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Wisconsin Magazine of History A Groivth Industry. The Wisconsin Aluminum Cookwarc Industry, 1893-1920 JAMES M. ROCK TIte Lawyer in Wisconsin, 1836-1860: A Profile HOWARD FEIGENBAUM John F. Potter, Consul General to British Horth America, 1864-1866 J. G. SNELL Winning Friends and Influencing Policy: British Strategy to Woo America in 1937 Edited by THOMAS E. HACHEY "Young Boh" La Follette on American Capitalism THEODORE ROSENOF Racism and Reform: A Review Essay JOHN MILTON COOPER, JR. Published by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin / Vol. 55, No. 2 / Winter, 1971-1972 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN JAMES MORTON SMITH, Director Officers E. DAVID CRONON, President GEORGE BANTA, JR., Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President E. E. HOMSTAD, Treasurer HOWARD W. MEAD, Second Vice-President JAMES MORTON SMITH, Secretary Board of Curators Ex-Officio PATRICK J. LUCEY, Governor of the State CHARLES P. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State JOHN C. WEAVER, President of the University MRS. GEORGE SWART, President of the Women's Auxiliary Term Expires, 1972 E. DAVID CRONON ROBERT A. GEHRKE BEN GUTHRIE J. WARD RECTOR Madison Ripon Lac du Flambeau Milwaukee SCOTT M. CUTLIP JOHN C. GEILFUSS MRS. R. L. HARTZELL CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Madison Milwaukee Grantsburg Stevens Point MRS. ROBERT E. FRIEND MRS. HOWARD T. GREENE ROBERT H. IRRMANN Hartland Milwaukee Beloit Term Expires, 1973 THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERICK L OLSON DR. LOUIS C. SMITH Eau Claire Madison Wauwatosa Lancaster E. E. HOMSTAD CHARLES R. MCCALLUM F. HARWOOD ORBISON ROBERT S. ZIGMAN Black River Falls Hubertus Appleton Milwaukee MRS. EDWARD C. JONES HOWARD W. MEAD DONALD C. SLIGHTER Fort Atkinson Madison Milwaukee Term Expires, 1974 ROGER E. AXTELL PAUL E. HASSETT MRS. WM. H. L. SMYTHE CEDRIC A. VIG Janesville Madison Milwaukee Rhinelander HORACE M. BENSTEAD WILLIAM HUFFMAN WILLIAM F. STARK CLARK WILKINSON Racine Wisconsin Rapids Nashotah Baraboo THOMAS M. CHEEKS ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON Milwaukee Madison Madison Honorary Honorary Life Members EDWARD D. CARPENTER, Cassville MRS. ESTHER NELSON, Madison RUTH H. DAVIS, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison MRS. MARGARET HAFSTAD, Rockdale MONICA STAEDTLER, Madison PRESTON E. MCNALL, Clearwater, Florida BENTON H. WILCOX, Madison JOHN C. JACQUES, Madison PAUL VANDERBILT, Madison WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, New London, Connecticut Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI ALICE E. SMITH The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. GEORGE SWART, Fort Atkinson, President MRS. GORDON R. WALKER, Racine, Vice-President MISS RUTH DAVIS, Madison, Secretary MRS. RICHARD G. ZIMMERMANN, Sheboygan, Treasurer MRS. EDWARD H. RIKKERS, Madison, Ex-Officio VOLUME 55, NUMBER 2 / WINTER, 1971-1972 Wisconsin Magazine of History WILLIAM CONVERSE HAYGOOD, Editor WILLIAM C. MARTEN, Associate Editor A Growth Industry: The Wisconsin Aluminum Cookware Industry, 1893-1920 86 JAMES M. ROCK The Lawyer in Wisconsin, 1836-1860: A Profile 100 HOWARD FEIGENBAUM John F. Potter, Consul General to British North America, 1864-1866 107 J. G. SNELL Winning Friends and Influencing Policy: British Strategy to Woo America in 1937 120 Edited by THOMAS E. HACHEY "Young Bob" La Follette on American Capitalism 130 THEODORE ROSENOF Racism and Reform: A Review Essay 140 JOHN MILTON COOPER, JR. Communications 145 Book Reviews 148 Accessions 170 Contributors 172 Published Quarterly by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published Microfilms, 313 North First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan; quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, reprinted volumes available from Kraus Reprint Company, 81(5 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Distributed 16 East 46th Street, New York, New York. Communica­ to members as part of their dues (Annual membership, tions should be addressed to the editor. The Society does $7.50, or $5 for those 65 or over or members of affiliated not assume responsibility for statements made by contribu­ societies; Family membership, $10.00, or S7 for those 65 tors. Second-class postage paid at Madison and Stevens or over or members of affiliated societies; Contributing, $2 5; Point, Wis. Copyright © 1972 by the State Historical Business and Professional, $50; Sustaining, $100 or more Societ)^ of Wisconsin. Paid for in part by the Maria L. annually; Patron, $500 or more annually). Single numbers, and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. $1.75. Microfilmed copies available through University Burrows Fund. Green Bay 17 Kewaunee Two Rivers • • i Manitowoc A. Chilton Sheboygan M A Successful firms Kewaskum ^ Failures West Bend -SCAU Of MllfS ONE INCH tQU*LS APPTOXtJilnrflY IS WILES Lake Michigan Milwaukee Courtesy the author Location of Wisconsin communities producing aluminum articles, 1893 to 1920. 86 A GROWTH INDUSTRY: THE WISCONSIN ALUMINUM COOKWARE INDUSTRY, 1893-1920 By JAMES M. ROCK T N 1920 the Wisconsin aluminum cookware geographic isolation from its major raw ma­ -'• industry captured over 50 per cent of the terial and its major markets; and with only total national market, after selling less than unskilled labor to draw upon, might reason­ 5 per cent in 1910.^ During the twenty-seven ably be expected to fail. Yet in a rectangular years after the first Wisconsin man got the strip eighty miles long by fifteen miles wide idea of producing aluminum goods at the in eastern Wisconsin, with all these potential 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, five disadvantages present, it succeeded. successful Wisconsin companies—Aluminum By the late nineteenth century this area Sign Company (now Leyse Aluminum Com­ along the west-central shore of Lake Michi­ pany) , Aluminum Goods Manufacturing gan, between Milwaukee and Green Bay, had Company (now Mirro Aluminum Company), been denuded of the giant white pines which Aluminum Specialty Company, West Bend had supported the lumbering industry. Two Aluminum Company (now West Bend Com­ Rivers, for example, which became the birth­ pany, a division of Dart Industries, Inc.), place of the aluminum utensils industry in and Kewaskum Aluminum Company (now Wisconsin, sprang up in 1836 following ru­ reorganized as Regal Ware, Inc.)—began mors of a gold strike near Kewaunee, and and prospered. Considered objectively, a new then continued to exist because of the ex­ industry producing a product which has many cellent fishing and dense forests nearby. Al­ substitutes, is more expensive, and is made though other companies were started (brew­ from a literally unknown metal; founded in eries, grist and flour mills, a lime kiln and brickyard), the primary companies existed as part of the lumber industry (saw mills, shipyards, tanneries, a chair factory, a pail and tub factory, and a sash, door, and blind AUTHOR'S NOTE: I am grateful to the men of the Wisconsin aluminum cookware industry for their factory.^ When lumbering declined, a new help and encouragement. A special thanks goes to Hubert R. Wentorf, the sole remaining pioneer of this industry. ^ The Wisconsin companies lost the majority share ^ The historical information was primarily taken of the market in the midst of the Great Depression from: Two Rivers High School Class, Local History and did not regain it until sometime after the Sec­ of Two Rivers (Two Rivers, Wisconsin, 1897) ; Mark ond World War. James M. Rock, The Wisconsin Rhea Byers, Biography of J. E. Hamilton (privately Aluminum Cookware Industry Prior to World War 11 published, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, 1932) ; Mirro (Metal Cookware Manufacturers Association, Chica­ Aluminum Company, Mixing Bowl (January, 1948) ; go, 1967), 227. and The Milwaukee Journal, April 2, 1967. 87 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY WINTER, 1971-1972 industry was needed to revive the depressed place metal of mass consumption had to await communities, and aluminum manufacturing the advent of electrochemistry. The perfection filled part of the vacuum. of the dynamo in the 1870's provided the Although aluminum was not isolated as an electrical key; then only the discovery of the element until the early nineteenth century, it chemical key remained. Because of the in­ constitutes 8 per cent of the earth's crust and flated expectations of wealth engendered by is exceeded in amount by only two elements— aluminum's high price, large amounts of oxygen and silicon. Hans C. Oersted pro­ money were spent on the search. Two un­ duced the first metallic aluminum, in 1825, known chemists, Charles M. Hall in the United by heating potassium amalgam with alumi­ States and Paul L. T. Heroult in France, num chloride, but he was only able to pro­ working independently, discovered the mod­ duce a few small particles of the "metal of ern electrochemical process for producing clay," as he called it. Ordinary smelting aluminum in 1886.^ methods could not break down alumina (alu­ Two years later. Captain Alfred E. Hunt minum oxide), and the chemical process was organized the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, slow and expensive. It was aluminum's strong progenitor of the Aluminum Company of affinity for oxygen that denied man its use, America (Alcoa), to acquire the patents nec­ except for "conspicuous consumption" items. essary to monopolize the production of alumi­ Because of its properties—especially lightness, num. With a legal monopoly for the first ductility, and beauty—the demand for alumi­ twenty years of its existence, the financial num far exceeded its supply. Consequently, backing of the Mellons of Pittsburgh,'' control by at least the 1850's, its price
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