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Kazisi Bġzans Dönemġ Seramġk Buluntulari

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Kazisi Bġzans Dönemġ Seramġk Buluntulari T.C. EGE ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Bizans Sanatı Bilim Dalı AĠGAĠ (AĠOLĠS) KAZISI BĠZANS DÖNEMĠ SERAMĠK BULUNTULARI DOKTORA TEZĠ Muhsine Eda ARMAĞAN DANIġMANI: Doç. Dr. Lale DOĞER ĠZMĠR-2014 Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne sunduğum “Aigai (Aiolis) Kazısı Bizans Dönemi Seramik Buluntuları” adlı doktora tezinin tarafımdan bilimsel, ahlak ve normlara uygun bir Ģekilde hazırlandığını, tezimde yararlandığım kaynakları bibliyografyada ve dipnotlarda gösterdiğimi onurumla doğrularım. Muhsine Eda Armağan Ġmza ÖNSÖZ GĠRĠġ ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa no. I. AĠGAĠ (AĠOLĠS) BĠZANS DÖNEMĠ TARĠHĠ COĞRAFYASI 1-12 II. AĠGAĠ ARAġTIRMALARI VE KAZILAR TARĠHÇESĠ 13-16 III. AĠGAĠ BĠZANS DÖNEMĠ KÜLTÜR TABAKALARI ve BULUNTU SEKTÖRLERĠ 17-27 III.1. 1 no.lu Sarnıç 20-21 III.2. 2 no.lu Sarnıç 22-23 III.3. Demirkapı 23-25 III.4. Bouleuterion 25-26 III.5. Yenikapı/Tiberius Kapısı (Ada I) 27 III.6. Yüzey (Akropolis, Athena Tapınağı, Agora, Nekropolis-Antik yol) 27 IV. AĠGAĠ KAZISI BĠZANS DÖNEMĠ SERAMĠK BULUNTULARI 28-97 IV.A. Kırmızı Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular 28-96 IV.A.1. Kırmızı Astarlı Seramik Buluntular (LRW) 28-29 IV.A.2. Sırlı Seramik Buluntular 29-77 IV.A.2.1. Ege Tipi Kazıma Mal Grubu 29-37 IV.A.2.1.1. Ġnce Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular 31-32 IV.A.2.1.2. Ġnce-Kalın Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular 32-33 IV.A.2.1.3. Kalın Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular 33-34 IV.A.2.1.4. GeniĢ Oyma Seramik Buluntular 34-36 IV.A.2.1.5. Boyalı-Ġnce Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular 36-37 IV.A.2.2. Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu 37-56 IV.A.2.3. Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu 57-66 IV.A.2.4. Zeuksippus Astar (Slip) Boyalı Mal Grubu 66-69 IV.A.2.5. Mangan-Kahverengi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu 69-70 IV.A.2.6. YeĢil ve Kavuniçi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu 70-74 IV.A.2.7. YeĢil Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu 74-77 I IV.A.3. Sırsız Seramik Buluntular 78-96 IV.A.3.1. Perdahlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular 79-87 IV.A.3.2. Mika Astarlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular 87-91 IV.A.3.3. Astarsız Sırsız Seramik Buluntular 92-96 IV.B. Beyaz Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular 97 IV.B.1. Sırlı Beyaz Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular (GWW) V. KATALOG 98-236 VI. DEĞERLENDĠRME VE SONUÇ 237-271 VI.A. Seramik Buluntuların Değerlendirmesi 238-271 VI.A.1. Kırmızı Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular 238-267 VI.A.2. Beyaz Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular 267 VI.B. Sosyo-ekonomik Tarih Ġçinde Değerlendirme ve Sonuç 267-271 KAYNAKÇA 272-291 TABLOLAR 292-332 ÖzgeçmiĢ Özet Abstract TABLOLAR Tablo 1-Kırmızı Astarlı Seramik buluntular (kat.no.1-6) Tablo 2- Kırmızı Astarlı Seramik buluntular (kat.no.7-14) Tablo 3-Ġnce Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.15-25) Tablo 4-Ġnce-Kalın Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.26,27) Tablo 4-Kalın Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.28-36) Tablo 5-GeniĢ Oyma Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.37) Tablo 5-Ege Tipi Kazıma Mal Grubu diğer buluntular (kat.no.38-43) Tablo 6-Boyalı-Ġnce Kazımalı Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.44-48) Tablo 7-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.49-59) Tablo 8-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.60-69) Tablo 9-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.70-78) Tablo 10-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.79-86) Tablo 11-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.87-96) II Tablo 12-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.97-101) Tablo 13-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.102-109) Tablo 14-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.110-113) Tablo 15-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.114-122) Tablo 16-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.123-130) Tablo 17-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.131-135) Tablo 18-Zeuksippus Ailesi I Mal Grubu (kat.no.136-142 Tablo 19- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.143-156) Tablo 20- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.157-166) Tablo 21- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.167-174) Tablo 22- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.175-182) Tablo 23- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.183-195) Tablo 24- Zeuksippus Ailesi II Mal Grubu (kat.no.196-205) Tablo 25- Zeuksippus Astar (Slip) Boyalı Mal Grubu (kat.no.206-220) Tablo 26- Mangan-Kahverengi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.221,222) Tablo 26- YeĢil ve Kavuniçi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.223,224) Tablo 27- YeĢil ve Kavuniçi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.225-234) Tablo 28- YeĢil ve Kavuniçi Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.235-243) Tablo 29- YeĢil Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.244-249) Tablo 30- YeĢil Leke Dekorlu Mal Grubu (kat.no.250-258) Tablo 31- Perdahlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.259-267) Tablo 32- Perdahlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.268-276) Tablo 33- Perdahlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.277-285) Tablo 34- Perdahlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.286-301) Tablo 35- Mika Astarlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.302-310) Tablo 36- Mika Astarlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.311-322) Tablo 37- Mika Astarlı Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.323-331) Tablo 38- Astarsız Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.332-341) Tablo 39- Astarsız Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.342-354) Tablo 40- Astarsız Sırsız Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.355-371) Tablo 41- Sırlı Beyaz Hamurlu Seramik Buluntular (kat.no.372-374) III ÖNSÖZ “Bizans Seramiği” alanında uluslararası platformda kürsüsündeki erki ve çalıĢma disiplini ile mesleğimde ve yaĢamımın her alanında örnek aldığım ve daima alacağım, doktorantlığımı danıĢmanlığında tamamlama onuru veren Doç. Dr. Lale Doğer‟e hürmet ve Ģükranlarımı sunarım. DanıĢmanım kadar destek aldığım, ilk kez bilim dünyasıyla paylaĢılacak Bizans Dönemi seramik buluntularını çalıĢma konusu olarak veren, Batı Anadolu‟da Bizans dönemi tarihi coğrafyasını anlamlandırmamda büyük katkı sağlayan ve de yabancı literatür çevirileriyle yardımcı olan Aigai Kazısı BaĢkanı Prof. Dr. Ersin Doğer‟e minnettarım. Tez izleme jüriliğini paylaĢan Ege Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü öğretim üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Emine Tok‟a, Aigai Kazı BaĢkan Yardımcısı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yusuf Sezgin‟e, AraĢtırma görevlisi Mehmet Gürbüzer ve kazı kampanyasında katkıları bulunan tüm ekip üyelerine teĢekkür ederim. ÇalıĢmalarımda vakti en verimli Ģekilde kullanma esnekliği sağlayan ve desteğini esirgemeyen, görev sorumluluk bilincini daima aĢılayan UĢak Üniversitesi Sanat Tarihi Bölüm baĢkanı Doç. Dr. Sedat Bayrakal‟a Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Sanat Tarihi Bölümü öğretim üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Türkan Acar‟a, Arkeoloji Bölümü öğretim üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Münteha Dinç‟e desteklerinden dolayı teĢekkür ederim. Maneviyatıyla daima yanımda olan değerli hocam Tarih bölümü öğretim üyesi Doç. Dr. Sadiye Tutsak‟a ve Sosyoloji bölümü öğretim üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özlem Avcı‟ya Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Son olarak belirtmeliyim ki bu sürecin baĢlamasında emeği olan herkese teĢekkür ederim. M. Eda ARMAĞAN IV GĠRĠġ AraĢtırmanın konusunu, Manisa Ġli Merkez Ġlçe, Köseler Köyü sınırları içinde Gün Dağı üzerinde bulunan Aigai antik kentindeki kazı çalıĢmalarında bulunan Bizans dönemi seramik buluntuları oluĢturmaktadır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru kente iliĢkin ilk veriler kaydedilmeye baĢlamıĢtır. 2004 yılından bu yana sürdürülen sistemli kazı çalıĢmalarının 2. sezonuyla beraber kentin Bizans dönemi arkeolojisi oluĢur. Aigai‟da ilk kazı sezonundan bugüne kadar akropolisin kurulu olduğu tepenin kuzeydoğu eteklerinde, Gryneion-Magnesia arasında antik yolun geçtiği vadinin kuzey yamaçları, Agora Caddesi üzerindeki Bouleuterion, Agora ve caddenin doğusunda yer alan Macellum, Tiberius Kapısı (Yeni Kapı) ve Nekropolis alanında çalıĢılmıĢtır. Kentin giriĢ noktalarından Demirkapı‟da ve bu addaki sektör içinde konumlanan kilisede akropolise doğru 1 ve 2 no.lu sarnıçlarda yapılan çalıĢmalar sayesinde de doğrudan Bizans dönemi kültür tabakasına yönelik veriler elde edilmiĢtir. Aigai‟da Bizans iskânına iĢaret eden kültür varlıkları, ilk kez bu kazı ile literatüre girmiĢ olup yazılı kaynaklardaki boĢluklarının doldurulması için çok önemli ve heyecan verici bilimsel bir noktaya ulaĢmıĢtır. Bu taĢınmaz kültür varlıkları arasında kilise ve bu dini yapı çevresinde henüz iĢlevini kesinleĢtiremediğimiz duvar kalıntıları, cam, sikke, az sayıda maden ve ciddi ölçekte seramik parçası bulunmuĢtur. Bunlar arasında kuĢkusuz, ekonomik olarak liturjik yahut günlük kullanıma yönelik uygulamaların yapılabildiği çeĢitli iĢlevlerde üretilmiĢ tüm ya da kırık parçalar halinde ele geçen seramik buluntular, Aigai tarihinin kilometre taĢlarının oluĢumuna önemli ölçüde veri sağlayacaktır. Özellikle Batı Anadolu‟da kentte veya kırsal kesimde günlük yaĢamın bir parçası olarak seramik gibi ihtiyaçların alım gücüne ve talebe bağlı geliĢen pazarlarda çeĢitliliği de bu çalıĢmayla görülebilecektir. Bizans sosyo-ekonomisi içinde yaĢam, biçim ve gereksinimlerin okunması da seramik buluntular ile mümkündür. Bu nedenle kazı çalıĢmalarından elde edilen veriler Aigai‟ın Pergamon, Smyrna ve Ephesos gibi antik çağdan itibaren devamlılığı olan merkezlerle ve yakın çevresiyle alıĢveriĢini aydınlatmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. V Geç Antik dönemde Batı Anadolu'nun kent ve kırsal kesimlerinin kaderinin belirsiz ve tartıĢmalı kalmasına neden olan iki zıt görüĢten biri Roma‟dan Bizans‟a kentsel yaĢamın büyük bir kesinti olmaksızın devam etmesi ya da bu Ģehirlerin kaleye veya küçük birer kasabaya dönüĢerek gerilemiĢ olmasıydı. Dolayısıyla nadiren üzerinde durulan kentlerin yer aldığı kaynaklara dayalı araĢtırmalarda bu problemin çözülememesi doğal olarak araĢtırmacıları arkeolojik verilere yöneltmiĢtir. Bu nedenle Aigai‟ın Bizans dönemi seramik buluntuları önerilen doktora çalıĢmasının önemli bir kısmını oluĢturacaktır. Aigai bu bakıĢ açısıyla, Bizans kent ve kırsal yaĢamının tarihini, imparatorluğun sosyal ve ekonomik tarihiyle bu alanda Antik dönem gibi Bizans Ġmparatorluğu‟nun da canlı bir kent kültürüne sahip olup olmadığı sorusunun cevabına da katkıda bulunabilir. Bizans Asia‟sı içinde Aigai‟ın, Roma ve Bizans tarihi kaynakları baĢta olmak üzere, Batı Anadolu‟nun kartografik bilgileriyle kilometre taĢlarının oluĢturulması çalıĢmamızın ilk basamağı olmuĢtur. Bu nedenle temel kaynaklara ulaĢılarak olabildiğince Aigai, dini ve sivil mimari unsurları ile seramik buluntuların somut verileriyle ortaya konmaya çalıĢılmıĢtır. Bu aĢamada, Bizans dönemine ait günlük kullanım için üretilmiĢ kaba seramik olarak tanımlanan sırsız kaplar ve sırlı seramiklerin Aigai‟ın sınırlı tarihsel verilerine katkısı olacaktır.
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