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Asia Minor, Modern Turkey 1/11/2015 Dr. Keith Lloyd Associate Professor of English Kent State University © January 4, 2014 A center of pluralistic beliefs and tolerance becomes the center of two significant Christian controversies related to its history. “Ephesus/ Selҫuk” Biblical Sites in Turkey http://www.tourguideinturkey.com/index.php/ephesusselcuk.html Asia Minor, Modern Turkey Ephesus 1 1/11/2015 Oldest places of settlement in the area 5th-3rd millennia Ἔφεσος around Ephesus. King Mursilis II. of the Hittites beat Apasa, 2nd half of 14th century Myceanaean findings on the Ayasuluk Hill. Greeks came to Anatolia and called 11th century themselves Ionian. Androclus settled in Ephesus where the local peple Carian lived. Certain existence of the Sanctuary of 9th century Artemis. 8th century Cimmerian invasion. 7th century Lydians captured Ephesus. Lydian Croesus gained influence in Ephesus : building of the archaic shrine of around 560 Artemis, new layout of the city in the surrounding area. Democracy introduced to Ephesians by around 550 Aristarchus of Athens. The Median general Harpagus took the 546 conrol of this region and Persian supremacy Ephesus joined the Attaic sea alliance. Herostratus burned the Artemis Temple on 466 the very night when Alexander the Great was born. Ephesus Ancient City, House of Virgin Mary, Artemis Temple Basilica of St John and around http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/ephesus_chronology.htm Έφεσο Alexander the Great liberated all Greek cities and gave privileges to 334 Ephesians building the new temple Ephesus changed its rulers several times during the Diadochian wars. 319-281 The city was renamed as Arsinoeia by King Lysimachus and moved its new side between two mountains. 281 Death of Lysimachus. Ephesus under the rule of the Seleucids. Attalus III bequeathed his kingdom to Romans. Establishment of the 133 Province of Asia. The Ephesians welcomed the king of Pontus, Mithridates VI Eupathor, as 89/88 savior. 80,000 Romans were killed. 84 L. Cornelius Sulla held a trial of the people guilty in 88 BC. 74 First visit of M. Tullius Cicero to Ephesus. 73 L. Licinius Lucullus governor of Ephesus. Mark Antony entered Ephesus with Cleopatra of Egypt. Arsinoe IV, 41 Cleopatra’s sister, was murdered. Ephesus Ancient City, House of Virgin Mary, Artemis Temple Basilica of St John and around http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/ephesus_chronology.htm 29 The geographer Strabo came in Ephesus. 2 1/11/2015 Ephesus Ephesus itself was a large, multi-ethnic center of trade, commerce and culture. In the Greco Roman world of the first century, Ephesus was exceeded in population only by Rome and Alexandria. Capital city of the Roman province of Asia, Ephesus had approximately a quarter of a million people and was an important seaport. In addition to having a significant Jewish community, Ephesus was home to many Greeks, Romans and other settlers from throughout the entire Mediterranean world. Travelers and pilgrims … from all over the Roman world visited Ephesus in large numbers. Being on a main trade route and having a key harbor added to the picture of Ephesus as a bustling, multi- cultural city of trade and entertainment. There was a medical college, renowned doctors, and a large public library in Ephesus, as well as numerous shrines and statues, an underground sewer system, and an outdoor amphitheater which seated more people than the Hollywood Bowl seats today. Affluent homes in Ephesus boasted amazing opulence and split level construction, with floor space often exceeding 10,000 square feet. Ephesians : Introduction & Background http://cutpaste.typepad.com/understanding/2012/08/ephesians-introduction- background.html Reconstruction of Ancient Ephesus Background: Ephesus Photos: http://www.livius.org/ei-er/ephesus/ephesus_photos2.html Inset: http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/ephesus.html 3 1/11/2015 Artemis Artemis was also called Cynthia, from her birth place, Mount Cynthus in Delos. She was Apollo's twin sister, daughter of Zeus and Leto. She was one of the three maiden goddesses of Olympus: the pure maiden Vesta, gray-eyed Athena who cares but for war and the arts of the craftsmen, and Artemis, lover of woods and the wild chase over the mountain. She was the Lady of Wild Things, Huntsman-in-chief to the gods, … As a huntress her favorite animal was the stag, because its swiftness gave the best opportunity for her method of capture, which was by her silver bow and arrows and speed of foot. At Ephesus, where her great temple was one of the seven wonders of the world, Artemis was represented with a mural crown, with a disc behind the crown; on her breast, a garland of flowers, as a sign of her influence in spring time. Lions cling to her arms; as mother of wild beasts, she has many breasts; her legs are closely bandaged and ornamented with figures of bulls, stags, lions, and griffins; at the sides are flowers and bees. "To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering [a statue of] the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light- Bearer.“ (Votive Inscription, 3rd century Artemis BC) The Christian approach was at variance with the tolerant syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus[39] suggests why so little remains at the site: "Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ." The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known at Ephesus from Acts 19:35: "What man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the [image] which fell down from Jupiter?“ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis 4 1/11/2015 Ephesus Summary ‘Ephesus was pluralistic in every way. Many ethnic and cultural backgrounds were represented, and religious pluralism was entrenched and embraced. Moral beliefs, like religious ones, were diverse, and considerable moral [variance] was accepted, perhaps considerably more so than in our modern American culture. The wide-ranging social acceptance was maintained in the name of tolerance and syncretism. As a result, anyone claiming to have “the” right religion, “the” only god, and “the” ultimate truth was bound to face acute rejection and social pressure…” Ephesians : Introduction & Background 08/23/2012 http://cutpaste.typepad.com/understanding/2012/08/ephesians-introduction-background.html The Church at Ephesus Ephesus was a significant city in the first decades of the Church. The Ephesians appear several times in the New Testament, over a roughly 40-year period. A Case Study of Ephesus: 40 Years, 3 Authors, 7 Documents, 7 Leaders The Ephesians: Called to Love and Truth (1) Pete Hammond https://urbana.org/go-and-do/bible-studies/case-study-ephesus-40-years-3- authors-7-documents-7-leaders 5 1/11/2015 Ephesus: Christian Period An earthquake shook the city and caused much damage; 23 reconstruction partly with imperial help. Paul came to Ephesus two times and gave daily talks in the 52-55 school [auditorium] of Ty·ran´nus for two years. 1st temple guardianship (Neokoros), the Imperial Temple of the 82 Flavian dynasty erected. 96 The Temple of Domitian was rededicated to Vespasian. 113-114 Emperor Trajan visited Ephesus. 124, Aug. 29th Emperor Hadrian’s first visit to Ephesus. A major earthquake hit Ephesus.The Artemis Temple was 262 destroyed by Goths. The Fourth Ecumenical Council took place in Ephesus. Mary 431 was declared as Theotokos (Mother of God) The pilgrims guide of Theodosius mentioned the Seven around 530 Sleepers sanctuary. Mid 6th century Justinian built the great basilica of St. John 654/655 Arab attacked. Ephesus Ancient City, House of Virgin Mary, Artemis Temple Basilica of St John and around http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/ephesus_chronology.htm Ephesus Eventually Destroyed During the early centuries of Christian era, Ephesus continued as a center of Christianity second only to Antioch in Asia Minor. The Council of Nicea conferred on Ephesus ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the diocese of Asia Minor that included eleven provinces. Ephesus was the site of the Third Ecumenical Council where Cyril of Alexandria led the condemnation of Nestorianism. Justinian the Great built a large church adjacent to Ephesus that was dedicated to John the Theologian. In the following years the city suffered from the deprecations of the Arabs and later the Turks, while during the iconoclastic period the defenders of images were martyred. After being destroyed by Turks in 1090, the community was rebuilt on the hills surrounding the church of St. John and was commonly called Hagios Theologos ("Holy Theologian"), referring to St. John the Theologian. After the succession of attacks during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Christian community was greatly reduced such that when Mark of Ephesus attended the Council of Florence in 1439, he represented a community that had become a village. Wiki Ephesus http://orthodoxwiki.org/Ephesus 6 1/11/2015 The “House of the Mary and Ephesus Virgin Mary” is located on the top [According to Catholic tradition] the … "Assumption" (instant resurrection and Mt. Koressos, 9 ascension to Heaven following death) of Mary km from Ephesus took place in Ephesus. The story of the "Assumption" alleges that Mary went to Ephesus with John. … there is no record of this idea among the Early Church Fathers until the Fourth Century. … there is good reason, although unfortunately this can't be proven at present, to believe that Mary actually died in Jerusalem before John left. There is, in fact, an ancient structure in Jerusalem known as the "Tomb of Mary”… But the actual "veneration" of Mary definitely began in Ephesus, which had been the center of a very powerful pagan cult.
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