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Der Bischofspalast Von Milet. Spätrömisches Peristylhaus Und Frühbyzantinische Residenz

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Der Bischofspalast Von Milet. Spätrömisches Peristylhaus Und Frühbyzantinische Residenz https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Philipp Niewöhner Der Bischofspalast von Milet. Spätrömisches Peristylhaus und frühbyzantinische Residenz aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2015 Seite / Page 181–273 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/1921/5942 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2015-2-p181-273-v5942.4 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Ernst Wasmuth Verlag GmbH & Co. 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Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Philipp Niewöhner Der Bischofspalast von Milet Spätrömisches Peristylhaus und frühbyzantinische Residenz mit Beiträgen von Lucy Audley-Miller, Ebru Fatma Fındık, Nico Schwerdt und Guido Teltsch nach Vorarbeiten von Theodor Wiegand und Wolfgang Müller-Wiener Gliederung Forschungsgeschichte Historische Topographie Erhaltungszustand und Bauphasen Spätrömisches Peristylhaus • Architektur und Baubefund N-Halle N-Raum IV N-Raum III N-Raum II N-Raum I Räumlichkeiten unter dem Hauptsaal und den S-Räumen der byzantinischen Residenz • Bauweise und Datierung Frühbyzantinische Residenz • Architektur und Baubefund Vorplatz Marmornes Straßenpflaster westlich der Michaelskirche Apsidensaal Hauptsaal S-Raum I und V S-Raum II und IV S-Raum III Peristylhof und nordöstlicher Nebenraum Westliche Nebenräume zwischen Peristylhof und Apsidensaal Räume nördlich und nordwestlich des Apsidensaals • Bauweise und Datierung • Funktion • Funde Keramik Ein spätantikes figürliches Schliffglas A Roman Statuette Nachnutzung und Zerstörungsgeschichte Türkische Epoche • Emiratszeitliche Töpferei • Spätere Gebäude • Ceramics Turkish Ceramics Imported Wares Conclusion AA 2015/2, 181–273 182 Philipp Niewöhner Forschungsgeschichte Abb. 1 Stadtplan von Milet in frühbyzan- tinischer Zeit, der Stadtmauerring aus dem Der Bischofspalast der westkleinasiatischen Hafenstadt Milet wurde im frühen 7. Jh. ist rot dargestellt 20. Jh. entdeckt, als Theodor Wiegand das Stadtzentrum mit langen Such- schnitten erforschte. Er ließ eine Straße im Westen des Palasts und einen auf ihr errichteten Apsidensaal freilegen (Abb. 1–3). Dabei entdeckte er auch einen Dionysostempel (Abb. 4), über dem später eine den Palast im Süden flankie- rende Michaelskirche errichtet wurde1. In der Folge ließ Wiegand die Kirche ausgraben und teilweise abtragen, um die darunter verborgenen Tempelfun- damente freizulegen. Auf der Suche nach einer die Kirche bzw. den Tempel vermeintlich vom Palast trennenden Querstraße wurde dann auch die südliche Hälfte des Palasts ausgegraben, wobei einige Mosaikfußböden dokumentiert werden konnten (Abb. 5. 6). Danach blieben die Arbeiten lange liegen, und es kam zu keiner Publika- tion, was nicht zuletzt den beiden Weltkriegen geschuldet sein mag. Erst ein 1 Wiegand 1911, 34 f. AA 2015/2, 181–273 Der Bischofspalast von Milet 183 2 3 Milet, Bischofspalast halbes Jahrhundert später nahm Wolfgang Müller-Wiener die Untersuchung in den 1960er Jahren wieder auf, legte nun auch den nördlichen Teil des Abb. 2 Lageplan (M. 1 : 750) Bischofspalasts frei, führte Tiefschnitte unter Bodenniveau durch (Abb. 7–10) Abb. 3 Übersichtsplan (M. 1 : 400) und publizierte den Dionysostempel sowie Vorberichte über Michaelskirche und Bischofspalast2. Müller-Wieners überraschend früher Tod verhinderte jedoch einmal mehr eine vollständige Vorlage aller Befunde. Unterdessen war 2 Müller-Wiener 1977/1978; Müller- der Palast zunächst als eine vermeintlich sicher mit dem Bischof zu identifizie- Wiener 1979a und 1979b; Müller- rende Residenz in die Sekundärliteratur eingegangen, was dann im Zuge einer Wiener 1980; Müller-Wiener 1988. 3 3 Müller-Wiener 1989, 675–677; generellen Methodenkritik wieder in Zweifel gezogen wurde . Außerdem Sodini 1989, 420; RBK 6 (1997) 371 hat Beate Böhlendorf-Arslan über spätmittelalterliche Keramik aus dem Areal AA 2015/2, 181–273 184 Philipp Niewöhner gearbeitet4 und Veronika Scheibelreiter-Gail einige Mosaiken aus dem Palast Abb. 4 Milet, spätrömisches Peristylhaus in ihren Überblick über die westkleinasiatischen Tessellate aufgenommen5. und Dionysostempel (dunkelgrau), Rekon- Jüngst konnte auch die Michaelskirche abschließend bearbeitet werden6, struktion (hellgrau), erste Kirchenapsis (schraffiert) und byzantinische Residenz und 2013 wurde dann noch eine weitere Grabung auf dem Vorplatz des (weiß) Bischofspalasts durchgeführt, um dessen Form sowie bis dato offene Fragen zur Stratigraphie und Datierung zu klären. Die dabei gewonnenen neuen Anhaltspunkte erlauben es nun, auch die Ergebnisse der Altgrabungen besser zu verstehen, so daß sich die historische Topographie jetzt deutlicher abzeich- net und insgesamt vier Bauphasen unterschieden werden können, wie im folgenden dargelegt wird7. Historische Topographie Der Bischofspalast liegt am westlichen Rand des antiken Stadtzentrums von Milet auf der letzten ebenen Insula bevor das Gelände zum Theaterhügel hin ansteigt (Abb. 1). Über die unmittelbar benachbarten Insulae ist nichts s. v. Milet (W. Müller-Wiener); Ceylan 7 Bei der Grabung auf dem Vorplatz Dank gilt des weiteren dem Deutschen 2007, 176–178; Caillet 2010, 513. haben Rachel McGoff und Wiktor Ostasz Archäologischen Institut, namentlich der 4 Böhlendorf-Arslan 2008, 371–407. (Oxford) als studentische Hilfskräfte Präsidentin Friederike Fless und dem Inzwischen ist klar, daß die fragliche mitgearbeitet, an der Fundbearbeitung Direktor der Abteilung Istanbul Felix Produktion im Areal des Bischofs- waren Melanie Bender (Bonn), Guido Pirson, der türkischen Antikendirektion palasts im 14./15. Jh. n. Chr. erfolgte, Teltsch (Berlin) und Fatma Kızılyalçın in Ankara und der Direktorin des Milet als Milet zum Emirat von Menteşe (Isparta) beteiligt. Kristin Thormann Museums Hasibe Akat Islam, die die gehörte. s. u. (Cottbus) hat Plana und Profile gezeichnet Feldarbeit ermöglicht haben. Außerdem 5 Scheibelreiter-Gail 2011, 311–314. (Abb. 32. 34. 37. 94), Stefan Gräbener der Dumbarton Oaks Research Library Inzwischen stellt sich die Abfolge und (Berlin) Rekonstruktionen am Computer in Washington D.C. für ein Fellowship, Datierung der diversen Mosaiken generiert (Abb. 38–40). Ercan Erkul und während dessen Ph. Niewöhner seinen genauer und anders dar. s. u. Harald Stümpel (Kiel) haben den Vorplatz Beitrag zum Manuskript abschließen 6 Niewöhner 2016. geophysikalisch vermessen (Abb. 92). konnte. AA 2015/2, 181–273 Der Bischofspalast von Milet 185 Abb. 5 Milet, Bischofspalast. Phasenplan, bekannt, aber weiter im Südwesten befindet sich das römische Heroon III8, im Fußböden. Lila: Dionysostempel; rot: spät- Westen das hellenistische Heroon I9, im Nordosten der Nordmarkt10, daneben römisches Peristylhaus (3. Jh.); blau: spät- 11 im Osten möglicherweise das Temenos eines hellenistischen Heiligtums antiker Umbau des Peristylhauses (4. Jh.); 12 grün: byzantinische Residenz (5. Jh.); gelb: und im Südosten das Bouleuterion . Der Stadtteil war also von öffentlichen Michaelskirche (7. Jh.) und Reparatur der Gebäuden geprägt, und zumindest die Heroa und das Bouleuterion bestanden Residenz auch in byzantinischer Zeit fort. Die Insula mit dem Bischofspalast wurde seit hellenistischer Zeit etwa zur Hälfte vom Dionysostempel eingenommen, den man in byzantinischer Zeit zunächst zur Kirche umbaute (Abb. 4) und dann im 7. Jh. n. Chr. durch eine christliche Basilika ersetzte (Abb. 6). Wiegand war davon ausgegangen,
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