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The Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy Towards the Palestinian Issue in the Jdp Era Within the Context of Constructivism and Post-Structuralism

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The Analysis of Turkish Foreign Policy Towards the Palestinian Issue in the Jdp Era Within the Context of Constructivism and Post-Structuralism T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI THE ANALYSIS OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE IN THE JDP ERA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CONSTRUCTIVISM AND POST-STRUCTURALISM DOCTORAL THESIS Eman SULTAN BURSA - 2020 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BİLİM DALI THE ANALYSIS OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE IN THE JDP ERA WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CONSTRUCTIVISM AND POST-STRUCTURALISM DOCTORAL THESIS Eman SULTAN Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tayyar ARI BURSA - 2020 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Eman Sultan Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Bilim Dalı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Tezin Niteliği: Doktora Tezi Sayfa Sayısı: : XV + 276 Mezuniyet Tarihi: .... / .... / 20....... Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Tayyar Arı ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTİSİ DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE’NİN FİLİSTİN SORUNUNA YÖNELİK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ KONSTRÜKTİVİZM VE POST- YAPISALCILIK ÇERÇEVESİNDE ANALİZİ Bu tezde, Türkiye’nin Filistin politikasını analiz etmek için konstrüktivizm ve post- yapısalcılık teorileri kullanılmaktadır. Tezin temel varsayımı, Filistin meselesi hakkındaki söylemin, Türk hükümetlerinin kimliğindeki değişimle ve Türk dış politikasının Ortadoğu'ya yönelik ilkeleriyle bağlantılı olduğu yönündedir. Paylaşılan bilgiyi ve toplumsal ilişkileri üreten ve diğer eylemleri mümkün kılan diskur, aynı zamanda hem yeni kimlikleri hem de mevcut olanları yeniden belirlemektedir. Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin ilk yıllarında, Filistin meselesine ilişkin söylemin zayıf olduğu ve Türk Dış Politikasının hâkim söyleminin Araplarla ilgili olumsuz algılarla dolu olan Batılılaşma etkisinde kaldığı varsayılmaktadır. Ancak, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi döneminde, Türkiye'nin duyarlılıkları ve Orta Doğu'ya bağlılıkları konusunda köklü bir iv değişim olmuştur. Buna göre, Araplarla ilgili söylem de, Filistin yanlısı söylemin belirgin hale gelmesiyle olumsuzluktan olumluya doğru değişmiştir. Öncelikle, geçmişten günümüze Türk dış politikasının Orta Doğu'ya yönelik kırılma noktaları, Laclau ve Mouffe’nin eşitlik ve farklılık mantığı kullanılarak irdelenecektir. Daha sonra, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi dönemi öncesi İsrail ve Filistin meselesi hakkında söylemlerin Batı kimliği ve İslam kimliği olan iki karşıt kimliğin varlığından dolayı çatıştığını göstermek için Laclau ve Mouffe’nin “hakim söylem ve karşıtlığı” teorisi kullanılacak. Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi döneminde söylemlerdeki bu karşıtlık, İslam yanlısı ve Orta Doğu kimliğinin hakim hale gelmesiyle (Laclau ve Mouffe buna hegemonik söylem diyor) çözüldü. Anahtar Sözcükler: Türk Dış Politikası, Filistin Davası, İsrail, Konstrüktivizm, Post-Yapısalcılık, Kimlik, Söylem Düzeni, Hegemonik Söylem, Antagonizma, Nodal Noktaları v ABSTRACT Name and Surname: Eman Sultan University: Uludağ University Institution: Institution of Social Sciences Field: Department of International Relations Branch: International Relations Degree Awarded: Doctoral Page Number: XV + 276 Degree Date: .... / .... / 20....... Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tayyar Arı THE ANALYSIS OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE IN THE JDP ERA IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSTRUCTIVISM AND POST-STRUCTURALISM This thesis uses theories of constructivism and post-structuralism to analyze the Turkish foreign policy towards the Palestinian issue. Main assumption of this thesis is that discourse about the Palestinian issue is linked to the changes of identities of Turkish governments and principles of Turkish foreign policy toward the Middle East. At the same time, the discourse is a factor that assigns new identities and reproduces existing identities, in addition to its function in producing shared knowledge, social relations and making other actions possible. It is assumed that in the early years of the Turkish Republic, the discourse about the Palestinian issue was weak, and the dominant discourse or master signifier of the Turkish foreign policy was Westernization linked with negative perceptions about Arabs. However, there has been a radical shift about Turkey’s sensitivities and affiliations to the Middle East vi during JDP era. Accordingly, the discourse about Arabs started to change from negative to positive, with domination of pro-Palestinian discourse. First, nodal points of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East in each era will be examined using Laclau and Mouffe’s logic of equivalence and difference, then their theory of hegemon discourse and antagonism will be used to show that before JDP era, discourses about Israel and the Palestinian issue collided due to the existence of two opposing identities which are Western identity and Islamic identity. While in JDP era this antagonism in discourses dissolved through hegemonic interventions of pro-Islamic and Middle Eastern identity. Keywords: Turkish Foreign Policy, Palestinian Issue, Israel, Constructivism, Post-structuralism, Identity, Order of Discourse, Sediment Discourse, Hegemonic Discourse, Antagonism, Nodal Points of TFP. vii Bibliyografik Bilgiler Uluslararası Türkçe Bakınız V. Bkz.: Karşılaştırınız Cf. Karş. Karşı görüş vs. k.g. Aynı eser/yer Ibid. a.e. Adı geçen eser op.cit a.g.e. Yazara ait son loc.cit a.y. zikredilen yer Eserin bütününe atıf passim b.a. y.y. Basım yeri yok w.place Basım tarihi yok w.date t.y. Çok yazarlı eserlerde ilk et. al. v.d. yazardan sonrakiler Sayfa/sayfalar p. / pp. s. Editör/yayına hazırlayan ed. by ed.veya haz. Çeviren trans. by çev. viii Abbreviations: JDP: Justice and Development Party CHP: Republican People’s Party DYP: True Path Party EU: European Union IHH: Humanitarian Relief Foundation NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NSP: National Salvation Party PKK: Kurdistan Worker’s Party PA: Palestinian Authority PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization TBMM: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey TCCB: Presidency of the Republic of Turkey UNSC: United Nation Security Council UNCU: Unified National Command for Uprising (UNCU) USA: United States of America ix Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dr. Tayyar Arı for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work, I would also like to thank all of people who were involved and interviewed in my thesis and institutions that allowed me to reach for their information. Warmly thanks for my husband Halil Ibrahim Argani, and my parents Yacoub Sultan and Amal Tamimi and all of my family members for their support and encouragement throughout my study. x TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1-1 ROLE OF DISCURSIVE PRACTICES IN CREATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND IDENTITY ................................................... 4 FIGURE 2.6-1 FAIRCLOUGH'S MODEL IN DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 46 FIGURE 3.1-1 WRITING IN MILLIYET NEWSPAPER IN 1972, TALKS ABOUT HOW ARABS AND OTTOMANS PERCEIVE EACH OTHER IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE .......................................................................................................................... 65 FIGURE 3.3-1 DAILY PAGE IN HURRIYET NEWSPAPER WITH TITLE OF "ON BIR AYIN SULTANI", ON 9 OCT, 1973 ABOUT ISLAMIC ETHICS AND INFORMATION ABOUT ONE OF ISLAMIC COUNTRIES. .......................................................................... 86 FIGURE 4.4-1 DISCOURSE OF ERBAKAN ABOUT ANTI-ZIONISM IN MILLIYET NEWSPAPER, 28.09.1979, P.8 .. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4.7-1 A NEWS IN TURKISH NEWSPAPER ‘MILLIYET’ ON 05.10.1990 P.14. TALKS ABOUT ARAB'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS PLO'S STANCE FOR THE GULF WAR ...................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 5.1-1 NODAL POINTS OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN JDP ERA ........................................................................ 127 FIGURE 6.1-1 THE TURKISH NEWSPAPER ‘MILLIYET’ PUBLISHED A NEWS ON 28.04.2004 -AFTER ASSASSINATION OF AHMAD YASSIN- WITH TITLE OF "SEEDS OF ENMITY IN THE MINDS OF THE CHILDREN" .......................................................... 164 FIGURE 6.2-1 DAVOS CRISIS AS A DISCOURSE ' CONSTRUCTIVIST AND POST-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS' ................................... 177 FIGURE 6.4-1 NUMBER OF TURKISH VISITORS TO JERUSALEM 1980-2018 .................................................................... 214 FIGURE 6.4-2 TURKISH PROTESTER IN AL-AQSA MOSQUE IN CONSEQUENCE OF TRUMP’S DECISION TO MOVE THE US EMBASSY TO JERUSALEM. SOURCE: YENISAFAK, 10.12.2017 ..................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 6.4-3 THREE TURKISH PROTESTERS WERE ARRESTED BY ISRAEL IN CONSEQUENCE TO THEIR PROTESTING IN AL- AQSA MOSQUE. SOURCE: AL-JAZEERA, 24.12.2017 ...................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 6.5-1 ISRAELI FORCES DETAIN PALESTINIAN FAWZI AL-JUNAIDI FOLLOWING CLASHES IN HEBRON. SOURCE: AL-JAZEERA, 15.12.2017. .................................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 6.5-2 AN ISRAELI SOLDIER ARRESTS A PALESTINIAN BOY WITH DOWN SYNDROME, MOHAMMAD AL-TAWEEL. SOURCE: ANADOLU AGENCY, 14.12.2017 ........................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 6.5-3 THE FIRST PHOTO TAKEN FOR AHED AL-TAMIMI SHOWING HER FIST TO THE ISRAELI SOLDIERS IN DECEMBER 2012. SOURCE:ABC NET 30.07.2018. .......................................................................
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