Council Luciano Maiani, and CERN Director General Chris Llewellyn Smith.

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 1 US contributions to the LHC

the accelerator itself, covering some beam screen (cover photo, Septem­ Agreements with Russia with a net 5 kilometres of transfer tunnels to ber 1997) to reduce the effects of value of 66 million Swiss francs take particles from the existing SPS synchrotron radiation has been include transfer line magnets sup­ ring to the LHC, and modifications to installed in the string test. This year, plied by Novosibirsk, and gas the existing 27-kilometre tunnel, a desorption experiment, developed desorption studies carried out at the currently housing the LEP electron- with the Dutch NIKHEF laboratory, to Siberian laboratory, and a variety of positron collider. LEP will continue to study the 'pollution' of high vacuum special equipment from the Protvino operate until the year 2000 before will be installed in the EPA ring used Institute near Moscow. In addition, being removed to make way for the to store low energy electrons and the international Joint Institute for new LHC ring. positrons at the beginning of the LEP Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, The other 167 million Swiss francs particle production line. Other near Moscow, is supplying an LHC are for the huge underground desorption studies have been carried transverse damping system worth caverns to house the experiments. In out at Novosibirsk. several million Swiss francs. December, Geneva's 'Grand Conseil' The pace of expenditure and In addition, the CERN 'Host States' gave the go-ahead for construction of financial commitment across the - France and Switzerland - are one of the major areas, opposite the board for the LHC machine is now supplying 64.5 and 25 million Swiss Meyrin site. The other, sited in increasing, with some 130 million Francs respectively in kind, and in France, should be approved later this Swiss francs already spent and addition are according additional year. another 100 million foreseen for this indexation beyond that of other The LHC will contain some 8000 year. contributions. The French superconducting magnets, including contribution in kind covers 1232 dipoles to steer the beams. superconducting quadrupole magnet Magnet development has been Special contributions development and high technology underway for some time en route to supplied locally. The Swiss perfecting the final design to ensure As well as the new US contributions contribution involves one of the the 8.4 Tesla design field using described above, several other transfer tunnels to feed the LHC. superfluid helium'at 1.9K. The first special agreements have been drawn Progress for the major LHC 15-metre dipole, assembled in up to aid LHC construction. experiments, where expenditure is industry under an agreement Canada, through the TRIUMF accelerating in the same way as for between CERN and the Italian INFN, Laboratory in Vancouver, is the machine itself, will be covered in arrived in December to undergo supplying Canadian $30 million over a subsequent issue. stringent measurements. five years, primarily to help upgrade The magnet string test, using three CERN's Booster and PS 10-metre dipoles, has now clocked synchrotrons to handle their new role 9000 hours at 1.9K and forced in the LHC injection chain. ramping has simulated ten years of Japan is supplying a total of over 9 realistic operation. It will soon be billion yen (100 million Swiss francs). dismantled and the magnets 40% of this is earmarked for replaced with a more current design. quadrupoles (to squeeze the colliding As well as the magnets, the beams) to be procured via Japan's cryogenic system to cool the 40,000 KEK Laboratory, while a substantial tons of material to 1.9K is also being portion of the remainder is expected developed, based on the existing four to be used for superconducting cable LEP cryoplants, which will be for the various LHC magnets. upgraded and supplemented by four India is contributing a net $12.5 additional plants. The prototype million for liquid nitrogen tanks, centrifugal cryogenic compressor corrector magnets and other from IHI (Japan) was delivered late services, including support for Indian last year. scientists working on the LHC and its On the vacuum front, a prototype experiments.

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CERN Courier, January/February 1998 3 At a two-day meeting 'Basic Science and Technology Transfer - means and methods in Technology transfer the CERN environment'. Left to right, Portuguese Minister of Science and Technology José Mariano Gago, a former high energy physicist and longtime CERN user, and CERN's new Technology Transfer Coordinator François Bourgeois.

t is not the mission of publicly applications, particularly of detector funded basic science to benefit technology, are frequently fruitful. industrial shareholders directly. Positron emission tomography (PET) Instead, basic science is culture, and magnetic resonance imaging extending our knowledge and (MRI) are two major growth areas understanding of the world around spawned by basic physics. CERN's us. However this new understanding 1992 Nobel prizewinner Georges inevitably opens up whole new Charpak has striven ceaselessly to technologies - electrical engineering, promote such detector spinoff. electronics and communications In another sector, the growing size technology are the legacy of the and complexity of particle physics careful investigation of experiments involving thousands of electromagnetism by 19th century specialists in hundreds of research scientists. In this picture, science institutes spanning several continents drives the long term development of led to new requirements for technology in a way which is difficult communication. The spectacular to plan or even foresee in the short outcome, directly sparked by recently took over this responsibility term. developments at CERN, was the from Oscar Barbalat, now formally However there is another side to World Wide Web for accessing retired (although as enthusiastic as the coin. There are many examples information via the internet. ever). of spinoff technological development Several surveys of economic spinoff Introducing the meeting, CERN from science which almost from CERN have demonstrated how Director General Chris Llewellyn immediately open the door to new each Swiss franc spent by CERN on Smith pointed to the superfluid applications areas. Rôntgen's 1895 high technology has generated helium cryogenics of CERN's new discovery of X-rays was made in the several Swiss francs of subsequent LHC proton collider as an example of context of research into the atomic business elsewhere for the suppliers. how today's basic research continues structure of matter, but within the Working at the high technology to bring fresh technological space of a few years, before even its frontier can pay dividends. challenges. scientific implications had been CERN has amassed an impressive A living example of technology digested, X-rays went on to portfolio of rewarding technology transfer was provided by Portuguese revolutionize medical diagnosis. transfer. It is clear that a laboratory Minister of Science and Technology Experiments at the cutting edge of whose aim is to advance knowledge José Mariano Gago, a former high science frequently require new must also be prepared and equipped energy physicist and longtime CERN conditions which challenge current to handle such spinoff. With time and user. In his keynote address, Minister technology. Satisfying these despite complex administrative rules Gago outlined changing attitudes and demands can lead to important in its special international underlined new trends in science spinoff benefits. At CERN, the environment, CERN has developed policy, demanding a flexible decision in the mid-1960s to ad hoc strategies to streamline the approach and less complacency. construct the Intersecting Storage technology transfer process and This requirement for flexibility was Rings (ISR) led to a requirement for make its achievements more visible. also stressed by Jorma Routti, new techniques to provide the ultra­ A two-day meeting 'Basic Science Director General of the European high vacuum in which high intensity and Technology Transfer - means Commission's DGXII for science proton beams could circulate happily. and methods in the CERN research and development, who Today, CERN is an acknowledged environment' highlighted the described how technology transfer centre of expertise in the ultra-high challenge and set out to help define programmes have to contend vacuum domain, expertise which has strategies to further develop CERN's nowadays with large multinational yet to be fully integrated into the technology transfer policy. concerns who can shift production European scheme of learning. The meeting was organized by platforms between continents. Following in the tradition of CERN's new Technology Transfer The meeting was divided into three Rôntgen's X-ray discovery, medical Coordinator François Bourgeois, who compartments - technology transfer

4 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Technology transfer

through people, through cooperation - as well as the technology itself, requirement for technology, specialist agreements, and through purchasing. working in large projects to tight companies looking to extend the The meeting presented an deadlines in an international environ­ range of their activities look to large impressive array of case histories, ment means that the students are organizations such as CERN as a with examples of niche markets, of frequently eagerly sought. 'safe bet' while acquiring these new new developments, of people who Beginning with the requirement for skills. themselves have surfed a large magnets for its particle The meeting, where more than half technological wave and moved from accelerators and extending through of the participants came from one specialist domain to another, and to electronics development and industry, underlined the value of a of the approach in other materials research for large detector CERN Technology Transfer unit. To organizations, generally with systems, CERN has a long history of increase the appreciation of the missions quite different to that of industrial collaboration. benefits to society of basic science CERN. While these agreements cover the spinoff, irrespective of its apparent On the people front, several needs of their immediate goals, their cost, current policy should be hundred European technical students ongoing potential is less clear, and reinforced and take into account the and fellows now pass through CERN one requirement could be for a better wide range of technologies covered. each year. In addition, bilateral indicator of the latent worth of new Special attention should be paid to agreements covering technology developments, and for better follow- acquisition and exploitation of know- have been established between through to seed them effectively. In how in the academic environment of CERN and various nations, the US, a small percentage of federal the postgraduate programmes at extending even beyond the existing spending has to be allocated to small CERN, and to collaboration and Member State community. businesses. purchase in industry. Many skills are acquired in this work As well as CERN's own

Around the Laboratories

The Chooz experiment is a new flight (November 1997, page 12). CHOOZ recruit in the effort to search for Classically, neutrinos are also neutrino oscillation. Neutrinos come massless, but any oscillation would New neutrino results in three types, each with a different imply that they have mass, with lepton allegiance - electron, muon or different neutrinos having different n March 1997, a new neutrino tau. Conventionally, these neutrino masses. The results from the solar experiment began operation at a categories are considered immutable and cosmic ray neutrino studies recently commissioned nuclear - a free neutrino in flight retains its impose limits on how neutrinos can power station near the village of allegiance for ever. oscillate. Chooz (pronounced 'Shau') in the However unexplained effects seen Each experiment probes a different Ardennes region of France. Its initial by experiments studying solar oscillation scenario. Typically results were awaited with great neutrinos, and by experiments experiments using neutrinos interest by physicists trying to explain looking at neutrinos produced by produced via an accelerator beam the apparent deficit of muon cosmic ray interactions in the test high energies and produce neutrinos produced by cosmic ray atmosphere, suggest that neutrinos predominantly muon neutrinos, while interactions in the atmosphere can change their allegiance and the high neutrino flux from nuclear (September 1997, page 25). oscillate from one kind to another in reactors use lower energies and use

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 5 Around the Laboratories

View of the Chooz experimental halt, showing the photomultiplier screen surrounding the neutrino target regions.

in the US (funded by the US Depart­ barrier of low radioactivity sand and ment of Energy), from Pisa and 14 cm of iron. Trieste in Italy (funded by INFN), and Initial running in 1996 was ham­ from the Kurchatov Institute in pered by chemical problems with the Russia. Half the costs were gadolinium-loaded scintillator, how­ underwritten by Electricité de France. ever this gave the team valuable Each Chooz neutrino interaction experience in tuning and calibrating (inverse beta decay) produces a their detector. From March to positron and a neutrino. The October 1997,'Chooz amassed 1320 neutrinos are detected by neutrino signals. This count is in total correlations (delayed coincidence) accord with the expected reaction between the prompt positron and the rate from such an accurately subsequent neutron capture calibrated source, thus excluding (producing gamma rays). These neutrino oscillations in the parameter signals are picked up by a 5-tonne region accessible. target of gadolinium-loaded liquid The range excluded, shown in the scintillator in an acrylic vessel figure, completely covers the implied surrounded by a 70-cm thick layer muon-electron neutrino oscillation (17-tonnes) of unloaded scintillator area in which the Japanese viewed by 192 8-inch Kamiokande experiment observes a photomultipliers. This in turn-is muon neutrino deficit. Taken at face contained in a 90-tonne cosmic ray value, this incompatibility suggests exclusively electron neutrinos. shield equipped with two rings of 24 that oscillations involving tau Chooz has a high electron neutrino photomultipliers. neutrinos, to which Chooz is not flux, known with high accuracy, with The detector is under a hillside, the sensitive, play a role in the an energy centred around 3 MeV. intervening rock cutting the cosmic atmospheric phenomena. Siting the detector a kilometre from ray muon signal by a factor of 300. Chooz continues to take data, and the source, thus giving the neutrinos The apparatus is further protected expects to obtain final results at the more room to oscillate than previous from natural radioactivity in the end of 1998. neutrino experiments, probes a surrounding rock by an artificial hitherto unexplored region where oscillations might occur. The experiment benefited from CERN earlier studies using the Bugey Gôsgen ; Krasnoyarsk ! ISOLDE astrophysics reactor which gave useful oscillation Bugey limits. French researchers from Kamiokande helps piece together Annecy and the College de France (sub + multi-GeV) (funded by IN2P3-CNRS) were supernova puzzle joined for the new study by physicists from New Mexico, Drexel ery light elements were made at 10 (Philadelphia) and Irvine (California) the Big Bang and everything else Kamiokande [~ V (multi-GeV)-^l it is Stardust. To a good approximation, this much is well established. But the precise mechanisms of this The conditions for neutrino oscillation ruled out 10 ° CHOOZ — — • z by the new Chooz reactor experiment (above nucleosynthesis remain to be and to the right of the contour), compared with clarified, particularly in the extreme limits from other experiments and with the conditions of heavy supernovae. A allowed area implied by atmospheric neutrino new research tool, the laser ion results from the Japanese Kamiokande 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 source, at CERN's on-line isotope detector, assuming only electron-muon sin 29 neutrino oscillations. separator, ISOLDE, is helping

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CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Around the Laboratories

scientists to fill in some of the silver-129, an isotope with 22 more Hybrid photodetectors missing pieces. neutrons than the most common The laser ion source has stable isotope of silver, was identified come of age transformed ISOLDE from a very and its half-life measured. good source of unstable ions into an Silver-129 plays an important role in technology which first saw the excellent one. It uses laser light as a the so-called rapid neutron capture, A light of day 30 years ago has key to unlock just the ions needed by or r-process, of nucleosynthesis. This come of age with new hybrid a particular experiment. takes place when the neutron density photodetectors, HPDs, being Ions are created at ISOLDE when a is so high that an unstable beta- prepared for the CMS and LHC-B proton beam strikes a uranium emitting element is very likely to experiments at CERN's LHC proton carbide target. The resultant fission capture a neutron before it decays. collider. The result not only offers a reactions create a range of short­ This leads to extremely neutron-rich faster, higher resolution lived exotic atoms. isotopes, most of which later decay photodetector for particle physics These are evaporated from the through a chain of beta applications, but also the possibility target and allowed to find their way disintegrations until a stable isotope of an exciting new tool for medical into a small capillary. The new laser is reached. diagnosis. ion source works by firing three The r-process is thought to be The basic idea is to marry a precisely tuned laser pulses into this responsible for the majority of stable photocathode with a silicon detector capillary in quick succession. The neutron-rich elements heavier than combining the advantages of both first has just the right energy to lift a iron, but is notoriously difficult to devices. Although HPDs were valence electron into an excited orbit, study. The only place where* successfully produced 30 years ago, the second lifts it again to a higher conditions are right for the r-process they were prone to problems of rapid orbit, and the third ionizes the atom. is in the explosion of heavy ageing. Impurities in the silicon The combination of laser energies is supernovae. There, in a period of just resulted in the photocathode, which unique to the ion required. An a few seconds, all kinds of elements must be extremely pure, becoming electrostatic field pulls the ionized are formed and sprayed out into the polluted and thus deteriorating. The atoms out of the capillary and into Universe where they eventually end idea was left to rest, but with the ISOLDE'S general purpose up in new stars and planets. demands of detectors for the LHC to separator, GPS, which further selects Laboratory studies of the r-process detect small signals rapidly and with isotopes to be delivered to rely on facilities like ISOLDE where good efficiency, a collaboration experiments. The selectivity of the highly neutron-rich isotopes can be between CERN, Italy's LAA project laser ion source coupled with the made. The half-life of silver-129 is and National Institute for Nuclear GPS mass resolution ensures a very just one of a myriad parameters in Research, INFN, began to look at the pure beam contaminated only with a nucleosynthesis calculations, but its idea afresh in 1990. small number of ions of the same measurement pins down one piece of Thanks to advances in image mass as the one required. the puzzle. In the future, although the intensifier technology, extremely pure One of the first experiments to use laser ion source is under heavy silicon manufacture, and electronics, the ion source last October studied demand from many areas of physics, the old problems were resolved. the properties of highly neutron-rich new experiments will measure more Right from the start, the collaboration silver isotopes. For the first time, neutron-rich isotopes, slowly building worked with industry. The Dutch up a coherent picture of Supernova company, DEP, which manufactures nucleosynthesis. image intensifiers, had developed the ability to make vacuum tubes with state-of-the-art photocathodes, and

Members of the IS333 collaboration, which the American firm Canberra provided measured the half-life of silver-129, in front of silicon diodes through its Belgian the experiment's neutron detector in the subsidiary. The result is a stable experimental hall of CERN's ISOLDE on-line photodetector with extremely high isotope separator. Left to right: Karl-Ludwig Kratz, Ylva Jading, Peter Mol 1er, Bill Walters, energy resolution. Unlike a traditional and S lava Mishin. photomultiplier, where the intrinsic

8 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Around the Laboratories

The excellent resolution and sensitivity of hybrid photodetectors makes them ideally suited for particle physics and medical applications alike. This curve shows how an HPD can count the precise number of photoelectrons liberated at the cathode. (Image: DEP catalogue)

the photoelectrons onto the silicon detectors. This means that a relatively small silicon detector can be embedded in a large tube, and crucially, that the photocathode will cover the almost full face of the device. Two approaches are under consideration. The first, being pursued with DEP, envisages bonding silicon pixel detectors recently developed at CERN directly onto readout chips so that all the electronics can be sealed inside the vacuum tube. This builds on the work of the LAA project whose 1024-pixel imaging silicon pixel array, ISPA, tube has been available for testing since 1994. The second is a purely resolution is limited by fluctuations in makes them attractive to the LHC-B in-house effort. A facility for the number of electrons produced in collaboration where signals in the assembling phototubes is being the multiplication process, an HPD RICH will be individual photons. The commissioned at CERN. It will be can actually count the number of aim is to image the rings of Cerenkov used to install silicon pad detectors, photoelectrons produced. light using 2 millimetre squared pixels also developed at CERN, into In CMS, single channel devices over as high as possible a fraction of vacuum tubes. The pads are read out called hybrid photomultiplier tubes, the detector's active area. Multi- using traces on the silicon surface to HPMTs, are being used in the anode photomultipliers, which cram separate electronics chips. development phase to characterize 64 conventional photomultipliers into As is so often the case with the response of the lead-tungstate a single compact package, are one advances in particle physics detector crystals destined for the option, and are already available off technology, medical applications are electromagnetic calorimeter to the shelf. But they do have not far behind. Work is already gamma-ray photons. Later on, multi­ drawbacks. Because the sensitive underway to produce an ISPA tube channel devices will read out the area is smaller than the overall for medical imaging. Since these experiment's hadronic calorimeter in package, only about 40% coverage gamma or beta-ray cameras are which just 10 photoelectrons per GeV would be possible with today's extremely sensitive to small numbers are expected. devices. of photons and have good spatial Another advantage of HPDs LHC-B has embarked on a and energy resolution, smaller compared to traditional programme of research and quantities of radioactive tracer are photomultipliers is that they will work development aimed at squeezing up in CMS's 4 Tesla magnetic field. As to 2048 channels into a single long they are aligned with the field to vacuum tube. Its HPDs will differ within 3 degrees, the photoelectrons from those commercially available in travel along the field lines from the that they will electrostatically focus cathode to the silicon diode. LHC-B is taking the technology a step further, aiming to produce HPDs with up to 2048 channels for their This new CERN facility for fabricating hybrid photodetectors will be used to produce ring-imaging Cerenkov, RICH, photocathodes and to install silicon pad detectors. It is the ability of HPD to detectors into vacuum tubes. detect single photoelectrons which (Photo CERN EX 97.11.026)

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 9 Around the Laboratories

On November 6, the STAR Time Projection Chamber (TPC) was moved from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where it was designed and constructed, to Brookhaven for installation at one of the Intersection Regions at RHIC. The photograph shows the TPC being unloaded on Long Island from a US Air Force C-5C cargo plane. The STAR TPC, which had undergone a period of highly successful tests with cosmic rays at Berkeley immediately prior to the move, is the largest such tracking detector in the world. required. In addition, image contrast produces intense electromagnetic and resolution will be improved. This fields, with a two-photon luminosity makes the technique particularly proportional to the fourth power of attractive for diagnosis for children, the nuclear charge. These and it is there that trials are interactions study a variety of scheduled to begin next year. For the physics, from strong field quantum longer term, larger devices might electrodynamics to meson open up new approaches to spectroscopy^ mammography, whilst small, hand­ One facet, unique to RHIC, is that held devices could be used for rapid because the product of the nuclear preliminary scanning for cancers, for charge and the electromagnetic example, of the thyroid. coupling constant is large, about 0.6, two-photon interactions probe strong field quantum electrodynamics. The large two-photon luminosity also leads to large production rates for many scalar and tensor mesons, and RHIC thence to high statistics hadron More STAR physics LEP, are the best known example of spectroscopy; the coupling of this. mesons to two-photons is a measure At RHIC, the large nuclear charge of their internal quark content. t's not often that physicists can treat ultrarelativistic heavy ions as single particles. But that's an appropriate picture for a new physics programme in the STAR (Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC) collaboration. In July, the collaboration formally added studies of photon and pomeron* interactions to the planned physics at the RHIC heavy ion collider now under construction at Brookhaven. (*The pomeron is the aggregate mechanism responsible for elastic scattering.) This programme considers interactions at relatively large distances, where the nuclei do not physically collide, but interact via collisions of coherent photon or Pomeron fields. Two-photon interactions, such as those studied at

Drawing of the STAR detector for the RHIC heavy ion collider at Brookhaven. A silicon vertex tracker and main TPC are surrounded by a scintillator trigger, electromagnetic calorimeter and solenoidal magnet. An endcap calorimeter and forward TPCs increase the solid angle coverage.

10 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Industrial Telephone modem Powered Crates Further to all our CERN approved CERN-Spec. Crates NIM-, CAMAC-, FAST BUS-, VXI- and VMEbus Wes-Crates supplies other Crates based upon these Systems.

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Mass PMclucticfi Every CERN-Spec. so far Crates and Power Supplies from has given rise to a CERN- WES-Crates are flexible because approved Crate from: of modular systems. V-Feedth roughs Iflsulators # Structure Elements Sensors Printed Boards LLJES- Crates Wes-Crates GmbH Pattburger Bogen 33 PHYSIKALISCH D-24955 Harrislee/Flensburg TECH N ISCHE Germany Telefon 0461 - 77 41 77 Zertifiziert nach STUDIEN GmbH Telefax 0461 - 77 41 41 ISO 9001 Leinenweberstrafte 16 International +49 461 D - 79108 Freiburg E-mail: [email protected] Phone:49-761-152240 Your contact in Geneva: HiTech Systems Sa, Abenue Wendt 16, Fax: 49-761-1522466 1203 Geneva, Tel.: 022/344 77 88, Fax: 022/45 65 51 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.t-online.de/home/PTS-GmbH.Freiburg Your contact at PSI and ETH Zurich: Dipl.-lng. Kramert AG, Villigerstr. 370, CH-5236 Remigen, Tel.: 056/284 1555, Fax: 2845055

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 11 Around the Laboratories

Stopping power for protons and antiprotons in silicon, showing the reduced effect for antiprotons at lower energies due to the repulsion of atomic electrons by the negatively charged antiprotons.

Rates are also large for photon- One of the most difficult parts of this Si stopping power pomeron interactions, where part of programme is triggering on coherent 150 I • the photon wave function is absorbed events, while rejecting incoherent by the other nucleus, producing a background from grazing nuclear vector meson. In addition to light interactions, beam gas, photonuclear vector mesons, J/psis will also be interactions and cosmic rays. produced copiously. These Initially, a set of scintillator and wire interactions test how the vector chamber trigger detectors will mesons interact with the other measure charged particle multiplicity JÊJ , , i i 100 1000 nucleus; by changing nuclear beams and topology on an event by event Energy [keV] and hence the nuclear radius, basis. Later triggering decisions will different thickness targets can be be made using tracking, vertex probed. position and perpendicular material than their positive Double-pomeron interactions are momentum balance. These criteria antiparticles, leading to a longer also expected, as is interference provide a good efficiency for range. between two-photon and photon- coherent events, while maintaining a The Barkas effect was later also pomeron effects. These interactions low deadtime. studied with sigma-hyperons and are characterized by final states Besides the excellent physics, the muons, but the measurements consisting of a few particles, with STAR program will provide a good suffered from the low quality of these nothing else visible in the detector. lead-in for the two-photon physics at beams at low energy. The effect The STAR Peripheral Collisions CERN's LHC. implies deviations from the Bethe Working Group, led by Spencer Klein formula for the stopping power, (Lawrence Berkeley) has performed applicable to faster-moving particles detailed simulations studying and which scales as the square of background processes that can CERN the projectile charge. Hence, the mimic these interactions, and effect also shows up in comparisons concluded that good signal to noise Barkas effect revisited between equi-velocity protons and ratios can be obtained for a variety of alpha-particles: the stopping power signals. n the mid-fifties, Walter Barkas and for alpha-particles is more than 4 The STAR detector is well suited to co-workers at Berkeley discovered times the stopping power for protons. detect these interactions. The 4 that the range in matter of negative One of the objectives of the PS194 metre-long, 4 metre-diameter main pions was longer than that of positive experiment at CERN's LEAR Low TPC tracks charged particles with pions of equal momentum by about Energy Antiproton Ring by an good solid angle and momentum 0.3 %. Aarhus/PSI (Villigen) collaboration measurement in a 5 kG solenoidal Initially, this was thought to be due was to study the Barkas effect using magnetic field. A three-layer silicon to a difference in mass between the high quality beams of antiprotons. vertex tracker will help detect strange two types of pions, but soon it was The antiproton stopping power of particles by finding separated realized that the origin of the effect different materials was measured at vertices, while an electromagnetic was to be found in the slowing-down energies between 20 keV and 5 MeV calorimeter will detect photons with process itself. using time-of-flight and calorimetric good efficiency. Forward TPCs will The energy loss of fast charged techniques. detect charged particles in the particles in matter arises mainly from The antiproton stopping power was forward rapidity regions, checking for inelastic collisions with atomic found to be reduced by 30 % around the rapidity gaps that are electrons. Charged particles the stopping power maximum as characteristic of 'uncoloured' photon penetrating a target polarize the compared to protons. The two and pomeron interactions. Finally, a atomic electrons, and since the stopping powers are seen to merge zero degree calorimeter will detect negative pions have the same charge at high energy, above a few MeV. neutrons from nuclear breakup, as the electrons, these pions will Such measurements are important providing an indication of nuclear repel the electrons and experience a not only for stopping negative impact parameter. lower stopping power of the target particles, but also for a better

12 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Around the Laboratories

DESY Chairman Bjorn Wiik introduces the laboratory's Theory Workshop.

understanding of the slowing-down performance of injection dampers; process itself. Accurately-known non-linear field effects at ejection and stopping powers are important in in transfer lines; scraping of tails; and many fields, ranging from radiation exotic measurements. therapy and materials science to high The programme thus catered for energy physics. both machine physicists and beam Valuable information about diagnostics specialists. As usual in antiproton stopping powers in these workshops, less than 50% of hydrogen and helium gases and the time was devoted to formal extending to even lower energies has presentations, allowing maximum also been obtained by the PS201 time for discussions. experiment (OBELIX) at LEAR. After an opening address by D.J. Simon, head of CERN PS division, on the first half day the representatives of the organizing labs WORKSHOP - Brookhaven, CERN, DESY, Fermilab and KEK described details Beam dynamics issues of their respective projects. The latest annual Theory Workshop at the ensuing programme covered many DESY Laboratory in Hamburg. rom 5-7 November, CERN topics, from the basic definitions and Reviewing current knowledge of the Fhosted the 4th Beam Dynamics expected precision of measurements, internal structure of the nucléon, Mini-Workshop on Transverse to exotic methods such as bunched Allen Caldwell (DESY/Columbia) Emittance Preservation and beam Schottky spectrum. presented experimental results on Measurements, under the auspices W. Chou, H. Koziol, L. Vos, and K. the quark/gluon structure of nuclei of ICFA (International Committee for Wittenburg summarized the (structure functions). DESY's HERA Future Accelerators). 43 experts in instrumentation and machine physics electron-proton collider now gives beam dynamicsand instrumentation, contributions before the workshop precise results over four orders of from 7 different labs (Brookhaven, was closed by K.H. Kissler, head of magnitude in Bjorken x (momentum CERN, DESY, Fermilab, KEK, CERN's SL (SPS and LEP) division. fraction carried by the struck parton) Rutherford Appleton and Svedberg) Local organization was in the hands at fixed squared momentum transfer debated the transverse emittance of CERN's PS Performance Q2, and almost four orders of issues facing the accelerator physics Committee. magnitude in Q2 at fixed x. The data community in the coming century to are well reproduced over most of the ensure reliable production of the high kinematic range from the intensity, high brightness beams for conventional (DGLAP) equations future large hadron colliders. DESY using input parton densities. This type of beam has to be Although the structure function data achieved in veteran machines such Theory workshop is generally well fitted by perturbative as the PS proton synchrotron at QCD at higher Q2, a complete CERN and the AGS Alternating lthough Quantum theoretical description of the low Q2 Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven, A Chromodynamics (QCD), the region is lacking. The transition from as well as Fermilab's new Main quark-gluon (parton) field theory of a region well-understood with Injector and the 50 GeV synchrotron strong interactions, has been with us perturbative QCD to a region under study at KEK, Japan. for 25 years, it is still a challenge to dominated by 'soft QCD interactions' Among the topics covered were: fully explore its rich and complex takes place around x = 0.0001 and

2 emittance measurement devices; structure. Recent methodical Q2 =4 QeV , dramatically exhibited by precision and consistency of developments in QCD and theoretical the data. emittance measurements; emittance and experimental progress in The HERA data show a rise in the blow-up vs injection oscillations; understanding hadronic phenomena parton distributions at small x in the emittance blow-up vs mismatch, were discussed and reviewed at the whole Q2 range, with a slope which

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 13 Around the Laboratories

Recent developments in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and progress in understanding hadronic phenomena were reviewed at the latest annual Theory Workshop at the DESY Laboratory in Hamburg. Left to right, Matthias Neubert, Guido Martinelli and Ahmed AH.

steadily increases with Q2. Marcello Ciafaloni (Florence) discussed whether this behaviour, successfully ascribed to large scaling violations (gluon radiative corrections which modify the naive parton model), can also be quantitatively understood with the 'hard Pomeron' picture, that views the nucléon at large Q2 but small x as being composed mainly of 'hot spots' of feebly interacting gluons. This picture is derived from the evolution of the parton densities using the BFKL equation. While this evolution is at variance with the data light on the spin contribution of the nucleon scattering. Recent experi­ at leading level, higher order scaling gluon. mental findings were presented by violations (the calculations of which While the change of parton John Dainton (Liverpool/DESY). are almost complete) lead to a distributions with Q2 from moderate Diffraction (elastic-like scattering) has drastic change. The preliminary to large values of Q2 is well a pedigree stretching back to the estimate of these corrections is now understood, the computation of the 1960s, but hadronic diffraction has compatible with the small-x parton distributions is a truly non- gone through a renaissance with the behaviour of parton distributions in perturbative problem and thus advent of HERA in the 1990s. Just the few GeV region. Ciafaloni made remains a serious challenge. Dmitri as the first high Q2 interactions of the point that the hard Pomeron Diakonov (NORDITA) outlined how a electrons with protons in the early picture and QCD corrections may be chiral quark-soliton model leads to 1970s revealed and established the two sides of the same picture, and parton distributions that are in picture of the proton as a bound state that the transition to 'soft physics' is reasonable agreement with of quarks and gluons, so the new perhaps much smoother than parametrization at moderate Q2. results at HERA have established the previously thought. Roger Horsley (Berlin) presented partonic nature of diffractive Michael Duren (Erlangen) results obtained from QCD in the interactions to be described in terms summarized recent experiments lattice approximation. The x- of QCD. Before the HERA results, using polarized electrons and muons moments of a structure function can diffraction was understood entirely in at CERN (SMC), DESY (HERMES) be related to the hadronic terms of 'soft' hadronic interactions and SLAC (E154, E155). The consequences of certain quark-gluon as the exchange of a 'Pomeron' (a nucléon spin structure functions of all operators which can, in principle, be colour-neutral collective partonic experiments agree with each other directly evaluated by methods of excitation) between the two and with the Q2 evolution predicted lattice QCD. Using the Quadrics interacting hadrons. The new by next-to-leading order QCD. The high-speed parallel computer of measurements have probed the new data confirm that the 'spin DESY-lfH Zeuthen, researchers were Pomeron, revealed that its sub­ puzzle' - fixing the relative able to numerically compute them structure is dominated by gluons, and contributions from valence quarks, and low moments of the valence even quantified the basic partonic virtual 'sea' quarks, gluons, and quark distribution at two different dynamics involved, albeit within a orbital angular momentum to the lattice spacings allowing a glimpse of theoretical framework not stringently nucléon spin - is still with us. New the continuum limit (that is, the derived from QCD. data from HERMES will separate extrapolation to zero lattice spacing). Alfred Mueller (Columbia) spin contributions from various quark The calculations are in fair discussed a number of current flavours. In the long term, the agreement with the data. theoretical issues in understanding COMPASS experiment at CERN Another theme of the workshop was and interpreting diffraction scattering. (May 1997, page 4) and possibly a diffraction phenomena in high energy He compared hadron-hadron and polarized HERA collider will shed collisions, especially in lepton- lepton-proton collisions, especially

14 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Around the Laboratories

diffractive dissociation at Fermilab current attempts to understand the precise calculations of B meson and at HERA, where significant CDF and HERA data in a coherent decays are, in general, necessary differences between hadronic- and fashion. prerequisites for analysing future virtual photon-initiated processes Accurate calculations are available precision experiments aiming to have become apparent. In contrast to for a number of hard scattering clarify the origin of CP violation. the very weak growth with the processes using perturbation Matthias Neubert (CERN) outlined collision energy of the single expansions. Erwin Mikes (Karlsruhe) the concepts of 'Heavy Quark diffraction reaction rate in hadronic reported recent advances in Symmetry' aftd 'Heavy Quark collisions (where only one nucléon computing multiple parton scattering Effective Theory' and confronted dissociates and the other stays and jet production rates at high theoretical results on semileptonic intact) the energy dependence of energy colliders, while Kostja and nonleptonic B meson decays analogous HERA events (where a Chetyrkin (Moscow/Karlsruhe) with recent experimental data. Guido 'heavy' virtual photon hitting the reviewed recent results on multi-loop Martinelli (Rome) reviewed the target proton dissociates into QCD calculations, incorporating the current status and results of hadrons) appears to be significantly total electron-positron annihilation numerical QCD calculations in the stronger. He made the point that this process into a heavy quark-antiquark lattice approximation of weak matrix may be evidence for nonlinear QCD pair, the hadronic decay of the yet to elements, including those of effects (due to the unitarity of the be discovered Higgs particle, and the (semi)leptonic B meson decays and scattering matrix) that are extending variation of the strong coupling with of neutral meson oscillations. from the region of 'soft' to the regime energy. Recent progress in this field An issue not yet settled is the of 'semihard' strong interactions. became possible only by elaborate precise calculation of the mass Gregory Korchemsky (Orsay) combinations of analytic, computer- parameters of the light (up, down, showed that QCD gives intriguing algebraic, and - in the case of jet strange) quarks from the measured mathematical structure when physics - numerical methods. light meson mass spectrum. Heinrich considering hadron scattering With measurements of QCD Leutwyler (Bern) discussed how the amplitudes for large collision energy observables for hard processes concept of chiral symmetry breaking but fixed momentum transfer - the becoming ever more precise, the in QCD and the now classic method so-called Regge limit. It has been experimental and theoretical analysis of chiral perturbation theory lead to a argued that the QCD dynamics is of nonperturbative 'power' reliable determination of the ratios of then described by an effective field corrections (proportional to some light quark masses. Martin Luscher theory which can be reduced to a 1- inverse power of the large energy (DESY) reviewed the techniques dimensional spin-chain model, the scale characterizing the reaction) has used in present lattice QCD 'XXX' Heisenberg magnet. This become a rapidly developing field. calculations of the light quark model can be solved exactly. The Martin Beneke (CERN) outlined how masses. He outlined also a Regge regime remains, however, to power corrections are related to the computational strategy that should be fully understood in QCD. divergence of the QCD perturbation eventually lead to reduced Another topic to stimulate recent series and summarized the present systematic errors. theoretical activity is high transverse status of theoretical investigations. Investigating strong interactions at momentum charmonium production He then proceeded to a comparison high temperature has been (and still at the Tevatron and HERA. A CDF of theoretical results with data on is) of major interest among theorists (Tevatron) measurement can be hadronic event shape observables in because of its importance in accounted for by the idea that the electron-positron collisions and deep- understanding the deconfinement main production mechanism is the inelastic scattering. Critically phase transition from hadrons to a fragmentation of a gluon into a reappraising the theoretical gas of liberated quarks and gluons. coloured charm quark-antiquark pair assumptions made, he concluded Eric Braaten (Ohio) reviewed which evolves into charmonium and that the success of the predictions is theoretical tools and problems of light hadrons. However, HERA both encouraging and puzzling. QCD at high temperatures and measurements show no evidence for The B mesons and their weak applications to static and dynamic this mechanism. Michael Kramer decays provide a good 'laboratory' phenomena. Helmut Satz (Bielefeld) (Rutherford Laboratory) reviewed for exploring QCD. On the other hand discussed the suppression of J/psi

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 15 Advertisements in CERN COURIER Format A4 Monthly publication All advertisements are published in both English and French editions. Second language versions accepted without extra charge.

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16 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Around the Laboratories

George Kalmus (left) steps down as Director of Particle Physics for the UK Council for the Central Laboratory for the Research Councils. His place is taken by Ken Peach (right).

production in nuclear collisions, the prominent and long-sought signature of quark-gluon plasma formation that should occur at high temperatures or high nuclear densities. He compared theoretical expectations with the data from the NA50 collaboration at CERN on 'anomalous' J/psi suppression in lead-lead collisions which seem to show, for the first time, the onset of deconfinement. The' DESY workshop attracted in particular many young theorists. More than 50 short talks were given in the parallel sessions — certainly a sign that the compelling problems of QCD continue to fascinate the new generation of physicists.

From Werner Bernreuther (RWTH Aachen)

aspects of particle physics in depth, George's key role in the early and while at the same time providing sometimes turbulent days of Delphi, light-hearted reminiscences. and showed some of the results Peter Smith, in a talk entitled "Four flowing from this now fully mature Particles and a Symphony", returned LEP detector. to the days when he and George In short contributions preceding and were students at University College, following these talks, Erwin RUTHERFORD London, and then went on to review Gabathuler and Paul Williams - APPLETON searches for exotic particles and dark CLRC Chairman and Chief Executive matter. (The 'symphony' referred to - expressed the warmly felt Kalmusfest a rare performance of the Toy appreciation of the particle physics Symphony by Bernard Romberg, community for George's activities t a packed meeting at the UK conducted by Peter Smith, in which over the last years, both as Director A Rutherford Appleton Laboratory George had displayed unsuspected at RAL and in managing the UK (RAL) on 3 October, an audience of talents.) Bob Ely then recalled the particle physics programme. particle physicists from the UK and golden days of bubble chamber George is stepping down to spend overseas gathered to honour George physics at Berkeley in the early 60s the next few years once again in Kalmus a few weeks before he which shaped George's career for active participation in a particle stepped down as Director of Particle many years to come, and went on to physics experiment; he will continue Physics for the UK Council for the describe the exciting physics to work at RAL. Central Laboratory for the Research currently coming from CDF at George's place as Director was Councils. Fermilab's Tevatron. taken on 1 January by Ken Peach, The occasion, organized by Erwin In 1972 George joined RAL as formerly Deputy Division Head of Gabathuler and Bob Brown, leader of the Bubble Chamber group; CERN's PPE Division. consisted of four main presentations this period was covered by Ken in which people who had been Peach, who also gave a comprehen­ associated with George at different sive review of the physics of CP times in his career reviewed various violation. Ugo Amaldi recalled

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 17 Around the Laboratories

polarization by means of the inte­ problem of radiation damage, it can KYOTO grated solid effect. be used for high-intensity primary Electrons on the triplet state decay beams of hadrons and electrons, Polarized protons at to the ground state, where the proton important for the investigation of rare high temperature spin remains polarized for a long time phenomena. since the spin-spin interaction Secondly, the target is useful for between electrons and protons on experiments with very low- Kyoto group has realized a the ground state is negligible. momentum charged particles, since A long-cherished dream of spin Using this method, the Leiden the necessary magnetic field to keep physicists, the polarization of proton group obtained 0.5% polarization of the polarization is extremely low. in a solid target at high temperature. protons in naphthalene in room Furthermore, the target system is not Usually protons in organic materials temperature. Recently a Kyoto group so expensive and does not require a and ammonia are polarized dynami­ tried to polarize protons in great deal of expertise. Future cally for the purpose of the target of naphthalene doped with pentacene developments aim at further high energy physics, since the and got about 34% polarization by improvements of the polarization and polarization in thermal equilibrium is means of a similar method with a proton concentration. very low. In this method, high polari­ high-power pulsed dye-laser at liquid zation of electrons of paramagnetic nitrogen temperature [2]. References impurities is transferred to the pro­ The enhancement factor 1) A. Henstra et ai, Chemical tons by microwave irradiation in a corresponding to this value is 8 x 104. Physics Letters, 165 (1990) 6 high magnetic field (25-50kG) at very The relaxation times of protons are 2) M. linuma, PhD thesis Kyoto Univ. low temperature(1-0.1K). This is about 1,000 and 160 minutes in fields 1997 M. linuma et ai, in preparation called the solid effect. of 3kG and 7G respectively, for publication In the last decade I. Schmidt and surprisingly long compared to those his collaborators in Leiden proposed in other target materials. polarizing protons in organic crystals It is expected that a proton by means of microwave-induced polarization up to 70% can be polarization involving the obtained if the laser power and the photoexcited triplet state of the guest concentration of pentacene are molecules [1]. optimized. Although the proton Electrons in a pentacene molecule polarization is less than 1% at room are diamagnetic in the ground state temperature, it was found to be because these electrons are in a improved significantly at a singlet state. Electrons are excited to temperature slightly lower than 0C, Energy levels of the polarization-useful higher singlet states with the laser since the coupling between slow pentacene molecule beam. The spin-orbit interaction molecular motion and proton spin is causes the transition from singlet quite small in this temperature excited states to intermediate triplet region.

Sz Iz population states. The method is applicable to the The populations of the Zeeman wide field of spin physics. Even sublevels of the lowest triplet state though the ordinary polarized targets with Z-component of the total elec­ of ammonia and organic materials tron spin +1, 0 and -1 are 12, 76 and have higher hydrogen contents and 12% respectively. During the lifetime higher polarization (more than 90%) of the triplet state (some 20 than the naphthalene target, the microsec) microwave irradiation newly developed target has many occurs and the external field is swept advantages over the ordinary target simultaneously to transfer the popu­ for some kinds of experiments. lation difference of electrons between Since the target has no heating ( singlet ) two Zeeman sublevels to the proton problem and possibly no serious

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CERN Courier, January/February 1998 19 Participants at the First International Conference on New Developments in Physics monitor Photodetection held in Beaune, France.

Photodetection

ince the earliest days of particle Sphysics research, photodetectors have been an essential item in the experimenter's tool kit. The principal techniques for detection of charged particles are based either on sensitivity to ionization produced by a particle's passage or on sensitivity to photons produced by scintillation, fluorescence, Cerenkov or of a second. ment in basic research came from synchrotron radiation, or annihilation. The discovery of the antiproton in astronomers' desire to scan the sky The first photodetector, the human 1955 by O. Chamberlain, E. Segre, over a very wide energy range and eye, even today is among the most C. Wiegand and T. Ypsilantis was from the extremely difficult experi­ sophisticated of photon imaging accomplished through precise mental conditions created in modern devices. No system ever developed measurements of particle velocities. colliding beam accelerators. On the can compare with the sensitivity, Both Cerenkov and time-of-flight private side, the desire to look spectral resolution, pixelization, data techniques were needed to deeper into the body and, the need acquisition and data analysis distinguish the heavier, slower for improved medical diagnostic capabilities of the eye. antiprotons from the much more techniques appears to be the The discovery of X-rays in 1895 by numerous lighter, faster mesons. stimulus. Wilhelm Roentgen was made Signals from a pair of widely Because of this considerable through observations of a fluorescent separated plastic scintillators, each progress, the idea of an international screen exposed to a cathode ray viewed by a photomultiplier tube, conference on new developments in tube. Sixteen years later, Ernest were processed electronically to photon detection was conceived and Rutherford and his students record the time-of-flight for particles proposed by Pierre Besson of CEA, discovered the atomic nucleus via traversing the space between them. Direction des Sciences de la Matière, observations of light flashes in Following the advent of DAPNIA. Subsequently, the First fluorescent screens produced by photosensitive solid state devices in International Conference on New particle impacts. the 1950s, technological progress in Developments in Photodetection was Photographic plates, either coupled the field of photodetectors slowed. organized by Pierre and a local to cloud chambers, (and, later bubble New devices tended to be committee of physicists from IN2P3 chambers) or used directly as improvements on and variations of (the Institut de Physique Nucléaire et emulsions, first provided the means existing devices optimized for de Physique des Particules) and to record particle interactions with specific sets of requirements. DSM (Direction des Sciences de la matter. However, the general However, during the past decade, Matière.) tendency that developed in this situation has changed Held in Beaune, France, the experimental particle physics towards dramatically. Conference was sponsored by the real-time detection and digital A rapid expansion in basic Direction des Sciences de la Matière, representations has greatly knowledge and technology in the the Institut de Physique Nucléaire et diminished the role of photographic field of photon detection and imaging de Physique des Particules, the films. has occurred through research in Ministère de la Recherche, and the The invention of the vacuum private companies and in public European Commission. About 180 photomultiplier tube in 1936 also laboratories, resulting in the participants from 16 countries took opened up an entirely new aspect of introduction of completely new solid part. Among them were physicists experimentation, allowing precise state, gaseous and vacuum devices. and engineers working in diverse timing of events in units of a trillionth The impetus for detector improve­ fields: high energy physics, nuclear

20 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Physics monitor

An example of scintillator techniques which benefit from the development of photodetectors with many pixels in one package (such as the hybrid photodetector - see page 8) is the end plug calorimeter upgrade for the CDF detector at Fermilab's Tevatron. Light from a mosaic of independent scintillator tiles is collected by embedded wavelength-shifting fibres spliced to clear fibres which pipe the signal to accessible photodetectors. science, astrophysics, and medical egories with substantial contributions instrumentation. in both the applied domain and in The programme was organized basic research. around plenary sessions on major For vacuum devices, the categories, supplemented with poster contributions showed a trend toward sessions, with more than 90 position-sensitive detectors. These contributions spread over five days. devices are used in medical and An exhibition of related products by scientific imaging applications and for companies triggered interesting readout of detectors producing light discussions. Companies also in fibres or fibre bundles. Most reported on their most recent promising has been the development developments. The proceedings of of hybrid devices (see page 8) in the conference can be found in NIM which the entrance window and A 387 (1997). photocathode are as in a normal Nobel prize-winning physicist phototube, but the dynode multiplier Georges Charpak of CERN chaired stages are replaced by a silicon the initial session. In his opening diode detector. Direct photoelectron remarks, he reminded participants of bombardment produces the the human benefit of photon imaging electronic signal. The most significant and of scientists' ethical obligations advantages of the hybrid approach Websdale, Imperial College, and J. regarding rapid transfer of new ideas are gain stability, potential for Seguinot, College de France), and new technologies to the field of pixelization, insensitivity to magnetic medical gamma-cameras (D. medical imaging. fields, response uniformity, and Puertolas, INFN Rome). Amos Breskin of the Weizmann photon counting capability. Gaseous detectors are based on Institute gave the initial talk, an Also reported were significant photoconversion and subsequent excellent review of photon detection advances in mesh dynode charge multiplication in a gas. entitled "Photon Detectors for the photomultiplier tubes for use in Frequently, large-area applications 21st Century," that set the stage for magnetic fields or position-sensitive are involved, as no other technique is the conference by providing an applications. Born only about 10 cost competitive for square metres of overview of where the field stands years ago, mesh dynode devices coverage. Physics applications for now, describing ongoing research, have seen very rapid implementation cherenkov ring imaging and medical and analysing future directions for by the high energy physics applications for gamma ray imaging the next decade. community. The advancements have a basic requirement in common The situation in astronomy was presented at the conference - both need good efficiency for reviewed by L. Vigroux (CEA/DSM/ concerned significant decreases in photons in the blue and ultraviolet DAPNIA) where an entirely new crosstalk, or the amount of signal region. Since most photocathode generation of detectors has been from one optical pixel that materials can only function in developed. In both fields, the present inadvertently shows up on adjacent vacuum, the "holy grail" for gaseous state of flux and development is electronic pixels. detectors has been a room- unprecedented; new devices and Overall, six groups reported use or temperature photosensitive vapour or new techniques are almost an annual planned use of position-sensitive an air-stable photocathode that can occurrence. phototubes or hybrid photodiodes: be applied like paint or wallpaper. Because of their differing CDF Calorimeter Upgrade (M. Recently, cesium iodide has been sensitivities and characteristics, Lindgren, UCLA), H1 Forward identified as the leading candidate in photodetectors are frequently Spectrometer (K. Hiller, DESY), the latter category. Progress in classified into three groups: vacuum DELPHI Shashlik Calorimeter (M. photodetectors with gaseous devices, gaseous photodetectors, Bonesini, INFN Milan), CMS Hadron amplification (J. Va'vra, SLAC) and and solid-state devices. The Calorimeter (J. E. Elias, Fermilab, contributions by very careful and conference encompassed significant and P. Cushman, Minnesota), LHC-B skilled groups (J. Friese for HADES, new developments in all three cat­ ring-imaging cherenkov detector (D. M. Staric for HERA-B, and C.

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 21 Physics monitor

Superimposed on a coin is this 8-element linear 1 mm diameter photodetector array for a Visible Light Photon Counter (VLPC) for the upgrade of the DO experiment at Fermilab's Tevatron with scintillating fibre tracker readout and one VLPC pixel per fibre in the tracker. With high quantum efficiency and low noise, this enables single fibre readout at very low light levels.

principle is to convert incident pho­ •HT tons to electron-hole pairs, allow the electrons to drift to the high field region, and quench the subsequent avalanche by means of a resistive layer that prevents formation of a spark. Again, these ideas are born of the last decade in response to the needs of particle accelerator colliders and medical imaging diagnostics. Advances reported at the conference included extensions into short-wavelength sensitivity and robustness against ageing under high illumination conditions. This technology is in its infancy with much promise for the future. The Beaune meeting, the first modern conference on advances in photodetectors, found itself deluged by recent technological progress. Coluzza for RD26 at CERN) indicate of avalanche photodiodes for particle The past decade has seen far- that subtle issues regarding detection (J. P. Pansart, CEA Saclay) reaching innovations in photon interactions between surface quality, served as the introduction to the APD detection and photon imaging. microcrystal structure and quantum session. Sessions at the meeting effectively efficiency are in need of further Visible light photon counters combined review presentations with investigation. Given that cesium (VLPCs) are a new solid state talks on cutting-edge research. iodide technology is also an photodetector concept based on gain Frontier topics are always innovation of the last decade, the developed in band-gap impurity challenging for their own sake, but an indications are favourable for conduction structures. Originally appreciation of the synergy with development of large-area developed for night vision applications in medicine is also photocathodes. applications, this new variant enables emerged. Participants agreed that The search for new organic UV- the use of large scale scintillating the next Conference, Beaune99, sensitive vapours was reviewed by P. fibre detectors for particle tracking. would see the development of even Mine of LPNHE, with the most The combination of high quantum more significant advances and the promising results coming from a efficiency and very high single possibility of yet another radically class of ferrocene derivatives. photoelectron detection efficiency fits new technique. Progress in solid state the requirements exactly. Very photodetectors has been even more successful results from a fibre by John Elias, Fermilab dramatic. Avalanche photodiodes tracking prototype readout with 3000 (APDs) have come of age, two VLPCs over many months of entirely new structures have been operation for the DZero upgrade at invented, and first results on Fermilab were presented (M. Wayne, compound semiconductor detectors Notre Dame). have emerged. Nine contributions The other new solid state addressed different aspects of the photodetection structure is based on modern APD, with the impetus self-quenching avalanches in a coming from the readout require­ region of high electric field. Called ments for the CERN LHC environ­ MRS, for the metal-resistive layer- ment. An excellent review of the use silicon nature of the structure, the

22 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 If you are interested in further information, please contact:

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w Oxford BONN UNIVERSITY

in association with St Hilda's College has a or Linacre College Professorship (C3) University Lecturership in Physics to be filled for the academic year 1999. (Theoretical Physics) Applications are invited for the above post, which is available from 1 October 1998, from candidates with research interests in The research activities of the Physics Institute currently include theoretical physics overlapping particle physics, astrophysics and experiments in high energy particle physics at HERA (ZEUS), LEP cosmology. (OPAL) and LHC (ATLAS), experiments of medium energy physics and synchrotron light at ELSA and MAMI as well as experiments on physics Under arrangements described in the further particulars the successful of the earth's atmosphere. candidate may be offered either a tutorial fellowship at St Hilda's College, in which case the stipend will be on a scale £16,045 - £29,875 Particularly adapted for this position are applicants who are interested in with additional college emoluments for the tutorial appointment bringing research at the electron-positron and proton-proton storage rings at the combined salary according to age up to £35,754, or a non-tutorial CERN, are experienced in experimental high energy physics and in the fellowship at Linacre College, in which case the stipend will be development of novel detection techniques. according to age on a scale £16,045 - £33,202. The teaching duties will involve courses on particle physics, on Further particulars (containing details of the duties and full range of experimental techniques and on courses for first and second year emoluments and allowances attaching to both the university and the students who are not majoring in physics. college posts) may be obtained from Mrs G Dancey, Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, England. Tel: (44) (1865) The conditions of employment are described in § 49 of the North-Rhine- 273995, Fax (44) (1865) 273947. Email: [email protected]. Westphalia University Law. The University of Bonn particularly encourages applications from qualified women. Applications from Applications (8 copies except in the case of overseas candidates handicapped individuals will also be given priority. when only one is required) should be submitted to Mrs Dancey by 17 April 1998. These should include a curriculum vitae, a list of Applications with the usual documents should be sent "before 31.03.1998 publications, a brief statement of research interests/plans and to: teaching experience, and the names, addresses, telephone and Vorsitzender der fax numbers of three referees (not more than two from the same Fachgruppe Physik/Astronomie institution), who should be asked to write letters of reference to Endenicher Allée 11-13 arrive by the same date. 53115 Bonn

The University is an Equal Opportunities Employer. GERMANY

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 23 Physics monitor

Stephen Hawking with schoolchildren during the COSMO-97 international workshop on particle physics in Ambleside in the English Lake District. His public lecture 'The Theory of Everything' attracted a large audience.

Particle physics and the early Universe

he spectacular progress of Tcosmology in recent years means that scientists have to face a dilemma. The comfort of an in­ creased understanding of the forma­ tion of a complex Universe in the Big Bang has to be reconciled with an uncomfortable awareness that the Universe we actually see is only a small fraction of all there is. The search for this missing 'dark matter' is the major goals of contemporary physics. will change in the years to come with model dependent and often difficult Theoretical and experimental experimentalists now seriously to analyse. Comprehensive reviews aspects of dark matter searches and involved in mapping the sky up to the by A. Linde (Stanford) and L. Kofman particle cosmology were the main largest distances. (Hawaii) summarized the present focus of the COSMO-97 international Much progress is expected in status. workshop on particle physics and the sharpening fine details of Some theorists boldly try to imagine early Universe. Held from 15-19 irregularities in the cosmic microwave what happened in the very first September 1997 in Ambleside in the background radiation and in deep sky moments of the Universe's history at beautiful English Lake District, the galaxy surveys. The emerging picture the 'Planck scale' where the known meeting (organized by Lancaster of mass distribution around the laws of physics crumble. University) gathered some 110 Universe will have direct implications Stephen Hawking (with his participants from around the world. for predictions from inflationary Cambridge student R. Bousso) Deciphering the script for the Big models and will be used as a model explored the consequences of his no- Bang was the main theme. discriminator, as reviewed by boundary approach, in particular the Inflation remains the only attractive J. Frieman (Fermilab), E. Kolb production and subsequent possible scenario for explaining the puzzle of (Fermilab) and D. Lyth (Lancaster). evaporation of primordial black holes. why the gross features of the cosmic Even present data can constrain (A. Liddle of Sussex analysed how microwave background radiation look some cosmological scenarios. such objects would affect the the same in all directions. Inflation A. Albrecht reported that approaches subsequent evolution of the occurred as a brief period of ex­ in which large structures in the Universe.) tremely rapid expansion a tiny Universe have grown around Others advocate using superstring fraction of a second after the Big topological defects, like cosmic ideas to glimpse the evolution of the Bang. During this time the Universe strings, are already inconsistent with Universe during the Planck era. stretched by over 40 orders of observations. At the end of inflation R. Brustein (Ben Gurion) presented magnitude and became nearly the Universe was very empty, cold, work with G. Veneziano (CERN) Euclidean in the process. This and dominated by an 'inflaton' which which addresses the issue of the beautiful idea introduced 15 years subsequently decayed to give the initial singularity in a so-called pre- ago by Alan Guth still lacks a fully particles we know today. As a result Big-Bang approach. satisfactory particle physics scenario. the temperature jumped up again Superstrings are often claimed to Understandably, this domain of and the Universe "reheated". be the theory of everything, but they research remains almost solely a While the general idea is easy to still lack understanding of their theoretical playground. However this sketch, the detailed theory is still fundamental structure. H.-P. Nilles

24 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Physics monitor

Graham Ross of Oxford suggests a scenario with several periods of inflation of the early Universe.

(Munich) reviewed the presently sity, just enough to make the Uni­ much debated M(atrix)-theory which verse's expansion slow to zero at is supposed to shed a new light on infinite time. While "direct" the theory of superstrings. He argued observations currently give the ratio that robust cosmological parameters, to be about one-third of the critical like the age of the Universe, can density, large-scale flows and cluster constrain certain otherwise allowed evolution tend to give higher values, predictions from strings. R. Gregory closer to whattheorists' favour, as (Durham) considered topological reviewed by J. Primack (Santa Cruz). defects resulting from superstrings. Measurements of the R. Kallosh (Stanford) reviewed a concentrations of light nuclei such as possible connection between black deuterium and helium in the Universe holes and superstrings. from the theory of nucleosynthesis Among the other topics discussed constrain the density of conventional relating to the particle physics of the matter (protons and neutrons) to be early Universe, J. Cline (McGill) about 5% of the critical density. argued that if the observed However, visible baryons in stars and asymmetry between baryons and galaxies account for less than 1%. antibaryons is to be explained by (Louisiana State), will soon be K. Freese (Michigan) argued that the purely (supersymmetric) electroweak challenged (or confirmed) by the "missing" baryons hide in very old effects, the mass of the Higgs KARMEN experiment at the UK stars - white dwarves. S. Raby (Ohio particle responsible for electroweak Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, State) presented another exotic symmetry breaking must be below according to J. Kleinfeller (RAL), possibility of coloured dark matter 100 GeV, making it accessible at while Chorus and Nomad at CERN, following currently hotly debated CERN's LEP electron-positron represented by J. Herin (Louvain), gauge-mediated SUSY-breaking collider. are not sensitive to the LSND signal. models. The origin and subsequent K. Zuber (Dortmund) reviewed the The other 95% of the total mass in evolution of primordial magnetic prospects for neutrino oscillation the Universe is probably non- fields, still poorly understood, were searches. Evidence for such mixing baryonic and locked in some yet discussed by K. Enqvist (Helsinki) of neutrino species from atmospheric undiscovered particles which only and M. Shaposhnikov (CERN). neutrino and solar neutrinos interact weakly. Such particles, G. Senjanovic (ICTP Trieste) observations is underlined by the known as WIMPs (Weakly Interacting showed how the normally expected Japanese Super-Kamiokande Massive Particles) should be restoration of symmetries at high detector (September 1997, page 25). abundant in the Galactic halo temperatures can be evaded in the The present picture remains surrounding us. One favourite bet is presence of non-zero charge unclear, with the LSND, solar and that these will be the lightest densities. This could automatically atmospheric data implying different supersymmetric particles (LSP). solve the domain and monopole oscillations, as reviewed by Many limits on the existence of problems in cosmology. D. Caldwell (Santa Barbara). He supersymmetric particles have come Another important theme of the argued that introducing a fourth, from LEP at CERN and the Tevatron workshop was cosmological relics of sterile neutrino would help solve the at Fermilab. Better limits, or a the Big Bang, where the subject is confusion. R. Mohapatra (Maryland) discovery, should come from the more experimental. Neutrino reviewed theoretical scenarios for LHC, as reviewed by S. Katsanevas oscillations would imply that neutrinos and conjectured that (Lyon) and V. Barger (Wisconsin). neutrinos have mass and hence may physics beyond conventional Grand J. Ellis (CERN) combined experimen­ contribute to dark matter. Unified Theories may be needed to tal data from LEP with cosmology to The first possible accelerator explain the data. sharpen the limits on the LSP. observation of neutrino oscillations Inflation in Big Bang cosmology R. Arnowitt (Texas A&M) and P. Nath from the Los Alamos LSND says that the Universe's mass (Northeastern) considered the WIMP experiment, presented by R. Imlay density is equal to the critical den­ in the context of supersymmetric

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 25 Physics monitor

The chairman of COSMO-97, L Roszkowski (left) with D. Caldwell who will be organizing the next COSMO meeting (COSMO-98) at Asilomar, California.

External correspondents

Argonne National Laboratory, (USA) D. Ayres

Brookhaven, National Laboratory, (USA) P. Yamin

CEBAF Laboratory, (USA) S. Corneliussen

Cornell University, (USA) D. G. Cassel

DESY Laboratory, (Germany) Ilka Flegel, P. Waloschek

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, unification. The masses of experiment at Stanford using an (USA) superpartners can be squeezed by innovative cryogenic technique. Judy Jackson collider searches from below, and An intriguing signal was claimed by GSI Darmstadt, (Germany) G. Siegert increasingly accurate cosmological D. Belli (INFN Rome) from the DAMA constraints from above. experiment with a heavily shielded INFN, (Italy) A. Pascolini Recent years have witnessed the sodium iodide crystal in the Italian Gran Sasso Laboratory. This IHEP, Beijing, (China) growth of an impressive experimental Qi Nading programme to hunt for WIMPs. An experiment sees a small annual JINR Dubna, (Russia) indirect way of searching for WIMP change in the putative WIMP count B. Starchenko signals is to look for energetic rate, corresponding to what would be KEK National Laboratory, (Japan) neutrinos from the Sun (or the core of expected due to the earth's rotation A. Maki the Earth) from annihilation of WIMPs around the Sun and the Sun's motion Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (USA) gravitationally trapped there. F. through the Milky Way. If this is real, B. Feinberg Halzen (Wisconsin) reviewed such it will be confirmed soon by the UK Los Alamos National Laboratory, (USA) detection techniques and described Dark Matter collaboration running in C. Hoffmann the AMANDA project, a 1 km-cube the Boulby Mine in North-Eastern NIKHEF Laboratory, (Netherlands) neutrino telescope built into the ice at England, described by T. Ali Margriet van der Heijden the South Pole. (Imperial, London), and by CDMS. Novosibirsk Institute, (Russia) S. Eidelman Direct searches look for a very faint One bold proposal was presented Orsay Laboratory, (France) energy deposit (a few by H.-V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus Anne-Marie Lutz kiloelectronovolts) from WIMP whose Heidelberg group is designing PSI Laboratory, (Switzerland) scattering. Due to the extremely low the 1 tonne GENIUS germanium P.-R. Kettle event rate expected, extreme detector (December, page 19). Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, (UK) sensitivity is required, along with COSMO-97 has initiated a series of Jacky Hutchinson careful shielding to reduce the "Lancaster workshops" which will be Saclay Laboratory, (France) background. Several detector held yearly: California will host Elisabeth Locci materials are used and experimental COSMO-98, COSMO-99 will return IHEP, Serpukhov, (Russia) techniques are improving, as to Europe and in 2000 the workshop Yu. Ryabov reviewed by N. Spooner (Sheffield). will be held in Korea. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (USA) M. Riordan More recently, extremely low temperature methods have been From Leszek Roszkowski and Terry TRIUMF Laboratory, (Canada) M. K. Craddock introduced to reduce heat noise. Sloan (Lancaster) They were reviewed by D. Bauer (Santa Barbara) from the CDMS

26 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Faculty Position DEUTSCHES ELEKTRONEN Institute for Theoretical Physics SYNCHROTRON DESY State University of New York DESY is one of the leading laboratories in particle Stony Brook, N.Y. 11794-3840 physics and synchrotron radiation research. For its location in Zeuthen near Berlin DESY is offering a The Institute for Theoretical Physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook will have an opening for a Full or POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH POSITION Associate Professor beginning January, 1999. to young scientists to participate in the HERA-B experiment at HERA. The main goal of HERA-B is to study CP violation in decays of neutral The Institute does comprehensive research in various fields of B-mesons, one of the most interesting fields in modern elementary par­ theoretical physics including, but not limited to, gauge field ticle physics. theory, the standard model of elementary particles, perturbative To reduce the huge amount of data and to perform a pre-selection of events a multi-processor system (farm) with more than 100 nodes is quantum chromodynamics, lattice field theory, supersymmetry, currently under construction. superstrings and statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics. The accepted candidate is expected to work on concept, installation, It is also looking forward to expansion into mathematical and administration of a multi-processor farm for the date acquisition and biophysics. trigger system of the HERA-B experiment and on design and implemen­ tation of software for a distributed system. Furthermore, participation in the development of filter algorithms is possible. The position requires a Review of applications will begin on June 15, 1998 and conti­ high amount of motivation and reponsibility. nue until the position is filled. A doctoral degree in physics or computer science is required.

Applicants should submit a curriculum vitae, a summary of Applicants should be: current and proposed research and arrange to have three letters - able to administrate Unix-Systems on AlX-workstations and of recommendation sent to: especially Linux-PCs, - able to plan and install a network system based on standards, like Fast-Ethernet, email address: [email protected] - familiar with C, C++, and Fortran. „ - Knowledge of IP-programming is desirable. Professor Chen Ning Yang, Director or Experiences with high energy physics experiments is of advantage. Professor Peter van Nieuwenhuizen, Deputy Director, The position is limited to a duration of 3 years. The salary will be accord­ . SUNY - Institute for Theoretical Physics, ing to the German civil services BAT-O lia. Handicaped applicants will be given preferences to other applicants with Box A, the same qualification. Stony Brook, N.Y 11794-3840. DESY encourages especially women to apply. Interested young scientists should send their letter of application and The State University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action three names of referees and their addresses by February, 27th, 1998 to: employer. DESY Zeuthen, Personalabteilung Qualified women and minorities are encouraged to apply. Platanenallee 6,15738 Zeuthen, Tel.: 0049/33762/77210

The ISTITUTO NAZIONALE Dl FISICA NUCLEARE - Sezione di Pisa (Italy) is seeding an: On-Site Computer and Software System Manager

VIRGO is an Italian-French project of a large interferometer intended to detect gravitational waves. This interferometer is being built at Cascina near Pisa and involves about 150 researchers among 11 Italian and French laboratories. The first part is planned to be integrated early 1998 and full operation is foreseen in 2002. Job Description: on-site computer and software system manager. Functions: responsible for the on-site operation of the whole computer and software system of VIRGO. The selected candidate will actively participate to the initial on-site integration of the computer and software system and is expected to play a key-role in its subsequent and future development. Experience and education: the candidate will possess a University Degree in computer sciences or engineering or physics and a substantial experience in the operation of large and complex computer systems in a scientific environment. He/She will be well aware and will possess experience in modern software development methodologies. He/She will be fluent in English. Good knowledge of Italian and French will be an advantage. Working place: Cascina near Pisa (Italy). Contract: a 2 years contract will be offered with possibility of extension. The career path will be determined according to the experience and to the level of the functions performed. Candidates are invited to send a curriculum vitae in which is pointed out the respondence to the above requirements. Please send C.V. preferably within February 20, 1998 to the following address: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Livornese n. 1291 - 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy. Attn. Ms. Claudia Tofani. I.N.F.N, will get in touch with all screened candidates for an interview.

I.N.F.N, is now announcing that within a few months a notice of competition will be issued in order to seek the following position, for which advertisements will be published on Italian local and national newspapers. Job Description: electronics technician. Functions: assistant to the system manager for the operation and maintenance of the computer networks. He/She will also provide assistance for the computer system and electronics integration. Experience and education: the candidate will possess a technician degree in electronics or computer techniques and will have a few years of professional experience. He/She will have a good knowledge of English. Knowledge of French will be an advantage. Working place: Cascina near Pisa (Italy). Contract: a 2 years contract will be offered with possibility of extension. The career path will be determined according to the experience and to the level of the functions performed.

For any information: tel. (39) 50 880352 - fax (39) 50 880350 - e-mail: [email protected]

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 27 Physics monitor

People and things

Books received CERN Council Bookshelf At the meeting of CERN's governing Future High Energy Colliders, Editor body, Council, in December, Luciano Weak Neutral Currents - The Zohreh Parsa, AIP Conference Maiani was elected the next Director Discovery of the Electro-Weak Force, Proceedings 397, ISBN 1-56396- General of the Organization, to take edited by David B. Cline, Addison 729-4 office on 1 January 1999, when the Wesley (Frontiers of Physics Series), current Director General, Chris ISBN 0-201-93347-0 Llewellyn Smith, will have completed Proceedings of a meeting held in his five year mandate. A Addison Wesley's Frontiers of Santa Barbara in October 1996 (see distinguished theorist, Luciano Physics Series began in 1961, and March 1997 issue of the CERN Maiani is currently President of the David Cline's anthology on weak Courier, page 16). Italian INFN and has been President neutral currents is the 97th volume in of CERN Council since January the series. 'Frontiers' books usually 1997. make extensive use of lecture notes The Interpretation of Quantum At the same meeting, leading or reprints, and Cline's volume takes Mechanics and the Measurement German science administrator and the latter route. It is divided into 9 Process, by Peter Mittelstaedt, head of Germany's CERN delegation chapters: The Weak Interaction Cambridge University Press 0 521 Hans C. Eschelbacher was elected Uncovered; Forty Years of Weak 55445 4 £30/$44.95 President of CERN Council for an Interactions; The Search for Other initial period of one year from 1 Forms of Weak Interaction; The January 1998, replacing Luciano Electroweak Interaction Picture A volume of interest to the more Maiani. Fernando Aldana of Spain Emerges; The Discovery of Weak philosophically minded on how to live was elected Vice-President of Coun­ Neutral Currents; Other Weak- with the measurement dilemmas cil for one year, while Fernando Bello Neutral Current Processes, Parity introduced by the orthodox of Portugal was appointed Chairman Violation in Weak Neutral Currents, interpretation of quantum theory. of the Finance Committee and Leif 2 and sin qw; On to the W and Z Westgaard of Norway was elected Particles; High Precision Studies of Vice-Chairman of the Finance Com­ the Electroweak Force; Back to the mittee, for the same one-year period. Future with the Higgs Boson. Apart from the first, which is an introduction, each chapter has a Lev Okun honoured useful introduction by neutral current enthusiast Cline (see November A foundation set up by philanthropist 1997, page 18) and includes several George Soros honoured Russian reprints. As well as predictable theorist Lev Okun of Moscow's classic papers, the collection Institute of Theoretical and includes some gems, notably the Experimental Physics with a special historic but rarely seen March 1976 humanitarian award at a ceremony at proposal by Carlo Rubbia, Peter S LAC, Stanford, on December 11. Mclntyre and Cline to build a proton- antiproton collider to search for the W and Z particles, and a Peter Higgs Russian theorist Lev Okun (right) of Moscow's paper given at a 1993 Santa Monica Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics was honoured with a special humani­ meeting which takes the lid off the tarian award from a foundation set up by eponymous mechanism. George Soros at a ceremony at SLAC, I found it very useful. Stanford, on December 11. SLAC Associate Director Sidney Drell (left) presented the GF award on behalf of George Soros.

28 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 People and things

Moscow's Institute of theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) recently celebrated the 75th birthday of eminent nuclear and particle theorist Karen Ter- Martirosyan.

With the award is a cash prize of warmest wishes of ITEP colleagues $25,000. The award from The Open and students from Moscow's Institute Society, created by Soros in 1992 to of Physics and Technology, where help the most talented scientists of Ter-Martirosyan founded and headed the Former Soviet Union through for 35 years the Chair of Elementary their economic and political transition Particle Physics. without having to leave their work or their country, recognizes Okun's "dedication and selfless devotion to David Schramm 1945 - 97 the cause of Russian scientists". SLAC Associate Director Sidney Prominent astrophysicist David Drell presented the award on behalf Schramm died on 19 December of George Soros. "The battle to save while piloting his airplane. A gentle Russian science goes on and I can giant, he came very near to tell you no one has worked harder representing the US in wrestling in than Lev Okun," he said. The CERN the 1968 Olympics, but was soft Courier, which has long benefited spoken, using intellectual power, from Okun's wisdom, adds its rather than physical, to advance his congratulations for a particularly scientific arguments. merited award. A product of William Fowler's Development work for the Austron school at Caltech, he was naturally has been centred at CERN on the drawn towards nucleosynthesis and Austron OK? machine side and in Vienna for the became a leading proponent of the targets and experiments. astrophysical implications of Big The Austron high flux pulsed neutron Bang ideas. He stressed the cosmic source has been recommended as distributions of light nuclei in general fundamentally suitable as a major On people as tracers of the early Universe, and scientific facility by a European in particular the significance of Science Foundation panel. A recent seminar at Moscow's deuterium as a 'baryometer' of Sited in Austria, the Austron would Institute of theoretical and cosmic processes, implying the cover experiments in materials Experimental Physics (ITEP) marked existence of exotic dark matter. With science, physics, chemistry, and the 75th birthday of eminent nuclear Jim Gunn and Gary Steigman in biology. Accelerating light ions as and particle theorist Karen Ter- 1977, he used astrophysical helium well as protons, it would also support Martirosyan. From his teachers measurements to provide a limit to cancer therapy and research work. Yakov Frenkel and Lev Landau he the number of lightweight neutrino Based on a proton machine inherited wide interests and a brilliant species, work refined in the late producing neutrons by spallation, the intuition. His accomplishments range 1980s in time for LEP's 1989 3000 million schilling (270 million from the theory of Coulomb excitation demonstration that there are only Swiss francs) facility would be funded of nuclei, to the integral equation for three such particles. 2:1 by the European Commission the three-body problem (subse­ Schramm was a personification of and Austria. The home country, quently generalized by Faddeev), to the symbiosis between particle eager to have an international centre, field theory renormalization, to high physics and cosmology and was a has indicated its willingness to energy strong interaction theory. He frequent visitor to accelerator support the project. created a famous school, the first laboratories, where his objective It remains now to clarify Austron's student being Vladimir Gribov. His list seminars were widely appreciated. complementarity to a planned of disciples also includes A. Ansel'm, In 1974 he moved to Chicago, and German research reactor and to the Yu. Simonov, A Kaidalov, his influence helped introduce new SINQ continuous neutron source A. Polyakov, A. Migdal, cosmology and astrophysics at the Swiss PSI laboratory (March A. Zamolodchikov,...... Their greet­ research at nearby Fermilab. 1997, page 2). ings from all over the world joined the His physical and intellectual stature

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 29 People and things

Kalervo Laurikainen 1916-97

and Copenhagen. In 1960 he be­ matched it to the SLAC electron came the chair professor of nuclear beam. This configuration extended physics at the University of Helsinki by an order of magnitude the data (later known as the Department of flow available to physicists at many High Energy Physics). It was participating institutions. Ballam Laurikainen who built contacts to the received a Guggenheim Fellowship, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research was a visiting scholar at Imperial (JINR) in Dubna and to CERN and it College, London, the Ecole was due to his efforts that the Re­ Polytechnique*Paris, and Columbia. search Institute of Theoretical Phys­ He served on many committees for ics, the Computing Bureau for Phys­ the US Department of Energy. ics and experimental high energy Throughout his long and productive physics were established in Finland. life, Joe, as he was known to one Until his death, Laurikainen actively and all, was esteemed for his acute pursued a fresh career in philosophy, intellect, kindness, and wisdom, as organized conferences and published well as his steady and considered books on the Copenhagen judgement. Although he often had to interpretation of quantum mechanics disappoint researchers who were and on the correspondence of vying for limited access to the SLAC Wolfgang Paul! with Markus Fierz. accelerator, they always trusted that made him a natural centre of attrac­ his decisions were wise and fair. He tion at major meetings. A gifted From Risto Orava was a friend to all, and was always communicator as well as a scientist, ready to provide whatever help and his talks and papers enabled many counsel that he could, both on a particle physicists to learn about Joseph Bal lam 1917-97 personal and a professional basis. cosmology and astrophysics. He He will be truly missed. wrote several popular books - The Joseph Ballam, Emeritus Professor Shadows of Creation', with Michael and long-time Associate Director for Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky Riordan, and 'From Quarks to the the Research Division at the Stanford Cosmos' with Leon Lederman. Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) died on December 14 of Hajime Ishimaru 1940 - 97 emphysema-related complications. Kalervo Laurikainen 1916-97 He was 80 years old. World renowned ultra-high vacuum He worked for the US Navy's expert Hajime Ishimaru died on 6 Distinguished Finnish physicist Bureau of Ships during World War II October 1997. Kalervo Laurikainen died on 13 July and subsequently earned his PhD at He pioneered the development of after a long illness. Laurikainen was Berkeley in 1951 for studies on all the aluminium ultra-high vacuum a founding father of theoretical cosmic rays. After working at materials for the successful physics, nuclear physics, high energy Princeton and Michigan State, he TRISTAN electron-positron collider at physics and history and philosophy of joined SLAC at its inception in 1961, the Japanese KEK laboratory. He physics in Finland. In recent years he becoming its first Research Director studied nuclear physics and plasma became a central figure in promoting two years later. During his lengthy physics at Hokkaido, Tohoku and the cultural and spiritual significance tenure at SLAC, Ballam oversaw the Nagoya, and received one doctorate of science rather than the technical efforts of some 300 physicists, from Nagoya for his research on or commercial aspects of engineers and technicians involved in plasma physics and another from fundamental research. the construction of major scientific Tokyo for work on vacuum After his military duty was extended instruments and analysis of the feedthrough in ultra-high vacuum and by the Second World War, experimental data. He also led an cryogenic environments. Laurikainen worked at Helsinki and experimental programme that built a After working on plasma and Turku in Finland, and Zurich, Lund rapid-cycling bubble chamber and molecular beams for several years as

30 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 People and things

Hajime Ishimaru 1940 - 97 Fritz Ferger - retiring after 39 years at CERN

from the American Vacuum Society, the Vacuum Society of Japan, and the British Vacuum Society. His sudden death is an immeasurable loss not only to KEK but also to the world high energy community. His enchanting smile and generous heart are greatly missed.

CERN retirements

The end of 1997 marked the formal retirement of several prominent Having joined the laboratory in CERN staff members. February 1959, Fritz Ferger's career at CERN lasted exactly 39 years. Research physicist Alan Wetherell After studies in Stuttgart and joined CERN in June 1959, and went Grenoble, he began at CERN in the on to participate in a series of early Proton Synchrotron Accelerator experiments by a group working at Research Group under Arnold the then new Proton Synchrotron. Schoch, where he soon became After studies at the Serpukhov involved in development work for a Tokyo research associate, he accelerator in Protvino in the late future storage rings. With the joined KEK in 1972 and went on to 1960s and at the start-up of CERN's establishment of the Intersecting make distinguished contributions to Intersecting Storage Rings in the Storage Rings (ISR) Division in 1964, all the KEK accelerators, particularly early 1970s, Alan Wetherell became he was in charge of development and their vacuum systems. head of this group when Giuseppe construction of power for the His monumental contribution to the Cocconi became a Director of CERN. radiofrequency acceleration system. all-aluminium TRISTAN vacuum The group became interested in With the ISR operational in 1971, he system was the result of his expertise weak interactions and joined with became head of the ISR General and passion for invention. During the Klaus Winter to form the CHARM Engineering Group, and in 1974 past 25 years at KEK, he made many neutrino collaboration (CERN- Head of ISR Division, where he inventions in the field of ultra-high Hamburg-Amsterdam-Rome- remained until 1982. In 1983 he vacuum, with about 40 registered Moscow). Alan was appointed became Head of CERN's new patents and over 100 pending. CERN's Experimental Physics Technical Inspection and Safety He was also a technical consultant Division Leader in 1981 and served Commission, and in 1986 Head of to numerous accelerator projects for three and a half years. the new Technical Support Division. worldwide such as the Korean Subsequently he joined Ugo Amaldi When he stepped down from this POSTECH 2 GeVsynchrotron and Jim Allaby in the Delphi post in 1997, he had spent 23 years radiation source, DAFNE at the collaboration at LEP, eventually as a CERN Division Leader. Italian Frascati laboratory, the taking responsibility for the hadron At his retirement, he said If I wish Taiwanese 1.5 GeV synchrotron calorimeter which was mainly to retain one single lesson, I would (SRRC), Spring-8 in Japan, and the constructed under his guidance by a like to underline the importance and terminated American SSC main ring Russian team. His election as a value of the existence of a dedicated vacuum tube. He also served as a Fellow of the UK Royal Society group of inspired and enthusiastic member of the editorial board for the (FRS) signifies distinguished physicists and engineers who explore British Journal "Vacuum". Dr. contributions to physics. what future accelerators and Ishimaru received numerous awards detectors should look like, what and honours, including recognition mechanisms and tools could be

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 31 People and things

During the visit of Hungarian President Arpad Former S LAC Director Wolfgang ('Pief') Goncz to CERN on 11 November, Michel Delia Panofsky gave several seminars at CERN in Negra explains the workings of the CMS November. experiment for CERN's LHC proton collider.

from bubble chambers to electronic detectors, with tests on the first ICARUS prototype, the JETSET experiment at LEAR and the guid­ ance of the first steps of the DIRAC experiment at the PS. Max served as secretary of CERN's Research Board from 1984 to 1997. Intellectually strict, tempered by a degree of pragmatism in interpreting experiments, Max is a keen advocate of linguistic precision, has a highly individual view of the world and cultivates a scathing sense of humour.

Meetings

The 14th International HADRONS Conference, organized by the Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical tors. The conference programme Physics, Ukraine Academy of covers particular detector concepts, invented, readied and employed to Sciences, and dedicated to strong readout electronics, device physics, unlock the secrets of Nature'. interaction at high energies (theory detector technology, defects in base and experiment), will be held on the materials and devices and new Massimiliano Ferro-Luzzi took his southern coast of the Crimea applications for semiconductor Laurea at La Sapienza in Rome in (Ukraine) from June 21-26. The detectors. Further information from Edoardo Amaldi's nuclear emulsion coverage includes: large rapidity gap the conference secretary: Irmgard group, carrying out pioneer work on physics, polarization, spectoscopy Helfrich (Ms), MPI Halbleiterlabor, antiproton reactions using emulsions and heavy flavours, collective Paul-Gerhardt-Allee 42, 81245 exposed to beams from the Bevatron properties of nuclear matter - with Munchen, Fax: 089/839400-11, at Berkeley. Moving to Berkeley, he emphasis on future collider e-mail: sds @ mpe-garching. mpg. de, spent three years in Alvarez' experiments - as well as advances in WWW: http://www.hll. mpe- legendary group before joining quantum field theory. Invited garching. mpg. de/sds98 CERN's Track Chamber division in speakers include: V.Fadin, 1963. B.Gerasimov, W.Greiner, The Xth International Symposium Prominent among many his bubble A.Kaidalov, B.Kopeliovich, L.Lipatov, on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray chamber experiments was the study U.Maor, N.Nikolaev, A.SIavnov, Interactions will be held from July 12- of baryon resonances. At Berkeley H.Stoecker. More information from: 17 at the Laboratori Nazionali Del Max played an important role in the HADRONS, ITP, Kiev-143, Ukraine; Gran Sasso, Assergi (Italy). discovery and elucidation of hyperon fax: ++38 44 2665998; Secretariat: E.Fantozzi, Laboratori resonances, providing valuable input phone: ++ 38 44 2669123; Nazionali del Gran Sasso, to the quark model. Max continued E-mail: [email protected]; http:// INFN, 67010 Assergi (AQ) - this research at CERN for over a www.gluk. ape. org/hadrons Italy Phone: +39-862-437236; decade, organizing several European The 8th European Symposium on Fax: +39-862-437570; collaborations studying kaon-nucleon Semiconductor Detector, to be held E-mail: FANTOZZI @LNGS. INFN. IT collisions. These impressive results at SchloB Elmau, Germany from WWW HTTP://WWW.LNGS.INFN.IT/ helped prepare the way for unitary June 14 - 17, will cover new develop­ choosing "Meetings and Seminars" symmetries. His career then turned ments in the field of radiation detec­ and "ISVHECRI98".

32 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 • Cryogenics and Vacuum Technology More Than 80 New Products! ISO 9001 certified Instrumentation o Catalogue 1998 Question Analysis Engineering Cryogenics Solution Software and Hardware for Your Measurement and Automation Applications DeMaCo Holland BV at CERN: • Instrumentation and Analysis Software » Portable Instrumentation Flexible Helium transfer lines DN 10 - DN 80 » Data Acquisition » Signal Conditioning Rigid Helium transfer lines DN 10 - DN 80 » Distributed I/O • Computer-Based Instruments Interconnecting transfer lines for Helium between - PXr/CompactPCI Modular Instrumentation upper and lower cold boxes at point 4 and point 6 » GPIB Instrument Control Vacuum chambers as kick-out facility » Image Acquisition » VXI and VME .Nitrogen standard transfer lines - HMI/SCADA Software » Industrial Communications ..Valve boxes for Argon, Nitrogen and Helium » Customer Education Cryostats • Support Services

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Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) Munchen, Germany STAFF PHYSICIST The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory We invite applications from recent Ph.D. graduates for has an excellent opportunity for an innovative theoretical physi­ two post-doctoral positions in cist. Under the direction of the Head, Center for Beam Physics, you will organize analysis and computation in laser-plasma-beam Experimental High Energy Physics physics, free electron lasers, radiation sources and optics. The selected candidate will support the CBP program, ensuring ad­ The initial appointments are made for two years with herence to environmental, health and safety regulations, and pub­ the possibility of renewal for up to a total period of five lish/present research results. Responsibilities will include years. The positions are available now. collaborating with physicists, engineers and technical support teams and providing direction and guidance to related personnel. Our group has been engaged in the design and construc­ tion of the HI-detector at HERA and is actively partici­ Requires a Ph.D. in Physics or equivalent and extensive, broad pating in the data taking and the analysis of the data experience in laser-beam-plasma physics and radiation sources/ with focus on testing QCD at low and high QA2. We are FELs. You must have a thorough knowledge of particle beams, also engaged in the upgrading of the detector (liquid ar­ lasers, plasmas, electromagnetic radiation and radiation sources/ gon calorimeter and trigger, second level neural network interactions. A self-directed professional with excellent analyti­ trigger). cal, computational and communication skills is essential. Please e-mail resume with cover letter and Job# AFR5627/ We expect that the persons appointed will participate in exploiting the physics potential of the HI detector as well JCERN to: [email protected] or fax to: (510) 486-5870 as in its maintenance, operation, and upgrade program. or mail to: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Staffing Office, Job# AFR5627/JCERN, One Candidates should submit a curriculum vitae and arrange Cyclotron Road, MS 938A, Berkeley, CA 94720. Visit our to have three letters of recommendations sent directly web site at www.lbl.gov. Berkeley Lab is an equal opportunity via normal or electronic mail and as soon as possible to: employer committed to the development of a diverse workforce. Prof. G. Buschhorn Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) Fôhringer Ring 6 D-80805 Munchen (email: [email protected])

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 33 People and things

Michel Besse, centre, French Préfet de Région Rhône-Alpes (which includes the CERN site on French territory) hears an explanation from senior CERN physicist and at the time spokesman for the Delphi experiment, Daniel Treille (left). With them is Manfred Buhler- Broglin, administrator of CERN's LHC project.

radioactive elements by Pierre and INPC98 Marie Curie. Special emphasis will be placed on the impact of nuclear The 1998 International Nuclear science on society. Physics Conference (INPC) will be The Conference, with plenary, held from August 24 - 28 at parallel and poster sessions, should UNESCO, Paris. give participants a broad vision of This conference belongs to the nuclear physics at the turn of the series sponsored by the century. Speakers will emphasize International Union of Pure and concepts, recent developments, Visiting Thessaloniki, Greece, from 25 September to 30 November, CERN's new Applied Physics (IUPAP) held every future progress and perspectives at Travelling Exhibition was a major success. three years. The last conferences the world level. Plenary talks were held in Beijing (1995), should be understandable by Wiesbaden (1992) and Sao-Paulo physicists who are not specialists in a (1989). It will cover all areas of specific research domain. nuclear physics research and its Specialized presentations will be held Travelling Exhibition. applications with special emphasis in parallel and poster sessions. From 25 September to 30 on new directions and new opportuni­ Chairman is B. Frois (Saclay). November the exhibition proved a ties. It will also celebrate the Centen­ Further information: Frederique major success, attracting some nial of the discovery of radioactivity Dykstra, Institut de Physique 12,000 enthusiastic visitors, including by Henri Becquerel, and of the first Nucléaire, 91406 Orsay Cedex some 8,000 from over 100 schools in (France), Tel: +33 (0) 1 69 15 73 18 Northern and Central Greece. Fax: +33 (0) 1 69 15 44 75 or 64 70, After a spell at CERN in December, e-mail: [email protected] the exhibition packs its bags this year http://www-dapnia. cea. fr/lnpc98 for a comprehensive tour of Scandinavia. Already booked are Heureka in Vantaa, Finland, from 12 Expo travelogue February to 22 March, Stockholm's Teknorama from 2 April to 31 May, With the Greek city of Thessaloniki Copenhagen's Experimentarium from acting as Europe's 1997 Cultural 24 September to 8 November and Capital, the Laboratory of Nuclear Oslo's Teknoteket from 19 November and Particle Physics of the Physics to January 1999. The summer Department of the Aristotle University schedule has yet to be concluded. of Thessaloniki hosted CERN's new

President of the UK Royal Society Sir Aaron Who needs Quarks and Higgs? Klug unveils a bust of P.M.S Blackett by Jacob Epstein in the Blackett Laboratory of London's This was the title of an exhibition in Imperial College to mark the centenary of Vienna from 6 - 27 November 1997 Blackett's birth. to mark the 150th anniversary of the (Photo Nick Jackson, Blackett Publications) Austrian Academy of Science, the

34 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 People and things

At the inauguration of the 'Who needs Quarks and Higgs?' expo in Vienna to mark the 150th anniversary of the Austrian Academy of Science. Left to right, exhibition organizer Meinhard Régler (Vienna), CERN Accelerator Director Kurt Hubner, and expo coordinators Ray Lewis (CERN) and Christian Gottfried (Vienna).

main sponsor of particle physics research in Austria. Its aim was to publicize recent results and underline the relevance and achievements of this science, with the accent on Austria. An online connection to the WIRED system enabled presentation of actual electron-positron annihilations as seen by the Delphi experiment at CERN's LEP machine, and 'Schafft

Wissen', a pioneer virtual reality Above: At a special memorial meeting to mark Below: One of the guests of honour at the scientific universe. CERN supported the first anniversary of the death of the special Abdus Salam memorial meeting at the the exhibition by providing Pakistani theorist and Nobel Prizewinner Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoreti­ Abdus Salam, the International Centre for cal Physics, Trieste, was Albanian President accelerator and detector modules, Theoretical Physics, Trieste, which he founded and theoretical physicist Rexhep Meidani and a spark chamber showing the in 1964, was renamed in his honour. The (right), seen here with the centre's Director flux of cosmic rays. Centre is a major focus for the world theoreti­ Miguel Virasoro. cal physics community.

A recent symposium on particle physics and neural computation at Tel Aviv University marked the 60th birthday of distinguished theorist David Horn (left); with (centre) particle symmetry pioneer Yuval Ne'eman, past president of Tel Aviv University and founder of the School of Physics and Astronomy; and Gabriele Veneziano of CERN, whose 1968 fruitful formulation of duality opened the way to new insights. Veneziano's talk at the sympo­ sium covered the evolution of duality in particle physics from the landmark 1967 Dolen-Horn- Schmid paper to today's compelling multi­ dimensional string and 'brane' physics.

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 35 People and things

A special symposium at Kaiserslautern At an unscheduled stop on the way from Oslo recently marked the 60th birthday of theorist to the recent CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Werner Ruhl, who has also been a frequent at Gjorik in Norway, Joel Le Duff of Orsay visitor to CERN. demonstrates how to change a bus fan belt under the watchful eye of CAS Leader Ted Wilson. As well as fixing fan belts, Joel is also the longitudinal dynamics mainstay of the school's team of lecturers. CERN Courier contributions

The Editor welcomes contribu­ tions. These should be sent via electronic mail to [email protected] Plain text (ASCII) is preferred. Illustrations should follow by mail (CERN Courier, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland). Contributors, particularly conference organizers, con­ templating lengthy efforts (more than about 500 words) should contact the Editor (by e-mail, or fax +41 22 782 1906) beforehand.

UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL Lectureship in Experimental Elementary Uppsala University Particle Physics Faculty of Science and Technology

Applications are invited for the above tenured post in the The Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, invites ap­ plications for a senior lectureship, Ref no 422/98, in H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory with effect from October, 1998. The particle physics group currently consists of 7 academic Experimental Nuclear Physics, staff. The successful candidate will be expected to have a strong with emphasis on Hadron Physics record of research in experimental particle physics, and to con­ The lectureship is intended to strengthen the present research program tribute to the current activities of the group which include the on meson production in light ion collisions, using the WAS A multidetector ZEUS experiment at HERA, the BaBar experiment at SLAC, system at the CELSIUS storage ring at the The Svedberg Laboratory (TSL) in Uppsala. TSL is a national facility for accelerator based re­ and the CMS experiment at the LHC. Further details of search in nuclear and particle physics. The holder of the position is ex­ the group's programme can be found on WWW at http:// pected to engage in the ongoing research program, and to initiate new www.phy.bris.ac.uk/research/pppages/home.html. The success­ research projects at CELSIUS. The position involves research and teaching to the same extent. The holder ful candidate will be expected to teach physics at both the un­ should also act as doctoral thesis adviser to graduate students involved in dergraduate and postgraduate levels. The appointment would the research projects. normally be made on the Lecturer A scale. Fur further particu­ The senior lectureship can eventually be promoted to a full professorship depending on the success in the work of the holder. lars telephone +44 (117) 925 6450 (ansaphone after 5.00pm), minicom +44 (117) 928 8894, email: [email protected] Eligibility and Criteria for Ranking the Candidates or write to Personnel Office, Senate House, University of To be eligible for the lectureship a candidate must hold a doctoral degree. Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK quoting ref­ Grounds for promotion are scientific and pedagogical proficiency, with equal emphasis on both. "Scientific proficiency" refers to the applicant's erence 4522. Applications (in triplicate) should be sent to the own research and "teaching proficiency" refers to teaching, supervision same address and should include a curriculum vitae, statement and production of teaching materials. of research interests and goals, and names and addresses of at For additional information about the position, consult Professor least two academic referees. Closing date for applications is Bo Hôistad, e-mail [email protected], phone +46-18-4713857. March 30th 1998. The University of Bristol is An Equal Application Opportunities Employer. Prospective canditates must contact Christina Lindberg at the office of Informal enquiries may be made to the head of the particle the faculty in order to receive the full announcement with instructions how to apply. physics groups, Professor B. Foster, (Tel: +44 (117) 9288714, Please use fax +46-18-4711999 or e-mail [email protected]. email: [email protected]) H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Applications must be received no later than April 1, 1998. University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, U.K. THE UNIVERSITY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

36 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 DUKE UNIVERSITY Engineering Opportunities at Brookha?en Mational Laboratory TENURE-TRACK FACULTY POSITION

EXPERIMENTAL HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS Brookhaven National Laboratory, a major R&D facility has two challenging positions available within the National Synchrotron The Duke University Department of Physics has Light Source Department. an opening for a tenure-track Assistant Profes­ Electrical Engineer sor position in experimental high energy physics. Position requires an M SEE degree and several years of applicable experience in the design of diagnostics hardware and electronics. The Duke research program is primarily focused Strong analytical background in control systems, both analog and on the CDF, OPAL and ATLAS experiments. digital, is highly desirable. Responsibilities will include the Future activities will include analysis of improvement of synchrotron light monitors, beam position monitors and complex orbit feedback control systems utilized Tevatron Runs I and II data, preparations of the in the facility's 800 MeV injector and storage rings. CDFII detector for Tevatron Run II, and design POSITION #DD6163. and construction of the transition radiation Physicist/Engineer tracker for ATLAS with eventual participation We currently have a position available for an Accelerator in experiments at the LHC. Applicants for this Physicist/Engineer to work on the operation and improvement of the existing NSLS storage rings. Important areas of work include position should be capable of taking on major lattice modeling, orbit control, injection optimization and study of responsibilities in these experiments, and be beam intensity limiting effects. Experience in the development of the related hardware and diagnostic equipment is desired, as well as committed to excellence in undergraduate and skill in developing software application programs. You must be able graduate teaching at Duke. The position is to work independently and be proficient in coordinating activities. POSITION #DD4512. available starting September 1998. Immediate applications are requested. Please send resume We offer attractive salary and benefits packages and an exciting and three letters of recommendation to: environment that is conducive to professional growth. For con­ sideration, please forward your resume indicating Position #, to: Donna Dowling, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Associated High Energy Physics Search Committee Universities, Inc., HR Division, Bldg. 185, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000. Fax: (516) 344-7170, Email: |gx c/o Pat Hoyt, Physics Department nc [email protected]. For the hearing disabled: TDD Il515 ] Box 90305 516-344-6018. BNL is an equal opportunity —ÇK^_À Duke University employer committed to workforce diversity. Cj\ \ Durham, NC 27708-0305 Duke University is an affirmative action/equal oppor­ IJIII ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES, INC, tunity educator and employer.

UNIVERSITY OF UTAH Tenure Track Position in Computational Astrophysics

Research Associate Position The Department of Physics at the University of Utah invites High energy Physics applications for an assistant or associate professor position, to The Ohio State University begin in the 1998-99 academic year, in the area of computa­ The Experimental High Energy Physics group tional astrophysics. Preference will be given to candidates with research experience in a range of applications of computational at the Ohio State University invites applications methods to theoretical astrophysics and who have the potential for a postdoctoral research associate position to develop collaborative research projects with others in the with our CLEO program at CESR. In addition Department and elsewhere in the University. The candidate to our ongoing data analysis effort in heavy will be expected to play a major role in the strengthening of flavor physics, we are also involved with the educational programs in computational physics at the under­ CLEO III upgrade program where we have graduate and graduate level. The University of Utah has a new major responsibilities for the design and interdisciplinary campus facility devoted to advanced net­ working and high performance computation, with a 64 node implementation of the Silicon Vertex Detector IBM SP and 60 node SGI Origin 2000. and data acquisition system. Interested can­ didates should send a letter of application, Candidates should send a curriculum vitae and a list vitae, list of publications, and three letters of of publications and should arrange to have three letters of recommendation to Professor K.K. Gan, The recommendation sent. Applications should be completed by April 1,1998 and should be sent to: Ohio State University, Department of Physics, 174 West 18th Ave., Columbus, Oh 43210- FACULTY SEARCH COMMITTEE 1106. The Ohio State University is an equal DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS opportunity employer and we actively en­ 115 SOUTH 1400 EAST, ROOM 201 courage applications from women and minority UNIVERSITY OF UTAH candidates. SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112-0830 The University of Utah is an Affirmative Action Equal Opportunity Employer. It encourages applications from women and minorities and provides reasonable accommodations to the known disabilities of applicants and employees.

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 37 POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Darmstadt

JUNIOR STAFF a laboratory for heavy Ion research offers

Postdoctoral Positions in Accelerator Physics The Nuclear Theory Group in the Applicants are invited to take part in one of the fields below Physics Department at Brookhaven - design and measurement of magnets for accelerators and National Laboratory expects to have experiments including development of field sensors and positions available at the Postdoctoral their electronics for field controlled power supplies Research Associate and/or Junior Staff (Ref. 61120-98.1) levels. The initial appointments would - development of the heavy ion synchrotron SIS for higher beam intensities and design studies for a new high current begin September 1, 1998. The Nuclear synchrotron/storage ring facility Theory Group has active programs in the (Ref. 64600-98.2) theory of heavy ion collisions at - development of ECR ion sources for highly charged heavy ions ultrarelativistic energies and in the (Ref. 64300-98.3). structure of nuclear physics. Applicants Applicants should have experience in the corresponding field.

should send a curriculum vitae including The appointments will be limited to 3 years with a possible names and addresses of three references extension to a maximum of 5 years. Applicants should not be to Dr. Robert D. Pisarski, Group Leader, older than 32 years. Department of Physics, Bldg. 51 OA, Women are especially encouraged to apply for these positions. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Handicapped applicants will be giv^n preference to other Upton, Long Island, New York 11973. applicants with the same qualification. BNL is an equal opportunity employer Applications should be submitted not later than February 20, • committed to workforce diversity. 1998, to GESELLSCHAFT FUR SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG MBH PERSONALABTEILUNG PLANCKSTR. 1 BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 64291 DARMSTADT urn ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES, IMG. oui WWW, billow

SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET TECHNOLOGY DESY announces several ACCELERATOR PHYSICS DESY TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY y^y "DESY-Fellowships" POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH POSITION for young scientists in experimental particle physics to Applications are invited for a post-doctoral position participate in the research mainly with the HERA collider experiments H1 and ZEUS or with the fixed target expe­ in superconducting magnet technology and riments HERA-B and HERMES. New fellows are selected accelerator physics. The accelerator research group twice a year in April and October. at Texas A&M University is developing a 16 Tesla DESY Fellowships in experimental particle physics are dual dipole for future hadron colliders, a awarded for a duration of two years with the possibility superconducting magnet for oil well logging, and for prolongation by one additional year. a stabilized cable using high temperature The salary for the fellowship is determined according to superconductor. tarifs applicable for public service work (lia MTV Ang.).

Applicants should have a Ph.D. in physics or allied Interested persons, who have recently completed their subject, and good knowledge of superconducting Ph.D. and who should be younger than 32 years are in­ technology and/or accelerator physics. vited to send their application including a résumé and the usual documents (curriculum vitae, list of publications, Interested persons should send a resume and copies of university degrees) until 31 of March 1998 arrange for three letters of reference to be sent to: to DESY, Personalabteilung - V2 -, NotkestraBe 85, D-22607 Hamburg. They should also arrange for three Prof. Peter M. Mclntyre letters of reference to be sent until the same date to the address given above. Department of Physics Texas A&M University Handicapped applicants with equal qualifications will be College Station, TX 77843 preferred. Applications should be received by March 15, DESY encourages especially women to apply. 1998. Texas A&M University is an Affirmative As DESY has laboratories at two sites, in Hamburg and Action/Equal Opportunity employer, committed Zeuthen near Berlin, applicants may indicate at which to diversity. location they would prefer to work. The salary in Zeuthen is determined according to II a, BAT-O.

38 CERN Courier, January/February 1998 Head Laboratory Services

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a renowned national laboratory dedicated to high energy physics research, has an exceptional professional opportunity available to lead one of its four major administrative service sections.

The seasoned professional we seek will support the operational needs of the Laboratory through the management of our Accommodations, Employment and Travel, Equal Opportunity, Human Resources, Medical, and Visual Media service functions. Additional responsibilities will include conducting management studies; developing and assessing quality assurance procedures; evaluating project development efforts for the modification of new administrative service features; and serving as the corporate pension plan administrator.

As a member of the Laboratory's management team and senior HR administrator, the qualified candidate will possess at least 10 years of relevant experience and the ability to interface with all levels of employees, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) representatives, and stakeholders on a wide range of issues. Facility with modern management techniques, including team building, is also necessary. Some travel will be required.

Operated by Universities Research Association, Inc. for the U.S. DOE, Fermilab is located 40 miles west of downtown Chicago and offers an attractive compensation package. For consideration, please send a resume to:*Employment Department/970157, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510-0500, U.S.A. Principals only. No phone calls, please. To access Employment Opportunities at Fermilab and a complete description of this position, our URL is [http://fnalpubs.fnal.gov/employ/jobs.html]. EOE M/F/D/V. Fermilab

Universitât Zurich

Lecturer in Experimental The Faculty of Sciences (Philosophische Fakultàt II) of the Uni­ Particle Physics versity of Zurich invites applications for a faculty position in

As part of a programme of expansion in particle physics, a permanent Experimental Physics lecturer post will be available from September 1998. Physics of Fundamental Systems You would join a highly successful group, currently 25 members, including four academic staff, working on a research programme based at the Physics Institute. The appointment will be made at the as­ on the ALEPH experiment at LEP, the BaBar experiment at SLAC and sociate (Extraordinarius) professor level. There is a preference ATLAS at the LHC. We are also contributing to studies for a possible for candidates working in a field of Fundamental Systems like linear collider. You will be expected to participate in one of these Astroparticle Physics, Atomic Physics, Gravitation, Neutrino projects and to contribute to the undergraduate and postgraduate Physics or at the medium energy facilities of the Paul Scherrer teaching programmes of the Physics Department. Further expansion of Institute (PSI). Candidates should have demonstrated their abil­ the group is anticipated in the future and you will help in attracting ity to carry out independent research. The research topic should support. Salary on Lecturer A Scale: £18,179 - £23,150 (including London Allowance). complement the activities of the existing particle physics groups working at DESY, CERN and PSI. Further details about the group and its research programme can be The successful applicant is expected to participate in the teach­ found on the World Wide Web (http://www.hep.ph.rhbnc.ac.uk). ing of basic courses in general physics and of particle and nu­ Informal enquiries may be made to Professor M G Green, Physics clear physics. The requirements are pedagogical experience, the­ Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey sis and Habilitation or an equivalent qualification. Applicants TW20 0EX; telephone +44 (0)1784 443454, fax +44 (0)1784 472794, should send their curriculum vitae (publication list indicating the email [email protected] five most important publications, a short statement of research Application forms and further particulars are available from the interests, research plan, and teaching experience) before March Personnel Office, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, 20, 1998 to the Surrey TW20 0EX; telephone +44 (0)1784 443030, fax +44 (0)1784 Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultàt II der Universitât Zurich, 473527, email [email protected] Please quote reference Prof. Dr. H. Haefner, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zurich. MHA/1353. For further information please contact Prof. Dr. R. Engfer, phone Closing date for receipt of applications is 6th March 1998. +41 1 635 5720, fax + 41 1 635 5704. Suggestions for suitable We positively welcome applications from all sections of the community. candidates are welcome.

CERN Courier, January/February 1998 39 FEEL OF COMPACT!

Here is a full-scale fold-out drawing

to show you just how small and

compact our HPD (Hybrid Photo Detector) actually is.

Try it yourself! Make this model

with your own hands and get a "feel" for how small

this device really is!

COMPACT

R7110U-07 Typical Characteristics R7110U-07 : Si-Avalanche Diode Target Type Gain Photoelectron Spectrum Output Variation in Magnetic Fields R7100U-07 : Si-Diode Target Type

- SUPPLY VOLTAGE : -8k\ Spectral Response : 160 to 850 nm 1 Effective Area : 8 mm Dia. 1 Supply Voltage : 8000 V Max. /f Weight : 13.8 g

mrnm Â

50 100 500 0.S ' 1.0 APD BIAS VOLTAGE (V) CHANNEL NUMBER MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Tesla) (PARALLEL TO THE TUBE AXIS) HP

HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Electron Tube Center http://www.hamamatsu.com 314-5 Shimokanzo, Toyooka-viliage, Iwata-gun, Shizuoka-ken, 438-0193 Japan. TEL:81-539-62-5248 FAX:81-539-62-2205 TLX:4289-625

United Kingdom:Hamamatsu Photonics UK Limited. TEL:(44)181-367-3560 FAX:(44)181-367-6384 U.S.A.: Hamamatsu Corporation. TEL:(1)908-231-0960 FAX:(1)908-231-1218 North Europe: Hamamatsu Photonics Norden AB. TEL:(46)8-703-29-50 FAX:(46)8-750-58-95 Germany: Hamamatsu Photonics Deutschiand GmbH. TEL:(49)8152-3750 FAX:(49)8152-2658 Italy: Hamamatsu Photonics Italia S.R.L. TEL:(39) 2-935 81 733 FAX:(39) 2-935 81 741 France: Hamamatsu Photonics France S.A.R.L. TEL:(33) 1 69 53 71 00 FAX:(33) 1 69 53 71 10 Switzerland: CERN Liaison Office TEL:(41)31/879 70 70 FAX:(41)31/879 18 74