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Tῆς Πάσης Ναυτιλίης Φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea*

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Tῆς Πάσης Ναυτιλίης Φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea* Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 23 | 2010 Varia Tῆς πάσης ναυτιλίης φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea Denise Demetriou Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1567 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1567 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2010 Number of pages: 67-89 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Denise Demetriou, « Tῆς πάσης ναυτιλίης φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea », Kernos [Online], 23 | 2010, Online since 10 October 2013, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ kernos/1567 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1567 Kernos Kernos 23 (2010), p. .7-A9. T=> ?@AB> CDEFGHIB> JKHDL5 Aphrodite a d the Seau AbstractS This paper offers a co ection of genera y neg ected He enistic epigrams and some iterary and epigraphic e2idence that attest to the worship of Aphrodite as a patron deity of na2igation. The goddess8 temp es were often coasta not 1ecause they were p aces where _sacred prostitution” was practiced, 1ut rather 1ecause of Aphrodite8s association with the sea and her ro e as a patron of seafaring. The protection she offered was to anyone who sai ed, inc uding the na2y and traders, and is attested throughout the Mediterranean, from the Archaic to the He enistic periods. Further, the teLts eLamined here re2ea a metaphorica ink 1etween Aphrodite8s ro e as patron of na2igation and her ro e as a goddess of seLua ity. Résumé S Cet artic e pr sente une s rie d8 pigrammes he nistiques g n ra ement peu tudi es et que ques t moignages itt raires et pigraphiques attestant e cu te d8Aphrodite en tant que protectrice de a na2igation. Les temp es de a d esse occupaient sou2ent une position ittora e, non parce qu8i s taient des ieuL oV a O prostitution sacr e P tait prati- qu e, mais p ut;t en raison de 8association d8Aphrodite a2ec a mer et de son r; e de patronne des marins. La protection qu8e e accordait tait destin e 7 tous es na2igateurs, y compris a marine et es commerGants, et est attest e dans toute a M diterran e, depuis a p riode archa{que Musqu87 a p riode he nistique. De p us, es teLtes eLamin s r 2= ent un ien m taphorique entre es r; es d8Aphrodite comme protectrice de a na2igation d8une part et comme d esse de a seLua it d8autre part. I troductio When ,tra1o reaches 9orinth in his Geography, he says that so many men had squandered their money on the numerous hetairai of this port that a pro2er1 was coinedS _Not for e2ery man is the 2oyage to 9orinth.”1 ,imi ar y, ,appho is said to ha2e written an in2ecti2e poem against Doricho,2 a so known as Rhodopis,3 a hetaira of the commercia sett ement of Naukratis, on whom u I wou d ike to thank the Kernos re2iewers, Dr. Pirenne-De forge, andDr. ,ara ,a1a, a of whompro2idedcommentsandconstructi2ecriticismonpre2iousdraftsofthispaper. 1 ,tra1o, DII, 2, 3.S _² ¥n ¤q¥n ªn £q~}£ ª}' ± n.” The Latin equi2a ent may 1e foundin Horace, Epistles I, 17, 3.S _Non cuiEis homini contingitadire Corinthum.” Hesychius, s.E. 1799 attri1utesthispro2er1to Aristophanes,fr.92A(eds.R. 9A,,EL,C. A-,TIN). 2 Athenaios,XII,59.1-cR Herodotus,II,135. 3Herodotus,II,134-135R ,tra1o,XVII,1,33. .A D. DEMETRIO- ,appho8s 1rother spent his who e fortune. Hetairai and prostitutes a so p ied their trade in the port of Athens, Peiraieus,4 and we can imagine that these co orfu anecdotes attest to a more widespread phenomenonS a though prostitu- tion may ha2e eListed in many po eis, it seems to ha2e thri2ed particu ar y in maMor ports.5 The frequent association of prostitution with maMor ports has gi2en rise to another kind of c aimS sanctuaries dedicated to Aphrodite in commercia posts, such as 9orinth,. Naukratis,7 and Gra2isca,A ha2e 1een identified as centers of _sacred prostitution.” ,o ha2e a mu titude of Aphrodite8s temp es in many other ports and har1ors. To name a few eLamp es, scho ars ha2e c aimed that Aphrodite8s temp es in the Greek ports of 9ythera9 and Lokroi,10 the promon- tory of EryL,11 and the Etruscan port of Pyrgi,12 sponsored _sacred prostitution.” The goddess8 sanctuaries in the Cypriot cities of Paphos, Amathus, Ida ion, and ,a amis ha2e a so 1een associated with _sacred prostitution,” especia y 1y scho ars who c aim that this practice originated in the Near East and attri1ute its 4 Peiraieus is strong y associatedwith prostitution when in Aeschines, AgainstTimarchos, 40, Timarchos goes to Peiraieus to prostitute himse f. Further, Aristot e, Athenian Constitution, 50, 2, ascri1es to the fi2e astynomoi of Athens andthe fi2e of Peiraieus the function of determining the hiring price of f ute-gir s, harp-p ayers, andother musicians emp oyedin pri2ate symposia and pro1a1 yeLpectedtopro2ideseLua ser2icesas hetairai. 5 Like Peiraieus, 1oth 9orinth and Naukratis were known as emporia. Herodotus is the ear iest source to name Naukratis an emporion (II, 17A) and Thucydides the first to descri1e 9orinth as an emporion (I, 12). It is ike y, howe2er, that these sett ements were emporia e2en ear ier, in the archaic period. The term emporion was used in antiquity to designate either a permanent sett ement whose purpose was to faci itate cross-cu tura trade, or a part of a po is, such as a har1or, that was dedicatedto commercia eLchange (BRE,,ON Y1993Z, p.1.3-22.). In this paper I am concernednot on y with emporia, 1ut a so more genera y with har1ors, ports, promontories,andcoasta locations. VAN GRONINGEN (19.0)R ,ALMON (1997)R 9-R9E (199.)R 9-R9E (1999)R M-,TI, TORELLI (1994). For criticism of Tore i8s interpretation see PIRENNE-DELFORGE (1994), p. 125, esp.notes 174 and175. The case of the possi1 e 9orinthian sacredprostitution has 1een discussedmore than for any other ocation, inc uding a so 1y 1i1 ica scho ars 1ecause of Pau 8s etter to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians, .S12-20), which some ha2e argued a udes to such a practice. ,ee RO,NER (199A), p.33.-351. Many ha2e contested the occurrence of sacred prostitution in 9orinth. ,ee PIRENNE-DELFORGE (1994), p.110-127R CON5ELMANN (19.7)R ,AFFREY (19A5)R CALAME (19A9)R BEARD,HENDER,ON(1997)RB-DIN(200A),p.112-152. 7ALONI(19A2),p.257-2.3. ATORELLI (1977),p.42A-429. 9YAMA-CHI (1973),p.219-220. 10 M-,TI (197.), p.65-71R AMANTINI (19A4), p.39-.2R REDFIELD (2003)R ,O-RVINO-- INWOOD (1974), p.1A.-19AR TORELLI (197.), p. 147-15.. PEMBRO9E 1970, AppendiL 2, p.12.9- 1270, VAN COMPERNOLLE (197.), p.329-400, andB-DIN (200A), p. 212-22A dispute that sacred prostitution waspracticedatLokroi. 11 EPPER,, HEINEN (19A4), p.22AR 5-CCA (19AA), p.773-77.R ,TRONG (1997), p.1A1-1A7R BONNET (199.), p.11.-117R VANOYE9E (1990), p.29. B-DIN (200A), p.1A4-191 questions the practiceofsacredprostitutioninEryL. 12COLONNA (19A4-5),p. .5R COLONNA (19A5)RSPIVEY,STODDART(1990), p.125. Aphrodite and the ,ea .9 diffusion to the Greek wor d to the Phoenicians, who esta1 ished sanctuaries of Aphrodite that sponsored _sacred prostitution,” first on Cyprus and then e sewhere.13 One scho ar inc uded a the sites named thus far and added to the ist of sanctuaries where _sacred prostitution” took p ace other ocations that had temp es dedicated to Aphrodite such as Athens, A1ydos, ,amos, Ephesos,14 9nidos, Argos, TreCene, Tegea, Mega opo is, Aigeira, Me angeia, and 9a ydon, without pro2iding any references or e2idence.15 The identification of Aphrodite8s temp es as centers of _sacred prostitution” has not 1een he ped 1y the fact that the maMority of Aphrodite8s cu t-sites throughout the Mediterranean were found in c ose proLimity to the sea.1. In addition to 2arious coasta sites mentioned a1o2e, Pausanias says that Aphrodite had temp es on the coast at Epidauros Limera,17 Tainaros,1A and Aigion,19 and at Patras four different temp es dedicated to Aphrodite were situated a ong the sea.20 In Peiraieus, the port of Attica, there may ha2e 1een se2era sanctuaries dedicated to Aphrodite.21 Despite the frequency with which scho ars c aim that Aphrodite8s sanctuar- ies, either in commercia sett ements or in po eis, sponsored _sacred prostitu- tion,” there is no e2idence to suggest this was the case.22 Moreo2er, the faci e association of Aphrodite8s sanctuaries in emporia, har1ors, and on the coast ine with _sacred prostitution,” has o1scured an important aspect of Aphrodite8s worshipS Aphrodite was a patron deity of na2igation and seafaring. A though 13 MACLACHLAN (1992), p.145-1.2, argues that sacredprostitution took p ace in many of the sites isteda1o2e anddiscusses particu ar y the ro e of Cyprus in the transmission of this practice. ,odoesYAMA-CHI (1973),p.219-220. 14 In modern scho arship Ephesos has 1een discussedas a p ace where sacredprostitution took p ace 1ut the sanctuary in question was Artemis8 temp e, not Aphrodite8s. ,ee COBERN (1917), p.4.5R 9ROEGER, 9ROEGER (1991), p. 9AR GRIT5 (1991), p.40-41. BA-GH (1999) argues againsttheeListenceofsacredprostitutionhere. 15TORELLI(1977),p.42A-433. 1.SCHINDLER(199A),p.29, AppendiL1, andfig.2. 17Pausanias,III,23,10. 1APausanias,III,25,9. 19Pausanias, VII,24,2. 20Pausanias, VII,21,10-11. 21 For a discussion of the possi1 e num1er of sanctuaries dedicatedto Aphrodite andtheir ocation see GARLAND (2001), p.112-3, PAR9ER (199.), p.23A, F-N9E (19A3), and PIRONTI (2007), p.245-247.
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