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Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 36 (2021): a009 https://doi.org/10.21426/B636052326

Developing the GIS-based maps of the geomorphological and phytogeographical division of the for routine use in biogeography

ANDRIY NOVIKOV

Department of Biosystematics and Evolution of the State Natural History Museum of the NAS of , Teatralna str. 18, 79008 (Ukraine)

email: [email protected]

Keywords: biogeography, mesoregional division, shapefile, Ukrainian Carpathians.

SUMMARY The paper introduces GIS-based maps of the geomorphological and phytogeographical division of the Ukrainian Carpathians (a part of Eastern Carpathian Mts.), which were developed for routine use in biogeography and based on the consolidation of the existing publications. The map of the geomorphological division includes 57 OGUs (operational geographic units), and the map of the phytogeographical division – 18 OGUs of the lowest rank. Geomorphological units are supported with available synonyms, which should help in work with different topic-related Ukrainian publications. Both maps follow strict hierarchical classification and are briefly discussed.

INTRODUCTION Tsys (1962, 1968) published the first The Ukrainian Carpathians (UC) is part of the complete geomorphologic division of the UC. Eastern Carpathian mountain province Besides five mountainous regions, this division (Kondracki 1989), artificially delimited by the also included adjacent foothills and lowlands western border of Ukraine and covering about (Ciscarpathia and Transcarpathia) and 24,000 km2. In general, these are not high comprised 36 districts. Such regionalization of mountains – only seven peaks of the UC the UC was further developed by many slightly exceed 2000 m of elevation, and all Ukrainian scientists (Herenchuk 1968, these peaks, including the highest point of Marynych et al. 1985, 2003, Voropay & Ukraine, Mt. (2061 m a.s.l.), are Kunytsia 1996, Melnyk 1999, Slyvka 2001, concentrated in the same mountain Kravchuk 1999, 2005, 2008, Rudenko 2004), range (Hiletskyi 2006). including those working in the field of biogeography (Kruhlov 2008, 2012, Korzhyk et al. 2015, Cherepanyn 2017, Korzhyk 2018). It to develop an advanced phytogeographical also served as a basis for the floristic division of the Carpathians and delimited six regionalization of the UC, which delimits nine counties and 18 regions laid on the Ukrainian floristic regions, and is most widely applied for territory. phytogeographical purposes in Ukraine Kruhlov (Kruhlov 2008, 2012), based (Chopyk 1977, Chopyk & Fedoronchuk 2015). on the ideas of Miller & Fedirko (1990) and Despite the long history of investigation, Melnyk (1999), combined geomorphological divisions of the UC lack consistency in terms of and ecological data and proposed one of the a hierarchical classification of the operational most recent regionalizations of the UC. The geographic units (OGUs) and common first version of this division (Kruhlov 2008) principles of their delimitation (Hiletskyi 2012, included 33 ‘morphogenic meso-ecoregions’, Feoli et al. 2019). In particular, OGUs of the but later was completed (Kruhlov 2012), and same hierarchical level can differ by area by covered 44 OGUs grouped in 15 main classes orders of magnitude (e.g., Skolivski Beskydy or (including island OGUs attached to the main Transcarpathia), have no clearly argued limits Carpathian mountain range). This division is (e.g., Krayovi and Zovnishni one of the most comprehensive, combining Gorgany), are delimited without reason (e.g., different aspects of spatial, geological, Chyvchyny Mts., which are consistent with geomorphological, and ecological analyses and Marmarosh Mts., are often delimited in clusterization of obtained OGUs. Like Korzhyk Ukrainian papers), or are excessively split (e.g., et al. (2015) and Korzhyk (2018), Kruhlov’s certain regions of Yalovychory Mts. and division is also GIS-based, with the OGUs of Ciscarpathia), even in the same publication comparable size and more or less strict (e.g., Tasenkevich 2004, Kruhlov 2012, hierarchy. However, due to the application of Chopyk & Fedoronchuk 2015). The ecological factors (i.e., bioclimatic elevation delimitation principles of natural belts that are delimited based on the vegetation geomorphological OGUs of the UC are best belts, the sum of active annual temperatures, described by Hiletskyi (2012). A well-argued and insolation), the separation and delimitation congruence of the natural geomorphological of some meso-ecoregions (e.g., Hutsulska OGUs has been reached by Korzhyk et al. , Inner and Outer Bukovyna Mts., (2015) and Korzhyk (2018). However, these Krayovi and Zovnishni Gorgany) are debatable. divisions cover only the part of the Ukrainian Carpathian Region (UCR) that includes the In 2015, in the frames of the mountainous part (the UC) and adjacent investigations of the distribution of endemic territories. plants in the Carpathian Mts., the necessity of a GIS-based map of the geomorphological Kondracki (1989) proposed the division of the UC arose (Novikoff & Hurdu, geomorphological division of the Carpathians 2015). The map of Kruhlov (2008, 2012) was with different regionalization of its Ukrainian the only one completely covering the UC part. Following this scheme, the UC covers five region and GIS-based simultaneously, but due macroregions and 17 mesoregions (some of the to the above-mentioned issues, it was macroregions have no subdivision). In contrast dismissed. Similarly, Kruhlov’s map did not to the division of Tsys (1962), the division of find wide application among other scientists. Kondracki (1989) is much better known outside Hence, starting from all mentioned above of Ukraine. It is often applied for contemporary publications, a consolidated scheme for the biogeographical studies in the Carpathian geomorphological division of the UC following region (Kukuła et al. 2003, Zemanek 2009, ideas of hierarchy and nomenclature of Mráz & Ronikier 2016, Kłapyta 2020). Also, biogeographic units (Cox 2001, Kreft & Jetz Tasenkevich (2004) used Kondracki’s scheme 2010, Morrone 2018, Cervellini et al. 2020)

2 Biogeographia 36: a009 Novikov, 2021 was developed and reported at the conference to natural barriers (i.e., river valleys). In case if “Biogeography of the Carpathians” in Cluj, the limits of the OGUs did not correspond to in 2017 (Novikov & Hurdu 2017). the natural barriers (e.g., went along or crossed The preliminary version of the the mountain ridges, went along the river valley geomorphological division of the UC but was shifted to higher elevation), they were comprised three hierarchical levels and 53 bookmarked as having problematic topology, OGUs of the lowest level (mesoregions). Later, and after that corrected using QGIS in-built based on newly received data and revisions facilities. Hence, the primary limits of (e.g., Chorney 2011, Korzhyk et al. 2015, geomorphological and phytogeographical Korzhyk 2018), this scheme was improved (i.e., OGUs were ascertained based on the mentioned limits of some mesoregions were corrected, maps and later clarified and corrected synonyms were completed, and the division concerning other published materials. In was revised). Here we would like to introduce particular, the consolidated map of the final version of this scheme and an adapted geomorphological division of the UCR was scheme of Tasenkevich’s (2004, 2005) developed based on the analysis of the phytogeographical division of the UC to help following principal publications dealing with other scientists in their biogeographical physical and geographical aspects of the UCR explorations. regionalization: Dolenko (1962), Tsys (1962), Kondracki (1989), Gofstein (1995), Voropay & Kunytsia (1996), Melnyk (1999), Kravchuk MATERIALS AND METHODS (1999, 2005, 2008), Slyvka (2001), Marynych et al. (2003), Rudenko (2004), Kruhlov (2008, The map was developed in QGIS 3 2012), Korzhyk et al. (2015), and Korzhyk (https://www.qgis.org/) environment with the (2018). The map of phytogeographical division application of the Diva-GIS shapefile of the of the UCR was developed based on the map administrative borders (https://www.diva- published by Tasenkevich (2004, 2005) and, gis.org/Data), the 15 arc-second resolution layer after that, partly adapted to the natural limits of of the river network (https://geodata.lib.ut geomorphological units. exas.edu/catalog/stanford-pv700jx1402), and the sublayer of OpenStreetMap (OSM, The final maps, represented in this https://www.openstreetmap.org/). First, the paper, were reprojected using pseudo-Mercator background sublayer of OSM was imported to WGS 84 coordinate system (3857) and the QGIS. After that, the shapefiles of extracted as independent ESRI shapefiles administrative borders and water bodies were excluding other sublayers. uploaded to the project and converted to the WGS 84 coordinate system (EPSG 4326). The initial maps of Tsys (1962), Kondracki (1989), RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tasenkevich (2004, 2005), and Chopyk & The map of the geomorphological Fedoronchuk (2015) were scanned and, after division of the UCR includes three main levels that, georeferenced in QGIS 3 with the of OGUs – subprovinces, macroregions, and following transformation settings: linear mesoregions. The intermediate OGU level transformation type and the “Nearest neighbor” between macro- and mesoregions was resampling method. Finally, the map of additionally ascertained. In total, 57 OGUs of Kruhlov’s division also was uploaded to the mesoregional level were delimited in frames of initial project. As a result, we obtained several this map (Figure 1, Table 1, Supplementary File overlapping semitransparent layers, which were 1). visually inspected and analysed on consistency

Novikov, 2021 Biogeographia 36: a009 3

Figure 1. Map of the mesoregional geomorphological division of the Ukrainian Carpathians. cc – Ciscarpathia mesoregions, oc – Outer Eastern Carpathian mesoregions, ic – Inner Eastern Carpathian mesoregions, and tc – Transcarpathia. The abbreviations are transcribed in the Table 1. Bold brown lines indicate the country borders. Narrow black lines indicate the limits of mesoregional OGUs. The top arrow indicates the North direction. For a better perception of the map, some of the main cities in the region are indicated by white circle with central point.

Table 1. Hierarchy and synonymy of OGUs delimited for the map of the geomorphological division of the Ukrainian Carpathians.

OGU Level 3 OGU Level 2 (Intermediate OGU Level 3 OGU Level 4 OGU Level 1 OGU Level 2 OGU Level 4 ID (Macroregions sub- OGU (Mesoregions = (Subprovinces) synonyms synonyms = Oblasts) macroregional synonym Districts) OGUs) Sandomierz Kotlina Ternogorod Płaskowyż cc1 Basin Sandomierska Plateau Tarnogrodzki Peremyshel- cc2 Dobromyr Pogórze Przemyskie Highland Sian- cc3 Oversian Basin Lowland Peredkarpathia, Stryvigor- Ciscarpathia Ciscarpathia cc4 Beskyd Prybeskidske Bolozivka Stryvigor Highland Ciscarpathia Peredkarpathia Highland Upper-Dnister Dnister-Svicha cc5 Depression Lowland cc6 Highland Morshyn -Zhuravne cc7 Highland region

4 Biogeographia 36: a009 Novikov, 2021 Dolyno- cc8 Zalissia Highland Bolokhivskyi region -Kalush cc9 Limnytsia region Depression Prylukva cc10 Lukva Highland Highland cc11 Gorgany Gorganske Depression Ciscarpathia Peredkarpathia Mizhbystritske Interbystrytsia Horbogirria, cc12 Highland Gvizdtske Horbogirria - -Bystritsia cc13 Highland Highland Prut-Lyuchka cc14 Highland - cc15 Highland - cc16 Plain cc17 - Pokutsko- Pokuttia Highland Bukovyna Bukovinske Seret- cc18 Ciscarpathia Peredkarpathia Highland Seret-Prut cc19 Highland cc20 Highland Upper Dnister Verkhniodnisterski oc1 Eastern Shidni Beskyds Beskyds Beskydy Beskyds Beskydy oc2 Skole Beskyds Svitsko-Mizunski oc3 Gorgany Arshytsia-Ilemski oc4 Gorgany Verkhniolimnytski oc5 Gorgany Chunk Skybovi Gorgany Syvuliansko- Gorgany Gorgany oc6 Stanymyrski Gorgany Dovbushanski oc7 Gorgany Zaprutski oc8 Gorgany oc9 Pokutsko- Pokuttia Mts. Pokuttia- Bukovynski oc10 Bukovyna Mts. Bukovyna Mts. Karpaty Striy-Sian oc11 Verkhovyna Outer Eastern Siansko- Waterdivided oc12 Carpathians Sian-Rika Ritska Mountain Range Verkhovyna Verkhovyna - oc13 Mizhgiriya Verkhovyna Waterdivided- Vododilno- Torunsko- Verkhovyna Verhovynski oc14 Bertianski Carpathians Karpaty Waterdivided Pryvododilni Gorgany Gorgany Gorgany Bratkivski oc15 Gorgany oc16 Bystrytsia- Hutsulska Depression Selatyn Verkhovyna -Putyla oc17 Lowland Valley Bieszczady oc18 High Bieszczady Wysokie oc19 Bukovske Vrchy Bukovské Vrchy Polonynas- oc20 Polonynas Polonyna Rivna Polonyna Runa Chorhohora Polonyna oc21 Carpathians Borzhava oc22 Polonyna Krasna oc23 - Svydovets

Novikov, 2021 Biogeographia 36: a009 5 Chornohora oc24 Chornohora Carpathians oc25 Gryniava- Gryniava Yalovychory oc26 Yalovychory Losoviy Carpathians Tsyrokh- Berezne- Tsyrokh-Borzava Berezne-Lipshansk ic1 Borzava Lipshansk Valley Valley Valley Valley ic2 Vygorlat Volcanic ic3 Makovytsia Carpathians Vygorlat- ic4 Syniak Gutyn ic5 Inner Eastern Velykiy Dil Carpathians ic6 Carpathians Tupiy ic7 Oas Gutyn ic8 - Massif Maramures ic9 Depression Apshytsia Massif Maramures Marmarosh Depression Maramures Marmarosh ic10 Maramures Mts. Marmarosh Mts. Mts. Mts. Tysa Lowland, Transcarpathian tc1 Pannonian Transcarpathia Zakarpattia Prytysenska Dolina, Lowland Tysenska Dolina

Figure 2. Map of the phytogeographical division of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The abbreviations are transcribed in the Table 2. Bold brown lines indicate the country borders. Narrow black lines indicate the limits of phytogeographical OGUs. The top arrow indicates the North direction. For a better perception of the map, some of the main cities in the region are indicated by white circle with central point.

6 Biogeographia 36: a009 Novikov, 2021 Challenges were found in the use of follow Tasenkevich’s concept, which different toponyms for the same OGU in ascertained three main levels of phytochorions Ukrainian publications (e.g., Transcarpathian – sector, county, and district. Besides this, Lowland sometimes is also mentioned as Tysa Tasenkevich also distinguished a fourth level of Lowland, Prytysenska Dolina, or Tysenska subdistricts for certain OGUs, but only a few of Dolina). Therefore, special attention was paid them lay in the UC. The only exception was the to the search and verification of available additional inclusion of the Transcarpathian synonyms, which, if recognized, were provided Lowland as an independent unit to this map. As in the select columns near each OGU. a result, this map has three hierarchical levels The hierarchy, subdivision, and IDs of with 19 lowest OGUs (Figure 2, Table 2, the OGUs of the developed map of the Supplementary File 2). phytogeographical division of the UCR strictly

Table 2. Hierarchy and synonymy of OGUs delimited for the map of the phytogeographical division of the Ukrainian Carpathians.

ID Sector County District Subdistrict Peremyshel-Dobromyr 10.0.1 Ciscarpathia Highland 10.0.2 Ukrainian Ciscarpathia 11.0.1.1 High Bieszczady Bieszczady 11.0.1.2 Bukovské Vrchy 11.0.2 Eastern Beskyds Upper Dnister Beskyds 11.0.3 Skole Beskyds 11.0.4 Bukovets 12 Gorgany Gorgany 13.0.1 Rivna 13.0.2 Polonynas Borzhava Eastern Carpathians 13.0.3 Krasna 14.0.1 Svydovets 14.0.2 Chornohora 14.0.3 Gryniava-Yalovychory Pokuttia-Bukovyna 14.0.4.1 Pokuttia-Maramures Pokuttia Mts. 14.0.5.1 Maramures Maramures Mts. Maramures 14.0.5.2 Depression 15.0.1 Vygorlat Vygorlat-Gutyn (Volcanic) 15.0.2 Makovytsia-Oas 28 Pannonian Transcarpathia Transcarpathia

The map of the phytogeographical not belong to the in a division of the UC does not fully correspond to strict sense (Kliment et al. 2016, Mráz & the outlines of the map of geomorphological Ronikier 2016) but rather represent adjacent division due to several reasons. First, as independent highland and/or lowland territories mentioned before, Tasenkevich (2004, 2005) (Kondracki 1989, Kravchuk 1999, Tasenkevich developed her map based on the Carpathian 2004). Similarly, in his first version, Kruhlov division of Kondracki (1989), which was (2008) did not consider these territories. schematic and, as a result, not always clearly However, he introduced them to the second followed the natural limits. Moreover, extended version of the map (Kruhlov 2012) as Kondracki omitted the Ciscarpathia and independent geomorphological units belonging Transcarpathia in his division because they do to the UCR in a broad sense. Interestingly,

Novikov, 2021 Biogeographia 36: a009 7 Ciscarpathia and some of Transcarpathia OGUs advice regarding limits about some problematic were introduced by Kruhlov (2012) as isolated mesoregions of the UC. island units. Nevertheless, the Carpathian Mountains SUPPLEMENTARY FILES have a strong influence on the flora of the adjacent territories, and therefore they are often Supplementary File 1. Compressed archive in considered a part of the UCR and included in .rar format with shape files for the analyses by Ukrainian florists (Fodor 1974, mesoregional geomorphological division of the Chopyk 1977, Tkachyk 2000, Pryhara 2013, Ukrainian Carpathians. Chopyk & Fedoronchuk, 2015). On the other Supplementary File 2. Compressed archive in side, Transcarpathia is a floristically unique .rar format with shape files for the territory that belongs to the Pannonian phytogeographical division of the Ukrainian biogeographic region (Fodor 1974, Carpathians. Tasenkevich 2006, Sundseth 2009, Fekete et al. 2016). This was the reason why Tasenkevich (2004) included to her map only a narrow strap REFERENCES of Ciscarpathia basing on the eastern Cervellini, M., Zannini, P., Di Musciano, M., et al. distribution limit of the mixed fir-beech forests (2020) A grid-based map for the and did not include Transcarpathia. Biogeographical Regions of Europe. It was not our intention to engage in the Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e53720. DOI: debates about the appropriateness of inclusion 10.3897/BDJ.8.e53720 of Transcarpathia and Ciscarpathia in the UC, Cherepanyn, R. (2017). Arctic-alpine plant species and our decision was based on simple technical of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Publishing house reason: these regions can be helpful for the of Precarpathian National analysis of the distribution of some taxa that are University, Ivano-Frankivsk. [In Ukrainian] spread out of the UC (e.g., subendemics) and as Chopyk, V.I. (1977) Identification key for the plants transitional/buffer biogeographical zones of Ukrainian Carpathians. Naukova dumka, (Lenormand et al. 2019). The built maps can be . [In Ukrainian] modified for different purposes, and, if needed, Chopyk, V.I. & Fedoronchuk, M.M. (2015) Flora of Transcarpathia and Ciscarpathia OGUs can be Ukrainian Carpathians, Terno-Graph, Ternopil. easily excluded from the analyses. If we would [In Ukrainian] not include these regions, their delimitation could be challenging for other researchers due Chorney, I.I. (2011) The place of Chyvchyn- Grynyava Mountains in the floristic zonation of to scattered and published mainly in Ukrainian the Ukrainian Carpathians. Scientific Principles data. of Biodiversity Conservation, 2 (1), 229–242. [In Ukrainian] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cox, B. (2001) The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography, 28 (4), We thank Dr. Ivan Kruhlov, who kindly 511–523. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00 provided the initial shapefile of his eco- 566.x mesoregional division of the UC, Dr. Bogdan Dolenko, G.N. (1962) Geology of oil and gas in Hurdu for assistance in developing and Carpathians. AS of USSR, Kyiv. [In Russian] correcting the initial map of the mesoregional division of the UC, and Dr. Sci. Illia Chorney Fekete, G., Király, G. & Molnár Z. (2016) for help searching the publications and valuable Delineation of the Pannonian vegetation region. Community Ecology, 17(1), 114–124.

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