DOCSLIB.ORG

Islam After Communism UC-Khalid (E).Qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page Ii UC-Khalid (E).Qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page Iii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Islam After Communism UC-Khalid (E).Qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page Ii UC-Khalid (E).Qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page Iii UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page i Islam after Communism UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page ii UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page iii Islam after Communism Religion and Politics in Central Asia Adeeb Khalid UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley . Los Angeles . London UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page iv University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholar- ship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2007 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Khalid, Adeeb, 1964–. Islam after communism : religion and politics in Central Asia / Adeeb Khalid. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-520-24204-3 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-520-24204-1 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-13: 978-0-520-24927-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-520-24927-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Islam—Asia, Central. 2. Islamic renewal— Asia, Central. 3. Islam and politics—Asia, Central. 4. Religion and politics—Asia, Central. 5. Asia, Central—Politics and government. I. Title. BP63.A34K535 2007 297.2'720958—dc22 2006021901 Manufactured in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 10987654321 This book is printed on New Leaf EcoBook 50, a 100% recycled fiber of which 50% is de-inked postconsumer waste, processed chlorine-free. EcoBook 50 is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/astm d5634–01 (Permanence of Paper). UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page v For Cheryl UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page vi UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page vii Contents List of Maps and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Islam in Central Asia 19 2. Empire and the Challenge of Modernity 34 3. The Soviet Assault on Islam 50 4. Islam as National Heritage 84 5. The Revival of Islam 116 6. Islam in Opposition 140 7. The Politics of Antiterrorism 168 Conclusion: Andijan and Beyond 192 Glossary 205 Notes 207 Select Bibliography 227 Index 235 UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page viii UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page ix Maps and Tables Maps 1. Central Asia: Political Boundaries in the Tsarist Period xiii 2. Central Asia: Current Political Boundaries xiv 3. Tajikistan and the Ferghana Valley xv Tables 1. Brezhnev-Era Party Leaders in Central Asia 88 2. Urban Population as Percentage of Total 93 3. Results of the March 1991 Referendum on Preserving the Union 129 ix UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page x UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page xi Acknowledgments This book marks a departure from my usual research interests, which my historian’s instinct have kept focused on the early twentieth century. My turn to the current topic was dictated by world events. After September 11, Central Asia, perhaps one of the least-known regions of the world, found itself in the global limelight. I saw a need for a broad, accessible treatment of Islam in cotemporary Central Asia and put aside my other projects to write this book. This book was therefore written without the usual preliminaries of grant proposals and leaves from teaching, and thus owes more than usual to the help, advice, encouragement, support, and good humor of friends and colleagues. Many individuals and groups heard excerpts from this book, but I owe a particular debt to Sergei Abashin, Laura Adams, Stéphane Dudoignon, Adrienne Edgar, Marianne Kamp, Shoshana Keller, and Russell Zanca, who shared their insights and their own research with me. Grants from the National Council on Eurasian and Eastern European Research and Carleton College allowed a trip to the region in summer 2004. Many thanks for hospitality and guidance to Franz Wennberg and Muzaffar Olimov in Dushanbe and to Nurbulat Masanov in Almaty. I owe a great deal to many friends and acquaintances in Uzbekistan, who over the years have taught me a lot about Central Asia, but I think it prudent to leave them unnamed here. I marvel at the luck that brought Shahzad Bashir to the small college where I teach and made him a colleague and a friend. In addition to pro- xi UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:02 PM Page xii xii Acknowledgments viding support and encouragement, he read the whole manuscript as it progressed. Fran Hirsch read an almost complete version of the manu- script. Muriel Atkin, Daniel Brower, and one other referee who chose to remain anonymous evaluated the manuscript for the University of California Press. Their advice and criticisms made this a better book. I have not been able to use all the advice I received, but I hope that the fin- ished book does not disappoint those who gave of their time and energy. Working with the University of California Press has been a pleasure. Lynne Withey’s enthusiasm for the project from the outset was crucial. Without Monica McCormick and Reed Malcolm, the process of com- pleting the book would have been longer and unhappier. Haroun and Leila have lived with this manuscript for large chunks of their lives; they will be even happier than I am to have it out of the way. Cheryl Duncan first suggested that I write this book. She has read every word of it, many times over, and given criticism and encouragement in equal measure as it has progressed—all this on top of her abundant sup- ply of love and care. It is to her that I dedicate this book. St. Paul, Minnesota October 31, 2005 UC-Khalid (E).qxd9/15/20061:02PMPagexiii Map 1. Central Asia: political boundaries in the tsarist period. UC-Khalid (E).qxd9/15/20061:02PMPagexiv Map 2. Central Asia: current political boundaries. UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:03 PM Page xv Map 3. Tajikistan and the Ferghana Valley. UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:03 PM Page xvi UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:03 PM Page 1 Introduction Waiting in line at a cafeteria in Tashkent one day in 1991, in the last months of the Soviet era, I fell into conversation with two men behind me. They were pleased to meet someone from the outside world, to which access had been so difficult until then, but they were especially delighted by the fact that their interlocutor was Muslim. My turn in line eventually came, and I sat down in a corner to eat. A few minutes later, my new acquaintances joined me unbidden at my table, armed with a bottle of vodka, and proceeded to propose a toast to meeting a fellow Muslim from abroad. Their delight at meeting me was sincere, and they were completely unself-conscious about the oddity of lubricating the cel- ebration of our acquaintance with copious quantities of alcohol. This episode, unthinkable in the Muslim countries just a few hundred kilometers to the south, provides a powerful insight into the place of Islam in Central Asian societies at the end of the Soviet period. Clearly, being Muslim meant something very specific to my friends. Seven decades of Soviet rule had given Central Asians a unique understanding of Islam and of being Muslim. Islam after Communism had its peculiarities. A few months after my encounter, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and the republics of Central Asia became independent states. As old bar- riers—political, ideological, personal—came down, the region experi- enced a considerable Islamic revival. Mosques were reopened, new ones built, links with Muslims outside the Soviet Union revived. Islam has indeed experienced a rebirth in the region.1 1 UC-Khalid (E).qxd 9/15/2006 1:03 PM Page 2 2 Introduction For many, especially in the West, this return of Islam boded ill. According to this view, Central Asia would become another hotbed of Islamic fundamentalism, a breeding ground of terrorism—essentially a natural extension of Afghanistan and other anti-Western regimes in the Middle East. Westerners had reasons enough to fear this outcome. In November 1991, demonstrators in the Uzbek city of Namangan besieged the country’s president and demanded that he declare Uzbekistan an “Islamic republic.” In neighboring Tajikistan, independence degenerated into a bloody civil war that was widely seen as pitting resurgent “Islamists” against the incumbent “Communists.” By the late 1990s, militant organizations had emerged in Uzbekistan that sought the over- throw of the regime there and its replacement by an Islamic state. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), the most prominent of these organizations, developed links with militant groups in war-torn Afghanistan, and its members fought alongside the Taliban during the American invasion in the autumn of 2001. For many observers, the IMU represents the future of Islam in the region—a “natural” culmination of the rebirth of Islam. This view is based on certain assumptions, often unstated by its proponents, about Islam itself. According to this view, Islam is inherently political and naturally leads to anti-Western militancy. For this reason, the seventy years of Soviet rule were of no consequence, for once Islam reemerged, the paths to its politicization and militariza- tion were foretold.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Traditions of Carpet Weaving in the Southern Regions of Uzbekistan
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EPRA International Journal of Socio-Economic and Environmental Outlook (SEEO) ISSN: 2348-4101 Volume: 8 | Issue: 3| March 2021 | SJIF Impact Factor (2021): 7.426 | Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra0314 | Peer-Reviewed Journal THE TRADITIONS OF CARPET WEAVING IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN Davlatova Saodat Tilovberdiyevna Doctor of Science Of the National University of Uzbekistan, The Head of the «Applied Ethnology» laboratory Abdukodirov Sarvar Begimkulovich, Teacher of Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan ANNOTATION In the article is enlightened local features of traditions of the Uzbek carpet weaving on examples of samples from southern regions (Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions) of Uzbekistan. Also, are shown distinctive features in the processes of preparing raw materials and weaving machines, including the dyeing process of yarns, and are also described types of carpets and their features. KEY WORDS: carpet weaving, craft, loom, types of carpets, wool, carpet products DISCUSSION At the end of the 19th century and at the Carpet weaving is a long developed rare beginning of the 20th century the main raw material type of textile, it has been continuing its traditions of carpet weaving was sheep wool. The carpet for ages[4]. Mainly women deal with carpet weaving weavers of the southern regions almost didn’t use the and they knit many household furnishings, felt rugs, wool brought from Russia. But, there is information felts, carpets and other carpet products. about that they used the products brought from Carpet weaving is basically tightly Afghanistan, Iran and Eastern Turkistan[14]. connected with livestock, it is developed in Andijan, On the carpets of Kashkadarya the Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, Bukhara traditions of carpet weaving of desert livestock cities of Uzbekistan and lowlands of Amudarya and breeder tribes are seen.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • The War on Terror and Its Implications for Human Rights in Uzbekistan
    The War On Terror and its Implications for Human Rights in Uzbekistan by Nozima Kamalova Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars OCCASIONAL PAPER #296 KENNAN One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW INSTITUTE Washington, DC 20004-3027 Tel. (202) 691-4100 Fax (202) 691-4247 www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan ISBN 1-933549-21-1 The Kennan Institute is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on the successor states to the Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social sciences and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested. Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. Copies of Occasional Papers and a list of papers currently available can be obtained free of charge by contacting: Occasional Papers Kennan Institute One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 (202) 691-4100 Occasional Papers published since 1999 are available on the Institute’s web site, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan This Occasional Paper has been produced with the support of the Program for Research and Training on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union of the U.S. Department of State (funded by the Soviet and East European Research and Training Act of 1983, or Title VIII). The Kennan Institute is most grate- ful for this support.
    [Show full text]
  • The War on Terror and Its Implications for Human Rights in Uzbekistan
    The War On Terror and its Implications for Human Rights in Uzbekistan by Nozima Kamalova Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars OCCASIONAL PAPER #296 KENNAN One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW INSTITUTE Washington, DC 20004-3027 Tel. (202) 691-4100 Fax (202) 691-4247 www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan ISBN 1-933549-21-1 The Kennan Institute is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on the successor states to the Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social sciences and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested. Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. Copies of Occasional Papers and a list of papers currently available can be obtained free of charge by contacting: Occasional Papers Kennan Institute One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 (202) 691-4100 Occasional Papers published since 1999 are available on the Institute’s web site, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan This Occasional Paper has been produced with the support of the Program for Research and Training on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union of the U.S. Department of State (funded by the Soviet and East European Research and Training Act of 1983, or Title VIII). The Kennan Institute is most grate- ful for this support.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction on the Book Review Roundtable
    CIVIL WARS 2018, VOL. 20, NO. 3, 436–437 BOOK REVIEW Introduction on the Book Review Roundtable The Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan: Nationalism, Islamism and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space, by Tim Epkenhans, Lanham et al.: Lexington Books, 2016, 401 p, £84.63 (Hc). ISBN: 978-1-4985-3278-5 Located in Central Asia and bordering the north of Afghanistan, post-communist Tajikistan experienced a vicious five-year (1992–97) civil war only months into its independence from the Soviet Union, a war which, according to Islam, Iran and Central Asian historian, Professor Tim Epkenhans of the University of Freiburg, took anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 lives out of a then population of 5.5 million. Tajikistan’s civil war thus took the second highest toll by way of body count in the post-Soviet space after the two Chechnya–Russia wars in the 1990s, which had resulted, according to The New York Times, in an estimated 160,000 dead. It is fair to state that the causes of the Tajik civil war were multiple, including the spread of Islamism among a segment of the population which had been inspired by their Persian speaking kin in Afghanistan and Iran, in addition to serious economic dislocation in the immediate aftermath of communist rule, and the consequent scramble for control of state-owned resources on the local and national levels by armed groups strengthened by ethno-regional and ideological fervour. The war pitted an alliance of neo-Soviets primarily based in the capital city Dushanbe and the southern Kulob region against Islamists largely made up of individuals of mountainous eastern Gharm origins, many of whose parents and grandparents had voluntarily moved in the Soviet era to the newly irrigated southern Vakhsh valley to become state cotton farmers in Tajikistan’s southern Qurghonteppa region, which became the violent epicentre of clashes during the civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia
    Revised Pages Global Digital Cultures Revised Pages Revised Pages Global Digital Cultures Perspectives from South Asia ASWIN PUNATHAMBEKAR AND SRIRAM MOHAN, EDITORS UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS • ANN ARBOR Revised Pages Copyright © 2019 by Aswin Punathambekar and Sriram Mohan All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America Printed on acid- free paper First published June 2019 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 13140- 2 (Hardcover : alk paper) ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 12531- 9 (ebook) Revised Pages Acknowledgments The idea for this book emerged from conversations that took place among some of the authors at a conference on “Digital South Asia” at the Univer- sity of Michigan’s Center for South Asian Studies. At the conference, there was a collective recognition of the unfolding impact of digitalization on various aspects of social, cultural, and political life in South Asia. We had a keen sense of how much things had changed in the South Asian mediascape since the introduction of cable and satellite television in the late 1980s and early 1990s. We were also aware of the growing interest in media studies within South Asian studies, and hoped that the conference would resonate with scholars from various disciplines across the humanities and social sci- ences.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye on the East – the Yemen Review
    The JUNE 2021 Yemen Review EYE ON THE EAST The Yemen Review The Yemen Review Launched in June 2016, The Yemen Review – formerly known as Yemen at the UN – is a monthly publication produced by the Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies. It aims to identify and assess current diplomatic, economic, political, military, security, humanitarian and human rights developments related to Yemen. In producing The Yemen Review, Sana’a Center staff throughout Yemen and around the world gather information, conduct research, hold private meetings with local, regional, and international stakeholders, and analyze the domestic and international context surrounding developments in and regarding Yemen. This monthly series is designed to provide readers with a contextualized insight into the country’s most important ongoing issues. COVER PHOTO: Wadi Hadibo on Socotra island, April 2021 // Sana’a Center photo by Quentin Müller The Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies is an independent think-tank that seeks to foster change through knowledge production with a focus on Yemen and the surrounding region. The Center’s publications and programs, offered in both Arabic and English, cover political, social, economic and security related developments, aiming to impact policy locally, regionally, and internationally. Copyright © Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies 2021 CONTENTS The Sana’a Center Editorial 4 The Urgency to Protect Yemen’s Minorities 4 June at a Glance 6 The Political Arena 6 Developments in Government-Controlled Territory 6 Developments in Houthi-Controlled
    [Show full text]
  • Denis Micheal Rohan Ushering in the Apocalypse Contents
    Denis Micheal Rohan Ushering in the Apocalypse Contents 1 Denis Michael Rohan 1 1.1 Motives .................................................. 1 1.2 Response ................................................. 2 1.2.1 Israeli Chief Rabbinate response ................................. 2 1.2.2 Arab/Muslim reactions ...................................... 2 1.3 See also .................................................. 3 1.4 References ................................................. 3 1.5 External links ............................................... 3 2 Mosque 4 2.1 Etymology ................................................. 5 2.2 History .................................................. 5 2.2.1 Diffusion and evolution ...................................... 6 2.2.2 Conversion of places of worship ................................. 9 2.3 Religious functions ............................................ 10 2.3.1 Prayers .............................................. 11 2.3.2 Ramadan events .......................................... 11 2.3.3 Charity .............................................. 12 2.4 Contemporary political roles ....................................... 12 2.4.1 Advocacy ............................................. 13 2.4.2 Social conflict ........................................... 14 2.4.3 Saudi influence .......................................... 14 2.5 Architecture ................................................ 15 2.5.1 Styles ............................................... 15 2.5.2 Minarets .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Open Letter to Czech President Miloš Zeman on the Upcoming Visit of Uzbek President Islam Karimov
    Open letter to Czech President Miloš Zeman on the upcoming visit of Uzbek President Islam Karimov (to be sent to president’s office on Monday, 10/2, and made public Wednesday 12/2) Dear President Zeman, We are writing to express our surprise and deep concern that you have invited Uzbekistan’s president, Islam Karimov, on an official visit to Prague on 20‐22 February. As the leader of one of the most repressive governments in the world, President Karimov is not someone we would expect to be invited for such meetings. In fact, he is rightly shunned by most western leaders, particularly after the Andijan massacre of 2005, in which his security forces shot into crowds of mostly peaceful protestors in that city, killing hundreds. Between 2005 and 2009, the Czech Republic, along with the other members of the European Union (EU), put targeted sanctions on the Uzbek government in connection with President Karimov’s persistent refusal to allow an independent international investigation into the killings in Andijan. For nearly 25 years, Karimov has ruled over a country in which torture is systematic in police custody and in prisons, where dozens of human rights defenders, journalists and other peaceful activists are held on politically‐motivated charges and thousands of people are locked up simply for practicing their religion ‐ Christians as well as Muslims. The government tolerates no freedom of speech or assembly. Every year, the government closes hundreds of schools and other public services to force over a million children and adults to pick cotton for little or no pay.
    [Show full text]
  • Seminar Nasional / National Seminar
    PROGRAM BOOK PIT5-IABI 2018 PERTEMUAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN (PIT) KE-5 RISET KEBENCANAAN 2018 IKATAN AHLI KEBENCANAN INDONESIA (IABI) 5TH ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING – DISASTER RESEARCH 2018 INDONESIAN ASSOCIATION OF DISASTER EXPERTS (IABI) . SEMINAR NASIONAL / NATIONAL SEMINAR . INTERNASIONAL CONFERENCE ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT (ICDM) ANDALAS UNIVERSITY PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA 2-4 MAY 2018 PROGRAM BOOK PIT5-IABI 2018 Editor: Benny Hidayat, PhD Nurhamidah, MT Panitia sudah berusaha melakukan pengecekan bertahap terhadap kesalahan ketik, judul makalah, dan isi buku program ini sebelum proses pencetakan buku. Jika masih terdapat kesalahan dan kertinggalan maka panitia akan perbaiki di versi digital buku ini yang disimpan di website acara PIT5-IABI. The committee has been trying to check the typos and the contents of this program book before going to the book printing process. If there were still errors and omissions then the committee will fix it in the digital version of this book which is stored on the website of the PIT5-IABI event. Doc. Version: 11 2 PIT5-IABI OPENING REMARK FROM THE RECTOR Dear the International Conference on Disaster Management (ICDM 2018) and The National Conference of Disaster Management participants: Welcome to Andalas University! It is our great honor to host the very important conference at our green campus at Limau Manis, Padang. Andalas University (UNAND) is the oldest university outside of Java Island, and the fourth oldest university in Indonesia. It was officially launched on 13 September 1956 by our founding fathers Dr. Mohammad Hatta, Indonesia first Vice President. It is now having 15 faculties and postgraduate program and is home for almost 25000 students.
    [Show full text]
  • Performing and Remembering Subnational Internationalism in the Age of Developed Socialism
    Asymmetries of Internationalism: Performing and Remembering Subnational Internationalism in the Age of Developed Socialism TIMOTHY NUNAN In 1976, Dushanbe’s community of some 150 Iranian socialists traveled 28 kilometers into the mountains to attend the opening of a resort for the exclusive use of the Iranian community in the Tajik SSR. The resort reflected the initiative of several members of the Tudeh Party of Iran exiled to Dushanbe.1 As one exile noted, “on Saturdays and Sundays, more than fifty to sixty Iranian emigrants gathered there with their families. This resort took on the name “Iran Zone” (Iran Zon/Mantaqah-ye Iran).”2 The opening of “Iran Zone” was but one chapter in a long history of exchange between the Persian-speaking lands of the Tajik SSR, Iran, and Afghanistan during the twentieth century. The Soviet Union had sponsored the creation of Tajikistan as a Union Republic in 1929 partly to offer Iranians and Afghans a socialist model. And against the background of the Tajik SSR’s transformation into a “laboratory of socialist development” in the 1960s, Dushanbe also become a place of refuge and education for Iranian and Afghan socialists.3 The opening of a complex like I would like to thank the Volkswagen Foundation and the German Research Foundation for their support. I am also grateful to both Siarhei Bohdan and Natasha Klimenko at the Free University of Berlin for their feedback on various iterations of this article, and to Kurt Schultz of The Russian Review for guiding this article into print. The author acknowledges support by the Freie Universität Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • How Authoritarian Rulers Seek to Legitimize Repression: Framing Mass Killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan Edel, Mirjam; Josua, Maria
    www.ssoar.info How authoritarian rulers seek to legitimize repression: framing mass killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan Edel, Mirjam; Josua, Maria Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Edel, M., & Josua, M. (2018). How authoritarian rulers seek to legitimize repression: framing mass killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan. Democratization, 25(5), 882-900. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1439021 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-56784-1 DEMOCRATIZATION, 2018 VOL. 25, NO. 5, 882–900 https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1439021 How authoritarian rulers seek to legitimize repression: framing mass killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan Mirjam Edela and Maria Josuab aResearch Unit on Middle East and Comparative Politics, Institute of Political Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; bGIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg, Germany ABSTRACT How do authoritarian rulers legitimate repressive actions against their own citizens? Although most research depicts repression and legitimation as opposed strategies of political rule, justified coercion against some groups may generate legitimacy in the eyes of other parts of the population.
    [Show full text]