INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Divorcing Procedures In And Its Territorial Features

Zulxumor Tojiyeva Nazarovna, Dusmanov Farkhod Azamkulovich, Ibragimov Lutfullo Ziyadullayevich

Abstract: The article describes the divorce process in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its dynamics and regional features. In addition, the factors influencing the process of divorce, its types are also detailed shown. Differences in the dynamics of divorce processes in rural and urban families were studied by separating to groups by the specified criteria in the example of rural and urban population points.

Key words: decreased rate of birth, population health, reproductive health, marriage duration, marriage age, dissolution of marriage, family institute. ——————————◆——————————

INTRODUCTION the reduced divorce rate by 0.9 per mille per 1000 people in 1991-2008 years is the positive condition, but sadly, there has It represents the most important goals of maintaining been an increase in divorce rates over the past decade. During reproductive health of the population, managing demographic 1991-2008 years, 12 percent of the total registered marriage processes, proper family planning, developing strategies for covenants in the Republic were abolished. It should be noted socio-economic development, demography and community that between 1991 and 1998 years, the number of divorces only development. One of the main demographic processes in declined. Since 1999, divorce rates have risen dramatically. achieving these goals is that marriage and divorce are The increase in the number of correct divorces does not mean processes that determine the reproduction of an entire an increase in the number of negative demographic processes, population. Processes such as marriage and divorce play an as the number of population is constantly increasing in the important role in family formation, strengthening the family republic. Therefore, compared to the thousands of people, this institution, protection of motherhood and childhood, marriage figure increased by only 0.4 promille in 2008-2018 years. and family relations and fulfilling the functions of generating the However, this is not a small or few numbers, but any increase population. This phenomenon of marriage and divorce is one of in the number of divorce would have a negative impact on the the main criteria for kinship relations and family formation. The family and society and the demographic risks should be taken main part. Freedom of marriage also provides for freedom of into account in terms of demographic security. divorce. Registration of divorce, such as marriage registration, is also under the state control. Some of the marriages that have Changes in the number of divorces and the general divorce been registered over time are canceled due to the death of the coefficient in the Republic of Uzbekistan husband or wife and some of the marriages are optionally cancelled due to various reasons. In accordance with the Years the number of divorces, the general divorce Family Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, divorce is made by thousand people coefficient 1991 33,3 1,6 the judicial authorities at the request of one or both spouses 1995 21,2 0,9 and with the mutual consent of the couple, who have no minor 2000 19,9 0,8 children, is issued by the civil registry offices (CRO) [2]. In fact, 2005 16,4 0,6 the main part of the divorce rate was the legal registration of 2010 18,0 0,6 already terminated couple relations. There are many divorced 2015 29,6 1,0 who are not legally registered. According to the Statistic 2016 29,3 0,9 information, in years of independence the number of divorces 2017 31,9 1,2 declined by 45.3%. In 2018, 32326 covenants of marriage were 2018 32,3 1,0 abolished in Uzbekistan, this rate was only 18200 in 2008 a Table: The data is based on the State Statistics Committee of decade ago. During the period from 1991 to 2018, over 556000 the Republic of Uzbekistan covenants of marriage were abolished in the country. If you compare this number with the number of marriages in that Statistics show that divorces are most common among the period, it is clear that the number of marriages saved is 89 population between the ages of 25-39. Thus, 1.4 percent of percent and divorced families are 11 percent. For example, the divorced women were under 20 years old, 21.6 percent were absolute number of divorces in 1991 was more than 33300 or between 20-24 years, 28.7 percent were 25-29 years old, 19.7 percent were 30-34 years old in 2008. It made up 28.6 percent ______of people aged 35 years and older. Comparing these indicators • Tojiyeva Z.N. is a Professor of National university of to 2018 year, the following figures were as follows: divorce rates Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan. Email: [email protected] for males aged 25-29 were 22.7%, 25.4% for females, aged 30- • Dusmanov F.A. is an Assistant of Chirchik State 34 were 26.2%, 18.2% for women, men aged 35-39 were Pedagogical Institute. Uzbekistan. 15.0%, 10.6% for women and this proportion means that the [email protected] age of divorce is increasing. In turn, the divorce rate among • Ibragimov L.Z. is a Professor associate of men is much high between the ages of 25-29 and 30-34. For state university. Uzbekistan. Email: instance, in 2007, 27.6 percent of divorced men were aged 25- [email protected] 29 and 24.8 percent were between 30 and 34 years of age. 39.3% of the divorced men were aged 35 years and older than

4096 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 this age. There has been an increase in divorce rates for both rose from 14.2% to 17.6% [3]. Many of these are very young men and women in 2010-2018 years. It is also much higher married families. While in the first two years of marriage in the among men and women in the age group of 30-34 years and a Republic in 1990, 18.3 percent of divorced men-women were spouse of this age usually has one or two children. In most under 20 years of age, and in 2018 their share increased to 23.4 cases, it is common for children to stay with their mother after percent. In most cases, girls aged 16-17 who have just a divorce, and it is still going on. Compared to 1991 year, graduated from high school will get married. The psychology of divorce rates show that divorce rates among men under 30 most girls in the age group of 16-17 is currently in a school have declined. However, divorce rates have increased among environment. Many of them have the goal of completing their men aged 30 and older. Compared to the data of 1991 year, studies at the end of the school, getting a job, earning a living, the proportion of women under 20 years of age declined by working financially for their family, and supplementing their 1.1% and among those aged 20-24 decreased by 3.1%. In “scarcity”. This can lead to economic problems and problems in contrast, the proportion of divorced women between the ages the family, leading to the breakup of the young family. This has of 25-29 and 40 years and older increased. There was little led to an increase in divorce in the 18-24 age groups. change between the ages of 30-34 and 35-39. Women with children who have divorced from their husbands are more likely Distribution of divorce in Uzbekistan by the year of marriage, % to be single, leading to the rise of single-parent families. Re- marriage of widows was 0.5% of all recorded marriages and it Th year of 2000 y 2005 y 2013 y 2018 y was 1.3% for men. One in each five divorces is broken up by marriage young families, that is, a marriage union that was created 1-4 num % num % num % num % years ago. The divorce rate of the population according to the ber ber ber ber period of marriage has changed as compared to 1991: the Number of 1990 100, 1639 100, 2402 100, 3192 100, proportion of divorces between 1 year and 1-4 years has divorce, 3 0 2 0 5 0 9 0 increased from 32.8% to 37.6%. That is during these times that total the number and frequency of divorces in marriages is one of Also the greatest demographic risks for society and the country's Until 1 732 3,7 769 4,7 1072 4,5 1130 4,4 demographic security. Whereas the divorce after 5-9 years was year 35.1 percent in 2000, it was equal to 28.5 percent in 2017. Until 1-4 5802 29,1 4839 29,5 8978 37,4 1056 33,2 year 2

Until 5-9 6986 35,1 4580 27,9 5634 23,4 9425 28,5 The divorce of spouses by age group in Uzbekistan (%) year Until 10-14 3243 16,3 3093 18,9 3264 13,6 4060 12,1 1991 2010 2018 year Total men’s 100,0 100,0 100,0 Until 15-19 1565 7,9 1522 9,3 2110 8,8 2658 8,8 year Also 20 year 1575 7,9 1589 9,7 2967 12,3 4094 13,0 Until 30 years old 43,9 33,0 36,9 and more 30-34 years old 22,8 26,2 24,9 35-39 years old 13,8 17,5 15,7 Table: The data is based on the State Statistics Committee of 40-49 years old 11,8 15,5 14,7 the Republic of Uzbekistan 50 years old and 7,7 7,8 7,8 up During the research separate attention was given to the study Total women 100,0 100,0 100,0 of the reason of divorce. Specifically, a study of the age Also indicators of divorced couples shows that the highest proportion Until 30 years old 48,6 49,4 52,2 of divorced men is between 30 and 34 years old (29.6%) and 40 years or older (30.0%). There is also a high divorce rate 30-34 years old 19,8 21,5 20,0 between the ages of 25-29. In contrast to men, the age of 35-39 years old 12,4 12,9 11,5 divorce for women was 25–29 and 30–34 years, respectively 40-49 years old 11,2 11,1 11,1 [4]. Divorced women aged 40 years and older are almost 2 50 years old and 8,0 5,1 5,2 times less than divorced men in this age group. The analysis of up the education level of divorced people revealed that one in two spouses had completed secondary education and one in five Table: The data is based on the State Statistics had higher education. The divorce rate is relatively low among Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan married couples with relatively low education. Studies show that 41.2 percent of divorced marriages are families with no It is also positive that the number of broken families in 10-14 children, about 30 percent are single-parent families and the years changed from 16.3% and 12.1% during this period. rest are families with two or more children. In general, families However, the proportion of divorced families who lived between with children had an average of 1.6 children each. In the 15-19 and 20 years and more has increased. There is no Republic of Karakalpakistan, and Surkhandarya justification for the fact that marriages between 15 and more regions this indicator was 1.9 children and in Kashkadarya, years ago increased from 15.8% to 21.8%. This is because, the Samarkand and Khorezm regions it was 1.8 children. It is greater the number of marital populations living together, the known that the fertility rate [5] in these regions is also higher greater the incidence of divorce rates requires making a than in other regions. One of the peculiarities of divorce in the separate research. Only in 1990-1994 years during the first two Republic is the difference between rural and urban families. years of marriage the proportion of divorces increased from This condition is typical for all regions of the republic. 61.0% of 13.9% to 18.0% in urban areas, while in rural areas this figure divorces were registered in urban areas and 39% in rural areas. 4097 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Surprisingly, divorce rates continue to increase in rural areas. Table 4. Changes in the territorial composition of divorce Separation of young families is more common, especially in cases in the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan rural areas of the Republic. For example, in 2010, the proportion of divorces in rural areas was 30% of the total Years total, Urban Rural total, Urban Rural number of divorces nationwide, but by 2018 this number had thousa areas, areas, % areas, areas,, risen to almost 40% (Table 4). The highest divorce rate was nd thousan thousand % % d reported in city, as well as in Tashkent, Navoi and 2010 17,8 12,4 5,4 100 69,7 30,3 Syrdarya regions. The total coefficient of divorce in these regions is equal to 0.9-1.8 per mille [6] (Table 4). Divorce rates 2011 18,6 12,8 5,8 100 68,8 31,2 are also higher in Navoi, Ferghana, Samarkand, Syrdarya and cities and have a higher share of divorce rates. There 2012 17,9 12,4 5,5 100 69,3 30,7 are several factors that contribute to the high divorce rates in 2013 24 16,5 7,5 100 68,8 31,3 the areas mentioned above. 2014 28,8 19,6 9,2 100 68,1 31,9 Figure 1. Changes in the number of divorces in urban and 2015 29,6 19,5 10,1 100 65,9 34,1 rural areas of Uzbekistan, thousands of people 2016 29,3 18,6 10,7 100 63,5 36,5 2017 31,9 19,6 12,3 100 61,4 38,6 2018 32,3 19,7 12,6 100 61,0 39,0 35

31.9 32.3 30 Table: The data is based on the State Statistics Committee of 28.8 29.6 29.3 the Republic of Uzbekistan 25 24 The highest prevalence was found in cities. This is 20 19.6 19.5 19.6 19.7 17.8 18.6 17.9 18.6 probably why Tashkent is ranked the first in terms of the overall 16.5 15 divorce rate. In particular, the fact that Samarkand has been 12.4 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.6 10.7 leading in recent years due to the highest number of divorces 10 9.2 10.1 7.5 which poses a particular demographic risk. The districts were 5 5.4 5.8 5.5 grouped and investigated according to these divorces. The highest rates of divorce were observed in Gijduvan, Yangiyul, 0 Shakhrisabz, Kibray, Asaka, Samarkand, Zangiota, , 2010 y 2011 y 2012 y 2013 y 2014 y 2015 y 2016 y 2017 y 2018 y Gijduvan, Andijan, Izboskan, Kibray, Yangiyul, Pastdargom, total Urban areas rural areas Urtachirchik, Denav, Kurgantepa, Shahrikhan districts. One of the positive sides is that the lowest rate of divorces is visible in Muynak, Tomdi, , Karaulbazar, Soh, , Takhtakupir, Table: The data is based on the State Statistics Karauzak, Konimeh, Arnasai, , Zafarabad, Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shumanay, Kanlikul, Mirzachul, , Farish, Yangibazar, Pakhtakor, Nurata, Dekhkonabad districts of the republic. In particular, the high rate of divorce among urban population is Given the fact that the majority of these districts are primarily primarily due to the fact that the national composition of the located in the Republic of Karakalpakistan and Jizzakh region urban population varies. It is well-known that in urban areas and some have small population, the law is difficult to many European peoples live and their divorce rates are higher determine. One of the biggest socio-demographic problems is than indigenous peoples. On the contrary, in Muslim nations that the number of cities with low divorce rates for demographic such as Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, and Turkmen, family breakdowns security is increasingly declining. For example, if in 2015 there are less common than those in Europe. Consequently, it should were 25 districts and cities with a divorce rate of less than 50, be noted that in recent years, the share of the European then by 2018 their number had been equal to 20 [7]. In these population has declined dramatically, and their contribution to areas, where the population consists of predominantly Uzbek divorce is insignificant. It is a pity that divorce has become and other ethnic groups, the number of cases of family increasingly common in the indigenous peoples too. It can be breakdown is relatively smaller, on the one hand, as mentioned seen that the divorce rates are quite low in Khorezm, above, the influence of Islam religion and its traditions and Karakalpakistan, Kashkadarya, , and Surkhandarya values, on the other hand, the family still remains childish and provinces which has 90 to 98 percent of local population. strictly adhered to traditions. It is worth noting that in all regions However, in recent years, there has been a steady rise in the problem of infertility is also on the rise. Because of divorce rates in Andijan, , and Namangan regions childlessness the divorce occurs most frequently in the 5-9 whose population is mainly of indigenous ethnic groups and years of marriage. They account for 25-28% of the total divorce where religious traditions are strongly observed. The most rate. For example, in 1990, 27.3% of all divorces were between problematic side is the divorces are in absolute numbers in 5 and 9 years of marriage and it was 25.3% in 2018 [8]. The 2015-2018 in the districts of Yashnabad (Khamza), main reason is that the family did not have children during this Shaykhantahur, Almazar, Yunusabad, Mirzo-Ulugbek, as well period. It is well known that divorce in a family, that is, the as the largest cities of our republic- Andijan, Bukhara, dissolution of marriage, first of all, affects the demographic Samarkand, Navoi, Karshi, Nukus, , Chirchik and structure of the family. The family is transformed from a full others. family into an unfinished family. The birth rate of children in the family is to some extent reduced. One of the factors contributing to the increase in divorce rates in Uzbekistan is the increase of

4098 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 the education level of the population. Studies show that the brides, brothers-in-law and bride, sister-in-law and bride or vice divorce rate in Uzbekistan is much higher than among people versa, bride and mother-in-law, sister –in-law in the family, with higher education. The higher the population's education sometimes they cause separation of the young family. Special level, the higher the divorce coefficient. It is noteworthy that the research shows that 3/1 part of all divorces occur because of proportion of men with a higher tertiary education is 55-60% [9]. conflicts between mother-in-laws and brides. The divorce of men with higher education is often caused by incomplete, secondary, and secondary educated level of their “Family development in Uzbekistan is considered globally wives, and their world outlook and lifestyle are incompatible. within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals of Among the reasons for divorce, the biggest indicator is the the United Nations Organization, as well as the five priority incompatibility of the couple's worldviews, that is, their areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan will be conflicting characteristics. For this reason, nearly one-third of considered as part of the Strategy of Action in 2017-2021” [10]. all divorced are divorced. Most of the divorced are young It is well known that once a family is formed, it will require families with no life skills or lack of experience and housing, usually, the main responsibility for the housing of unwillingness to compromise with each other is one of the main children, especially boys, is generally the responsibility of the reasons for divorce. Sometimes parents marry their sons, who parents. The greater the number of boys in a family, the greater are nowhere to work, who do not have a profession and who is the parental responsibility. In some cases, parents will not be are unable to support themselves financially. This causes able to afford a separate home for all of their boys in the family. economic difficulties in the early years of young families. As a In this case several young families are forced to live in the same result, there are many conflicts and conflicts that lead to yard. This causes various tensions between some siblings, divorce. About 10% of divorced families are from such families. sister-in-laws and their children and it leads to the breakup of In recent years, there has been a slight decline in moral and young families. ethical behavior among the population and spouses have been betraying each other. About 12.1 percent of divorced people “Priorities of Development of the Social sphere” section of the have divorced because of adultery. More than two-thirds of Strategy of Actions on the five priority areas of development of these cases were committed by men and it is explained by the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017 – 2021 years focuses on negative cases that 30 percent committed by women. the issues of strengthening family health, maternity and child health care [1]. Family health, one of the factors contributing to Table 5. Dynamics of divorce rates in Tashkent city, Republic the breakdown of young families in the family is the fact that of Karakalpakistan and regions young people are addicted to alcohol, drug addiction, their unemployment or poor family behavior (for example, betrayal), 1991y 2008 y 2018 y perfect study of them requires making separate research. The The The Another factor contributing to the decrease of divorce is the absolut coef absolute coeffi absolute coeffi increased attention paid to the family by the government, e ficie number, cient number, cient number n religion and community activists. It is well known that there are people people , people values such as humanity, compassion, kindness, parental duty, Republic of 32326 children's responsibilities, responsibilities of couples, 33367 1,6 16392 0,6 1,0 Uzbekistan parenthood, mother-in-law and father-in-law, kinship relations, The Republic honor and respect for the elders, the duties of the bride and of 1344 1042 0,8 539 0,3 0,7 groom among our people, they all serve as the basis for family Karakalpaksta solidarity and holiness. Thanks to independence, the national n Regions: customs and values have been revived in the republic in recent Andijan 2377 1,3 670 0,3 4149 1,4 years. They have been widely promoted by the press, radio, Bukhoro 2552 1,5 1012 0,7 1755 0,9 television and various religious and scientific events among the Jizzakh 749 0,9 520 0,5 1098 0,8 population, especially among future brides and grooms and Navoi - - 761 0,9 997 1,0 parents. A lot of work has been done in Uzbekistan in this case. Namangan 1776 1,1 1152 0,6 2508 0,9 Samarkand 2713 1,1 1644 0,6 3725 1,0 CONCLUSION Surkhondary 1446 1,1 732 0,4 1885 0,7 a Sirdarya 851 1,5 558 0,8 1112 1,4 As a result of the changes, the low socio-economic and moral Toshkent 5031 2,3 2236 0,9 3740 1,3 maturity of young men and women in divorce causes a number Fergana 3467 1,5 1090 0,4 3070 0,8 of problems in the successful family life and results in divorce. Khorazm 758 0,7 676 0,5 1025 0,6 When a family is based on cleanliness and fidelity, such families Kashkadrya 1339 0,8 925 0,4 1626 0,5 really live in peace and harmony, otherwise, the couple will be Toshkent 9266 4,4 3877 1,8 4292 1,7 competitors. Such families endanger the community financially city and morally. In order to enhance the stability and well-being of

the family, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the Table: The data is based on the State Statistics Committee of spirituality of the family, to increase the feelings of kindness, the Republic of Uzbekistan morals and humanity among the members of the same family.

Starting from the school time, young people should be taught Divorce is also caused because of the growing alcohol abuse the secrets of marriage in order to improve the socio-economic and drug addiction. 18.7% of families have been in crisis due to and spiritual maturity of young people in marriage, to prevent a men's alcohol and drug abuse and neglect to the family. The number of problems in their successful life and establish a solid bride may not always be able to fulfill her role as a bride. At and healthy family. They need to be prepared for family life, to such times there are conflicts between mother-in-laws and 4099 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 withstand some of the challenges of family morality, culture, [5] Demographic Yearbook of Uzbekistan. Statistical Digest. - and life. T., 2018. 161 p. [6] Social development and living standards in Uzbekistan. Statistical Digest. -T., 2018.24 pages. [7] Todjieva Z.N. Transformation of age-specific birth rates of the population of Uzbekistan // Materials of the international conference “Demographic development challenges of REFERENCES globalization”. Seventh Valentiniev Readings, Moscow, [1] Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 15-17, 2012 - M. 2012. February 7, in 2017, PD-4947 “On approval of the Strategy [8] Tоjieva Z.N. (2015). DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF of Actions on five priority directions of development of the AND DEMOGEOGRAFIC Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 years”. ZONING.pp.115-117. [2] Resolution, PR-3808 of The President of the Republic of Journal of Socio-Economic Geography.Vol.18. Uzbekistan dated 27.06.2018, “On Approval of the Concept [9] “The Family Code” of the Republic of Uzbekistan.-T., 1998. of Strengthening the Family Institute in the Republic of Item 6, Article 42. Uzbekistan”. [10] https://unfpa.uz/ [3] Assist by understanding demography and development. The [11] https://statcounter.com/ United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). [12] https://stat.uz/ Website: www.unfpa.uz. [13] http://uza.uz/oz/ [4] Tojieva Z.N. The Population of Uzbekistan: growth and location (1989-2009 years). Scientific monographs. - T.: “Science and Technology”, 2010. - 275 pages.

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