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Bitiruv Malakaviy Ishi O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI ANDIJON DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI TABIIY FANLAR FAKUL’TETI BIOLOGIYA VA EKOLOGIYA KAFEDRASI Qo`lyozma xuquqida XOJIRASULOV ODILBEK «ANDIJON VILOYATI SANOAT CHIQINDILARI MUAMMOSI» MAVZUSIDAGI 5630100-EKOLOGIYA VA ATROF MUXIT MUXOFAZASI talim yo`nalishi bo`yicha bakalavr akademik darajasini olish uchun yozilgan BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHI Ilmiy rahbar: b.f.n., dots. Naraliyeva N.M. ANDIJON– 2016 1 Kirish…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………….3 I-bob. Andijon viloyati haqida qisqacha ma’lumot........................................................................5 II -bob. Chiqindisiz va kam chiqindili texnologiyalar……………...………………………17 II.1. Plastmassa chiqindilarining atrof-muhitga ta’siri……………………………….……….……17 II.2. Plastmassa chiqindilari va ularga qayta ishlov berish usullari……………….……...…23 II.3. Sun’iy tolalar ishlab chiqarish jarayonlaridagi texnologik va ekologik muammolar va ularni hal etish yo‘llari……………………………………………..….................................29 II.4. Ip yigirish fabrikalarning texnologik va ekologik muammolari va ularni echish yo‘llari.......................................................................................................................................................................32 III-bob. Chorvachilik va parrandachilik komplekslari chiqindilarini qayta ishlashning ekologik ilmiy asoslari...............................................................................................................43 IV-bob. Sanoat korxonalari chikindilarini zararsizlantirish va tozalash usullari......................................................................................................................................................................................52 IV.1. Sanoat chiqindilarini qayta ishlash.......................................................................................................56 V-bob.Andijon viloyatining sanoat korxonalari va ularning ekalogiyaga ta’siri...........................................................................................................................................................................................59 V.1. Yoqilg‘i va energetika sanoati...................................................................................................................60 V.2. Mashinasozlik va metalni qayta ishlash sanoati.........................................................................60 V.3. Engil va oziq-ovqat sanoati...........................................................................................................................61 V.4. Qurilish materiallari sanoati.........................................................................................................................63 Hulosalar............................................................................................................................. ....................................................65 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar.....................................................................................................................................69 2 Kirish «Ekologiyani muhofaza qilish va atrof-muhitni asrab-avaylash, ayniqsa hozirgi anomal tabiiy o‘zgarishlar sharoitida Mingyillik deklaratsiyasida belgilangan maqsadlarga erishishda katta ahamiyat kasb etadi» Islom Karimov O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimov o‘zining “Yuksak ma’naviyat yengilmas kuch” asarida “Ta’lim-tarbiya tizimidagi isloxatlar boshlagan dastlabki yillarda, men jahon tajribasi va hayotida o‘zini ko‘p bor oqlagan haqiqatdan kelib chiqib, agar bu maqsadlarimizni muvaffaqiyatli ravishda amalga oshira olsak, tez orada hayotimizda ijobiy ma’nodagi “portlash effekti”ga, ya’ni, yangi ta’lim modelining kuchli samarasiga erishamiz”, deb ta’kidlagan edi[1]. Mavzuning dolzarbligi Mustaqillik tufayli respublikamiz sanoatida juda katta o‘zgarishlar va rivojlanishlar kuzatilmoqda. Buning yorqin o‘rnagi sifatida dunyodagi avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchi mamlakatlar qatoridan mustaxkam o‘rin egallaganligimizni ko‘rsatib o‘tishimiz mumkin. 1992 yili mustaqilligimizning dastlabki yillarida loyixalanib, qurilishi boshlangan va 1996 yili avgust oyida o‘zining ilk avtomobillarini ishlab chiqara boshlagan Asaka shahrida UzDEU avto (hozirda GM O‘zbekiston) qo‘shma korxonasi O‘zbekiston avtomobilsozligining to‘ng‘ichi va yetakchisi hisoblanadi. Hozirda ushbu korxona yiligi o‘n minglab avtomobillarni chet ellarga eksport qilmoqda va iqtisodiyotimizning yanada baquvvat bo‘lishiga xissa qo‘shmoqda. Respublikamizning ko‘plab oilalari ushbu korxonada ishlab chiqarilgan turli rusumdagi yengil avtomobillarga egadirlar. Ushbu avtomobillar insonlar uzog‘ini yaqin qilmoda. Lekin masalaning yana bir boshqa tomoni ham mavjudki, uni hisobga olish zarur. Ana avtomobillar va ularnig atrof-muxitga ko’rsatayotgan ta’siri bilan bog’liq. 3 Andijon viloyatining maydoni respublikada eng kichik, aholisining zichligi bo‘yicha esa birinchi o‘rinda turadi. Viloyatimiz shahar va qishloqlari yil sayin chiroy ochib bormoqda. Aholining turmush darajasi ham yuksalib bormoqda. Viloyatimiz jon boshiga to‘g‘ri keladigan avtomobillar bo‘yicha ham respublikada Toshkent viloyatidan keyingi o‘rinda turadi. Bu esa o‘z navbatida transport vositalari bilan bog‘liq muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi. Transport vositalarining atrof-muxitga ta’siri sezilarli bo‘lmoqda. Bu esa o‘z navbatida insonlar va boshqa tirik organizmlarga ham ta’sirini ko‘rsatmoqda. Tadqiqotning maqsadi – Andijon viloyatidagi sanoat chiqindilarini atrof-muxitga va inson salomatligiga ta’sirini o‘rganish va tegishli tavsiyalar berish Tadqiqotning vazifalari: - viloyat haqida ma’lumotlar bazasini shakllantirish; - viloyatdagi ekologik vaziyatni o’rganish; - sanoat chiqindi manbalarni aniqlash; - tumanda ekologik xolatning inson salomatligiga ta’sirini o’rganish; Tadqiqot ob’ekti va predmeti: Andijon viloyatidagi inson salomatligi, atrof- muxit muxofazasi Tadqiqot metodlari: statistika ma’lumotlari, adabiyotlar taxlili Tadqiqot natijalarining ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyati: turli davlat tashkilotlaridan olingan statistik ma’lumotlar va adabiyotlar taxlili natijasida to‘plangan yig‘ma ma’lumotlardan turli maqsadlarda, ayniqsa o‘quv jarayonlarida ham foydalanish mumkin. Ishning xajmi: ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishi kirish, v ta bob, xulosa, foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati, ilovalar, 6 ta jadval, 4 ta rasm va jami 71 betdan iborat. 4 I-Bob. Andijon viloyati haqida qisqacha ma’lumot Andijon viloyati tarkibida 14 tuman mavjud bo’lib, Aholi (2011) 4,232,300 (4- oʻrin), Zichligi 636,26 kishi./km² ni tashkil etadi. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi tarkibidagi viloyat. Fargʻona vodiysining sharqiy qismida. 1941-yil 6-martda tashkil etilgan. Maydoni 4,2 ming km². Axoliyey 2196,0 ming kishi (2000). Andijon viloyatida 14 qishloq tuman, 11 shahar va 95 qishloq fuqarolari yigʻini bor (2000). Markazi — Andijon shahri Andijon viloyati tumanlari haqida alohida maqolalarga q.; masalan, Asaka tumani, Shahrixon tumani va boshqa Oʻzbekiston mustaqillikka erishgandan soʻng Andijon viloyatida, boshqa viloyatlarda boʻlgani kabi, boshqaruvning tarixiy va milliy shakli — hokimlik oʻrnatildi. Natijada hokimliklarda koʻproq mustaqillik, oʻz hududida oʻz hukmi va soʻzining taʼsirini oshirish, xoʻjalik va iqtisodiy boshqaruvda qatʼiyat bilan ishlash imkoniyatlari paydo boʻldi. Hokimliklar hayotga hamda i.ch.ga yaqinlashdilar. Andijon viloyati hokimi Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti tomonidan tayinlanadi va lavozimidan ozod qilinadi hamda viloyat xalq deputatlari Kengashi tomonidan tasdiqdanadi.Bugungi kunda Andijon viloyati hokimi Shavkat Abrmduraxmonov. Andijon viloyati Respublikada alohida ahamiyatga ega. Katta-katta zavod va fabrikalar aynan Tabiati Andijon viloyati yer yuzasi asosan tekislik. Hozirgi relyefi va yer yuzasidagi jinslar toʻrtlamchi geologik davrning katta-kichik daryolari va irmoqlarining 5 faoliyatidan hosil boʻlgan. Viloyatning gʻarbiy qismi qirli tekislik (bal. 400–500 m), sharqi (Andijon shahridan sharda) Fargʻona va Olay tizmalarining jpflaridan iborat. Andijon viloyati geologik aktiv eonada joylashgan, kuchli zilzilalar bulib turadi (q. Andijon zilzilasi). Ixdimi keskin kontinental, quruq. Togʻ tkzmalari Fargʻona vodiysini sovuq xavoning kirib kelishidan toʻsib turganligi uchun qishda Andijon viloyatida ob-havo birmuncha barqaror. Yozi issiq, iyulning oʻrtacha temperaturasi 27,3°, kishi nisbatan sovuq, yanvarning oʻrtacha temperaturasi —3°. Vegetatsiya davri 217 kun. Yiliga 200 – 250 mm yogʻin tushadi. Av. Oʻzbekistonning boshqa viloyatlariga nisbatan suv resurslariga boy. Daryolari yogʻindan, togʻlarlagi koʻp yillik qor va muzliklardan suv oladi. Asosiy daryosi — Qoradaryo (Sirdaryo irmoklaridan biri). Uning irmoqlari — Moylisuv, Oqboʻra, Aravonsoy va boshqa Av. daryolarining suvi sugʻorish uchun ishlatiladi. Tuproklari boʻz, qoʻngʻir, oʻtloqi, oʻtloqi-botqoq tuproqlar, qumtosh, mergel, less va chaqirtoshlardan iborat. Bahorda adirlar efemer oʻsimliklar bilan qoplanaln. Av.ning ekin ekilmaydigan tekislik qismida shuvoq-shoʻra oʻsimliklari, togʻ yon bagʻirlarida pista, bodom oʻsadi. Yovvoyi hayvonlar (buri, tulki, qobon va boshqalar) kam uchraydi; sudraluvchilar, kemiruvchilar, qushlar, suv havzalarida baliqlar bor. Aholisining koʻpchiligini oʻzbeklar tashkil etadi. Qirgʻizlar, Tojiklar, Uygʻurlar, Ruslar, Koreyslar, Qangli VA boshqalar ham bor. Rossiya Qoʻqon xonligini bosib olgach, bu yerga rus, ukrain, tatar, arman, yahudiy va boshqa kuchib kelgan. 1 km² ga oʻrtacha 517 kishi toʻgʻri keladi. Milliy tarkibi: oʻzbeklar
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