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_____ /3 /00 714T!hb' / W N' 'C N, 2' "K / 2"' $ / N S '¾ "Ky" 7 N, 2 / '-7. Public Disclosure Authorized Y 7' >2 "2'N < « N N 7" '- "'N7' C. 7. '7"" ¾ 4vY> ;">2; \ 2'$4NN, N)' ' / -. ' ½ 'Wanscarpathian Bio4htersitrIbM 4 ctioni Pe4ect S t * ' C / ' N A "K ' / "'>2 , "14 I / '-<Kr) Public Disclosure Authorized 7 K ,K.t / N -' C? / C, N / <4 / * / ' " K N Public Disclosure Authorized 7¾ 77$ C> 7' N / / '-•1' / ProjectDocument N July1993 >7 A A 4 "C. N - Public Disclosure Authorized / / N. 'N. *C' * ' 7 7 / N 4 V ' '>7 K'> .' C " THS WORLDOANk N N ' 4?' <KX' GEF Docume'ntation The Global Environment F-acility(GEPi assistsdeveloping countries to protect theglobal environment infour areas,:'global, warming, pollution of internationalwaters, destructionofbiodiversity, and depletion ofthe ozone layer. The GEF isjointly implemented, V bytheUnited Nations Development Programme, theUnited Nations Environment Programme, andthe World.Bank. GEF Working Papers - identifiedby the burgundy band on their Govers - provide' generalinformation onthQ Facility's work and miore specific information onmethodological approaches,scientific and technical issues, and policy anid strategic rnatters. GEF Proje-ct Documents - identified,bya green band 7 provide'extendedproject- specificinformation. The impleme-nting agency.responsible foreach project is identifiedby its logoon the cover of the document. Reports by the Chairman - identifiedby a blueband - areprepared by the Off ice of theGEF Administrator in collaboration with fth-'three GEF imple'menting agencies for the biannualParticipants' Meetings. TheGEF Administrator 1818,H Street, NW Washington,DC 20433 USA Telephone:(202) 473-1053 Fax:(202) 477-0551 CURRENCYEQUIVALENT (April 1993) 2,690 Karbovanets(Kb) = US$ 1 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES The metric system is used throughoutthis report. GLOSSARYOF ABBREVIATIONS CBR - Carpathians Biosphere Reserve cIS - Commonwealthof IndependentStates DPRA - Departmentof Protectedand RecreationAreas ECU - European Currency Unit EC - European Community GEF - Global Environmental Facili.y GET - Global Environmiental Trust Fund GIS - Geographic Information System GDP - Gross Domestic Product IBR - InternationalBiosphere Reserve (Slovak, Poland and Ukraine) IBRD - InternationalBank for Reconstructionand Development ICB - International Competitive Bidding IMF - International Monetary Fund IUCN - InternationalUnion for the Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources LCB - Local Competitive Bidding MEP - Ministry for EnvironmentalProtection PMU - Project Management Unit SOE - Statement of Expenditure TA - Technical Assistance FISCAL YEAR January 1 to December31 UKRAINE TRANSCARPATHIAN BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION PROJECT GRANT AND PROJECT SUMMARY RECIPIENT: Ukraine, Ministry of EnvironmentalProtection AMOUNT: 400,000 SDR TERMS: Grant ONLENDING: Not applicable FINANCINGPLAN: Local Foreign Total Source (US$ Million) GET Grant 0.250 0.250 0.500 MacArthur FoundationGrant 0.000 0.010 0.010 Government 0.070 0.000 0.070 TOTAL 0.320 0.260 0.580 ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN: Not calculated, though substantialeconomic and environmentalbenefits. STAFFT1ECHNICAL REPORT: Report No. 12718-UAdated January 1994 MAPS: 1. TranscarpathianBiodiversity Protection Project IBRD Map No. 25416 2. GEF BiodiversityProjects: East Carpathians IBRD Map No. 25417 3. SuggestedPriorities for Environmental Protectionand Natural ResourceManagement IBRD Map No. 25415 MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE COUNTRY DEPARTMENT TO THE REGIONAL VICE PRESIDENT Background 1. Sevenecological communities transect Ukraine: Europeanbroadleafed forests, the northern taiga, the interior steppe, semi-arid sands and marshes near the Black and Azov Seas, the seaside littoral estuaries of large rivers such as the Dnieper, and the sub-tropicalpine and chaparral of Crimea. The forest sector of Ukraine (10 million ha, 14 percent of the land area) is under great environmentalstress, impacted by poor forestry and agriculturalpractices and, in some areas, by air pollution. The East Carpathianmountains are a significantpart of this forest resource and are recognizedas a key center of endemism. Steps to protect the area are urgently required. 2. The Governmentand the World Bank are presently finalizinga Joint EnvironmentalStudy. This study includeda review of nature reserve and park managementneeds in the country. The establishment of reserves for the protectionof unique naturalecosystems and genetic resourcesof plant and animalsis an important challenge recognizedby the Governmentof Ukraine'. The network of protected areas includes 15 strict nature reserves (Zapovedniki),3 NationalParks, 2 BiosphereReserves and many other protected landscapes, zoological and botanic gardens and other locally significant reserves. Some 2 percent of the country is under some form of nature protection. 3. The Governmentis also restructuringits national forest managementplans. Timber cutting is prohibited on 30 percent of the forested areas. The governmentis taking measures to strengthen the managementof the forests and also to extend forest cover in the country. 4. The Eastern CarpathianMountains along the borders of the SlovakRepublic, Poland and Ukraine contain some of the least disturbed ecosystemsin Eastern Europe The Carpathianscontain one quarter of the flora of Europe and many endemicand medicinalplants useful to l ankind. The largest remaining European stand (10,900 ha) of virgin beech forest is standing in the Carpathians. This is a remarkable natural resource for the rest of Europe, which has lost such undisturbed areas. A part of the East Carpathians has been formally designatedby Ukraine as the CarpathiansBiosphere Reserve under the UNESCO Man and the BiosphereProgram. 5. Carpathians Biosphere Reserve The UkrainianCarpathians contain unique preserved areas of beech and spruce forests of significancefor analyzingthe developmenthistory of the East Carpathians vegetation. The first reserve of beech and fir-beechforests was created in 1932 on the Stuzicamountain slopes. Since that time the Reserve has been enlarged to 2,952 ha and included in the Ukrainian CarpathiansBiosphere Reserve (CBR). The CBR was created in 1991 with a total area of 38,930 ha, which is subdividedinto a reserve zone (21,879 ha), a buffer zone (8,949 ha), and a conservativenature managementzone (8,071 ha). The reserve zone includesthe Stuzica scenic reserve, and four separately located forest or alpine areas. These areas are the Khustmassif, the Ugolsko-ShyrokoluyLansky Massif, the Chornogirs'ky massif and the Maramoros'kymassif. 1/ Ukraine National Report, UN Conference on Environment and Development, Brazil 1992. 2 Rationalefor GEF Involvement 6. The GEF project has been accordedhigh priority by the Government. However, funds are not available in Ukraine to carry out the work proposed here The Governmentdoes not want to borrow external resourcesfor it at market rates of interest. The GEF projectwould provide the Governmentwith urgently needed support to assess and redress the environmentaldamage to Ukraine's forests. 7. The Eastern Carpathians share transboundaryecosystems. The programs developed for their integrated managementwill be of internationalutility. The global significanceof the areas initially selected is confirmed and supportedby their designationsby UNESCO and the World Wildlife Fund (International),being identified among the "existingecological bricks" of Europe. 8. This project will constitutea contributionto the GEF Portfolio. In its efforts to preserve global biodiversity, the GEF will encountermore of the transboundaryissues being addressed in this project. It will also frequently encounter the need to balance in-situ and ex-situ preservation with innovative techniques. It will, in particular, face the conflictingdemands of a resident populationwhich can be either a force for further eroding biodiversityor a potent ally in its preservation. In these ways, the progress of this project will be germaneto ongoingactivities of the GEF and have utility as a case study in trying to incorporate communityparticipaiton. Project Objective 9. The objectivesof this project are to: (a) Incorporatethis small UkrainianGEF project ($500,000) as an add-on to the proposed Slovak Biodiversity Protection Project (GEF $2.3 million). The innovation being supportedunder the Ukrainian project is threefold: this would be the first GEF project in the Ukraine, the first trilateral transboundaryproject supportedunder the GEF, and the first three-country Trust Fund to be organized for biodiversityprotection. The MacArthurFoundation of Chicago, Illinois is willing to contribute $300,000 to initiate this CarpathianBiodiversity Protection Trust Fund. (b) Supportthe Ukrainianportion of the overalltrilateral effort (Ukraine, Polandand Slovak) to protect habitat fragments, stop species loss and upgrade habitat management. (c) Developand implementthe legal, institutionaland administrativeinterventions to achieve the long term protection of the area in Ukraine as well as the abutting zones in Poland and the Slovak Republic. 3 10. The project would start with an ecologicalperspective and includes both in-situ and ex-situ2 components to conserve biodiversity. This would entail a program approach involvingscientific study of the flora and fauna of the selected key endangeredforests, includingthreats to their viability from human pressures, and developing options to ensure the conservationof species considered at risk. Modem approaches of conservation biology and restoration ecology will
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  • The Lichen Genus Opegrapha Sl in Poland

    The Lichen Genus Opegrapha Sl in Poland

    Monographiae Botanicae 107 Monographiae Botanicae 107 Anetta Wieczorek The lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland: morphological variability, ecology, and distribution Monographiae Botanicae 107 Monographiae Botanicae 107 Ofcial publication of the Polish Botanical Society Anetta Wieczorek The lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland: morphological variability, ecology, and distribution Wrocław 2018 Editor-in-Chief of the series Zygmunt Kącki, University of Wrocław, Poland Honorary Editor-in-Chief Krystyna Czyżewska, University of Łódź, Poland Chairman of the Editorial Council Jacek Herbich, University of Gdańsk, Poland Editorial Council Idoia Biurrun, University of the Basque Country, Spain Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo, University of Catania, Italy Jan Holeksa, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Czesław Hołdyński, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Bogdan Jackowiak, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Zbigniew Mirek, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Valentina Neshataeva, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Marcin Nobis, Jagiellonian University, Poland Arkadiusz Nowak, University of Opole, Poland Vilém Pavlů, Crop Research Institute, Czech Republic Agnieszka Anna Popiela, University of Szczecin, Poland Lucyna Śliwa, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Iveta Škodová, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia David Zelený, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Jan Żarnowiec, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland Editorial Secretary Grzegorz Swacha, University of Wrocław, Poland Managing/Production Editor Piotr Otręba, Polish Botanical Society, Poland Reviewers of the volume Damien Ertz, Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium Laszlo Lőkös, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary Lucyna Śliwa, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Editorial ofce University of Wrocław Botanical Garden H.