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Creating Enemies of the State: Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan

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Creating Enemies of the State: Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan Creating Enemies of the State Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan Human Rights Watch Copyright © 2004 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1564322998 Cover photos: © 2003 Jason Eskenazi Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: 1-(212) 290-4700, Fax: 1-(212) 736-1300 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel:1-(202) 612-4321, Fax:1-(202) 612-4333 [email protected] 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road London N1 9HF, UK Tel: 44 20 7713 1995, Fax: 44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] Rue Van Campenhout 15, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 32 (2) 732-2009, Fax: 32 (2) 732-0471 [email protected] 9 rue de Cornavin 1201 Geneva Tel: +41 22 738 04 81, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To receive Human Rights Watch news releases by email, subscribe to the HRW news listserv of your choice by visiting http://hrw.org/act/subscribe-mlists/subscribe.htm 3 Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. Our reputation for timely, reliable disclosures has made us an essential source of information for those concerned with human rights. We address the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. 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The program directors are Arvind Ganesan, Business and Human Rights; Joanne 5 Csete, HIV/AIDS and Human Rights; Richard Dicker, International Justice; and Jamie Fellner, U.S. Program. The members of the board of directors are Jane Olson, Chair; Khaled Abou El Fadl, Lisa Anderson, Lloyd Axworthy, David M. Brown, William D. Carmichael, Jorge Castañeda, Dorothy Cullman, Edith Everett, Jonathan F. Fanton (chair, 1998-2003), Michael E. Gellert, Richard Goldstone, Vartan Gregorian, James F. Hoge, Jr., Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Wendy Keys, Robert Kissane, Bruce J. Klatsky, Joanne Leedom-Ackerman, Josh Mailman, Kati Marton, Barry Meyer, Joel Motley, Samuel K. Murumba, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Catherine Powell, Sigrid Rausing, Victoria Riskin, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Domna Stanton, John J. Studzinski, Shibley Telhami, and Maya Wiley. Emeritus Board: Roland Algrant, Robert L. Bernstein (Founding Chair 1978-97), Adrian W. DeWind, Alice H. Henkin, Bruce Rabb, and Malcolm B. Smith. 7 Creating Enemies of the State Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1 Summary .............................................................................................1 Methodology........................................................................................7 Recommendations................................................................................7 II. BACKGROUND............................................................................. 18 Brief Chronological Overview........................................................... 18 Brief Islamic Revival and Government Backlash ........................... 18 Restored State Control of Religion, 1992-1995.............................. 20 Targeting Imams, 1995-1997......................................................... 21 The Arrests Widen, 1997-2001....................................................... 23 Bombings, Mass Arrests, and Trials .............................................. 24 Emergence of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan,1999- 2001............................................................................................... 28 Institutions of Control........................................................................ 31 The Propaganda Campaign........................................................... 32 Local Government Enforcers (Mahalla Committees)..................... 34 Neighborhood Guardians .............................................................. 38 The Role of Official Islam .............................................................. 39 The Committee on Religious Affairs............................................... 41 Notes on Wahhabism, “Wahhabis,” and Hizb ut-Tahrir .................... 44 Wahhabism and “Wahhabis” ........................................................ 44 Hizb ut-Tahrir................................................................................ 48 Hizb ut-Tahrir in Uzbekistan ......................................................... 50 Peaceful or Violent? ...................................................................... 51 Hizb ut-Tahrir’s Religion and Politics........................................... 53 Islam as a Complete and Comprehensive System........................... 54 Opposition to Secularism and Democracy..................................... 55 Anti-Americanism .......................................................................... 56 Anti-Semitism................................................................................. 57 The Legal Setting............................................................................... 58 Freedom of Religion in International Law..................................... 59 The Domestic Legal Context .......................................................... 62 III. TARGETS OF THE CAMPAIGN............................................... 82 Imams, Their Followers, and “Wahhabis” ......................................... 83 Imams ............................................................................................ 85 Followers....................................................................................... 98 Fourteen Accused “Wahhabis:” Fergana, June 2002 ................. 105 Eight Accused “Wahhabis:” Tashkent, September 2001 ............. 106 Thirteen Accused “Wahhabis:” Tashkent, December 2000- April 2001.................................................................................... 106 Seventeen Accused “Wahhabis:” Tashkent, June-August 2000............................................................................................. 109 Fifteen Accused “Wahhabis:” Tashkent, June-November 2000............................................................................................. 113 Hizb ut-Tahrir.................................................................................. 115 Twelve Members: Tashkent, May 1999........................................ 117 Thirteen Members: Tashkent, July 1999 ...................................... 123 Twenty-Six Members: Andijan, April-August 1999...................... 124 Musharraf Usmanova .................................................................. 128 Fifteen Members: Tashkent, May-July 2003 ................................ 129 Punishing the Exchange of Ideas ................................................. 130 Punishing the Study of Religious Texts ........................................ 137 Family Members: Arrests, House Arrest, Harrassment...................
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