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National Report on the Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global

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National Report on the Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility NATIONAL REPORT on The Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global, and Transboundary Significance in the South China Sea VIET NAM Dr. Dao Manh Son Focal Point for Fisheries Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries 170 Le Lai Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam NATIONAL REPORT ON FISHERIES – VIET NAM Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR ....................................................................................1 1.1.1 Total catch of the coastal provinces ..........................................................................2 1.1.2 Fishing effort by gear .................................................................................................4 1.1.2.1 Trawl .............................................................................................................4 1.1.2.2 Purse seine...................................................................................................5 1.1.2.3 Line fisheries.................................................................................................6 1.1.2.4 Gill net...........................................................................................................7 1.1.2.5 Other fishing gears .......................................................................................7 1.1.3 Economic value of catch............................................................................................8 1.1.4 Importance of the fisheries sector in terms of employment and dependence...........9 1.1.4.1 Fishery labors ...............................................................................................9 1.1.4.2 Fisheries infrastructure ...............................................................................10 1.1.4.3 Marketing ....................................................................................................10 1.1.4.4 Processing and exporting of marine products ............................................11 1.1.4.5 Socio-economy of marine capture fisheries ...............................................11 2. SPECIES OF REGIONAL, GLOBAL AND TRANSBOUNDARY SIGNIFICANCE ...................11 2.1 RANKING OF IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES ..................................................................................11 2.1.1 In terms of landings .................................................................................................12 2.1.2 In terms of local market value..................................................................................12 2.1.3 In terms of status (endangered, threatened, rare etc. IUCN criteria) ......................12 2.1.4 Food security ...........................................................................................................13 2.2 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE PRIORITY SPECIES ................................................................14 2.2.1 Large pelagic fishes.................................................................................................14 2.2.2 Small pelagic fishes .................................................................................................15 2.2.3 Demersal fish species..............................................................................................16 2.2.4 Commercially exploited invertebrates......................................................................17 3. THREATS & CURRENT STATUS..............................................................................................17 3.1 STATUS OF THE FISHERY IN TERMS OF CPUE........................................................................17 3.2 STATUS OF THE FISH STOCKS BASED ON HISTORICAL REVIEW OF LANDINGS AND CPUE...........21 3.2.1 Fish Resources........................................................................................................21 3.2.1.1 Species Composition..................................................................................21 3.2.1.2 Fish distribution...........................................................................................22 3.2.1.3 Standing stock and potential yield. .............................................................23 3.2.2 Shrimp resources.....................................................................................................23 3.2.2.1 Species composition...................................................................................23 3.2.2.2 Distribution and harvesting season ............................................................24 3.2.2.3 Shrimp stock and potential yield.................................................................25 3.2.3 Cephalopod..............................................................................................................26 3.2.3.1 Species composition...................................................................................26 3.2.3.2. Distribution and harvesting season ............................................................26 3.2.3.3 Standing stock and potential yield ..............................................................27 3.3 THREATS .............................................................................................................................27 3.3.1 Current threats.........................................................................................................27 3.3.1.1 Environmental problems caused by fishing activities .................................27 3.3.1.2 Environmental problems caused by aquaculture .......................................27 3.3.1.3 Environmental problems caused by fisheries logistics supplies and processing plants........................................................................................28 3.3.1.4 Destructive fishing ......................................................................................28 3.3.1.5 Over-fishing ................................................................................................28 3.3.2 Potential threats.......................................................................................................28 3.3.2.1 Projected market demand ..........................................................................28 3.3.2.2 Increased coastal population......................................................................29 ii NATIONAL REPORT ON FISHERIES – VIET NAM 4. HABITATS AND AREAS OF IMPORTANCE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF EXPLOITED FISH STOCKS ............................................................................................................................29 4.1 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPAWNING, NURSERY, FEEDING, AND FISHING GROUNDS..........................................................................................29 4.1.1 Spawning and nursery grounds of fish, shrimp .......................................................31 4.1.2 Fishing grounds .......................................................................................................32 4.2 UNKNOWN ISSUES SUCH AS STOCKS WITH UNDEFINED SPAWNING GROUNDS ...........................35 4.3 THREATS, CURRENT AND POTENTIAL .....................................................................................35 4.3.1 Coastal development ...............................................................................................35 4.3.2 Pollution ...................................................................................................................35 4.3.3 Oil spills....................................................................................................................35 4.3.4 Destructive exploitation............................................................................................36 4.4 RANKING OF HABITATS .........................................................................................................36 4.4.1 Association with species of importance to food security .........................................36 4.4.2 Association with high value species ........................................................................36 4.4.3 Association with endangered, rare and threatened species....................................36 5. CURRENT MANAGEMENT REGIMES......................................................................................37 5.1 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ...........................................................................................................37 5.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS (RESEARCH, MONITORING, CONTROL & ENFORCEMENT) .........37 5.3 OVERVIEW OF PATTERNS OF RESOURCES OWNERSHIP AND TRADITIONAL UTILIZATION .............38 5.4 CAPACITY, HUMAN & INSTITUTIONAL (INCLUDE LOCATION OF RESEARCH AND MCS INSTITUTIONS)......................................................................................................................39 5.5 REVIEW OF STAKEHOLDERS..................................................................................................39 6. RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................40 REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................41 iii NATIONAL REPORT ON FISHERIES – VIET NAM LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Total production and export value of fisheries in Viet
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