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Unsilencing and Silences Topography and Memory of the 1950S White Terror in Taiwan Through a Gender Lens

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Unsilencing and Silences Topography and Memory of the 1950S White Terror in Taiwan Through a Gender Lens Unsilencing and Silences Topography and Memory of the 1950s White Terror in Taiwan through a Gender Lens By Liao, Ya-Nan Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Erasmus Mundus Master Degree in Women’s and Gender Studies Main supervisor: Dr. habil. Andrea Pető, Central European University Support supervisor: Dr. Berteke Waaldijk, Utrecht University Budapest, Hungary CEU eTD Collection 2016 Unsilencing and Silences Topography and Memory of the 1950s White Terror in Taiwan through a Gender Lens By Liao, Ya-Nan Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Erasmus Mundus Master Degree in Women’s and Gender Studies Main supervisor: Dr. habil. Andrea Pető, Central European University Support supervisor: Dr. Berteke Waaldijk, Utrecht University Approved by CEU eTD Collection ______________________ Andrea Pető Budapest, Hungary 2016 Abstract This thesis disentangles the memory politics of the 1950s White Terror in Taiwan through a gender lens. I draw on concepts of gender studies and memory studies in political violence. Specifically, my focus is the process of silencing on experiences of the 1950s leftist female political prisoners in the Preparatory Office of the National Human Rights Museum (PONHRM), Taiwan’s official memorial institution. The aim of this thesis is twofold: to problematize this official silencing and to analyze the un-official unsilencing on it. I ask the questions: in Taiwan’s National Human Rights Museum (PONHRM), what role does gender play in official silencing on the 1950s leftist women, and how can un-official private testimonies of these women challenge it? My analysis focuses on two official published anthologies of the 1950s White Terror, two memorial installations in Green Island Human Rights Memorial Park – a PONHRM’s memorial site – and two un-official testimonies of the 1950s female leftists. In my analysis, I observe three representational frameworks in official memory – (1) innocence and non-insurgency, (2) normalizing experiences of male political ex- prisoners and (3) familial relationality. My argument is that official memory of the 1950s White Terror depoliticizes women’s political activism and mobilization through an image of a victimized mother in these frameworks. Further, I argue that as counter-memories against PONHRM’s official memory, the two un-official testimonies of the 1950s female leftists show a conceptual visibility of the 1950s women as politicized and mobilized subjects. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Andrea Pető. Through out this year, she not only has deepened my knowledge of gender and memories studies, but also has guided and supported me in many decisions. It was my pleasure to work with Professor Pető. I would also like to thank my support supervisor Professor Waaldijk for her patience and help to improve my grammatical mistakes and thesis structure. Also, I would like to thanks Chuan-Kai Lin for his recommendations on the White Terror literature when I was confused and lost. My best friends, Jer-Yu, and Yuan-Cheng for accompanying me through the anxiety and pressure I could not handle with by myself in April. My beloved friends in 02 Student Group in Tainan for your endless love and support during this thesis writing period. Pei-Wen, Boi-Ya, Jocelyn, and Yi-Hsuan for being there with me. And finally, I would like to thanks Ms Chang-Mei Chang. Without you and your continuous struggle for voices of the 1950s leftist women, I would not be able to write this thesis. CEU eTD Collection ii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviation ................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 My Encounter with Ms Chang-Mei Chang ............................................................................ 2 Research Question .................................................................................................................. 3 Theoretical Contribution ........................................................................................................ 4 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1 Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Gender, Violence and Conflicts ....................................................................................... 7 Women as Political Actors in (Armed) Conflicts .................................................... 10 Sexual Violence and Abuse...................................................................................... 11 1.2 Gender and Remembering Political Violence ................................................................ 14 Artefactual Memorial Installations........................................................................... 16 Testimony ................................................................................................................. 18 1.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2 Contextualizing the 1950s White Terror and Its Memory Politics .......................... 20 2.1 Authoritarian State-Building and Anti-Communist Ideology ........................................ 20 CEU eTD Collection “Rebellion Act” and “Banditry Act” ........................................................................ 22 2.2 Memory Politics of the 1950s White Terror after 1998 ................................................. 24 The Enactment of “Redress Regulation” ................................................................. 24 2.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 27 iii Chapter 3 Gendering the National Human Rights Museum .................................................... 29 3.1 Analytical materials........................................................................................................ 29 Testimonies in Museum Published Anthologies ...................................................... 29 The Installations in Memorial Park .......................................................................... 31 3.2 Official Testimonies of the 1950s White Terror Survivors............................................ 33 The Omission of Leftist Female Political Prisoners................................................. 33 The Death Notice ..................................................................................................... 36 The Household Raid by Secret Agents .................................................................... 39 3.3 Gender in the Green Island Human Rights Memorial Park ........................................... 42 Shedding Tears Plaque............................................................................................. 42 The Series of Illustrations Torture ........................................................................... 45 3.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 4 Unsilencing the 1950s Leftist Female Political Prisoners ....................................... 49 4.1 Materials of Analysis ..................................................................................................... 50 Biographies of Ms Min-Chuan Chiang and Ms Su-Mei Hsiao ................................ 52 4.2 The Construction of a Rebellious Self ........................................................................... 54 4.3 Gender in the Underground Communist Movement ...................................................... 59 4.4 The Understatement of Interrogation and Torture ......................................................... 62 4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 66 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 68 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 70 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 73 CEU eTD Collection iv List of Abbreviation CDSA the Central Department of Social Affairs CPC the Communist Party of China FPPA The Formosan Political Prisoners Association GIHRMP Green Island Human Rights Memorial Park KMT Kuomintang (the Chinese
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