International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Arti Cial Intelligence
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International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Arti cial Intelligence March 2021, Vol. VI, Number 5 ISSN: 1989-1660 "As leaders, it is incumbent on all of us to make sure we are building a world in which every individual has an opportunity to thrive. Understanding what AI can do and how it ts into your strategy is the beginning, not the end, of that process." Cita Andrew Ng 2020 Special Issue on Arti cial Intelligence, Paving the Way to the Future INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN: 1989-1660 –VOL. 6, NUMBER 5 IMAI RESEARCH GROUP COUNCIL Director - Dr. Rubén González Crespo, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain Office of Publications - Lic. Ainhoa Puente, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain Latin-America Regional Manager - Dr. Carlos Enrique Montenegro Marín, Francisco José de Caldas District University, Colombia EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-in-Chief Dr. Rubén González Crespo, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain Managing Editor Dr. Elena Verdú, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Spain Dr. Javier Martínez Torres, Universidad de Vigo, Spain Dr. Vicente García Díaz, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain Associate Editors Dr. Enrique Herrera-Viedma, University of Granada, Spain Dr. Gunasekaran Manogaran, University of California, Davis, USA Dr. Witold Perdrycz, University of Alberta, Canada Dr. Miroslav Hudec, University of Economics of Bratislava, Slovakia Dr. Jörg Thomaschewski, Hochschule Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany Dr. Francisco Mochón Morcillo, National Distance Education University, Spain Dr. Manju Khari, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, East Campus, Delhi, India Dr. Carlos Enrique Montenegro Marín, Francisco José de Caldas District University, Colombia Dr. Juan Manuel Corchado, University of Salamanca, Spain Dr. Giuseppe Fenza, University of Salerno, Italy Dr. S.P. Raja, Vel Tech University, India Dr. Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway Editorial Board Members Dr. Rory McGreal, Athabasca University, Canada Dr. Óscar Sanjuán Martínez, Lumen Technologies, USA Dr. Anis Yazidi, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Dr. Nilanjan Dey, Techo India College of Technology, India Dr. Juan Pavón Mestras, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain Dr. Lei Shu, Nanjing Agricultural University, China/University of Lincoln, UK Dr. Ali Selamat, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Malaysia Dr. Hamido Fujita, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan Dr. Francisco García Peñalvo, University of Salamanca, Spain Dr. Francisco Chiclana, De Montfort University, United Kingdom Dr. Jordán Pascual Espada,Oviedo University, Spain Dr. Ioannis Konstantinos Argyros, Cameron University, USA Dr. Ligang Zhou, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China Dr. Juan Manuel Cueva Lovelle, University of Oviedo, Spain Dr. Pekka Siirtola, University of Oulu, Finland Dr. Peter A. Henning, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Germany Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Semwal, National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India Dr. Sascha Ossowski, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Dr. Anand Paul, Kyungpook National Univeristy, South Korea Dr. Javier Bajo Pérez, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain Dr. Jinlei Jiang, Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, China Dr. B. Cristina Pelayo G. Bustelo, University of Oviedo, Spain Dr. Masao Mori, Tokyo Institue of Technology, Japan Dr. Rafael Bello, Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas, Cuba - 2 - Dr. Daniel Burgos, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja - UNIR, Spain Dr. JianQiang Li, Beijing University of Technology, China Dr. Rebecca Steinert, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden Dr. Monique Janneck, Lübeck University of Applied Sciences, Germany Dr. Carina González, La Laguna University, Spain Dr. Mohammad S Khan, East Tennessee State University, USA Dr. David L. La Red Martínez, National University of North East, Argentina Dr. Juan Francisco de Paz Santana, University of Salamanca, Spain Dr. Octavio Loyola-González, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico Dr. Yago Saez, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain Dr. Guillermo E. Calderón Ruiz, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Peru Dr. Moamin A Mahmoud, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia Dr. Madalena Riberio, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Portugal Dr. Juan Antonio Morente, University of Granada, Spain Dr. Manik Sharma, DAV University Jalandhar, India Dr. Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou, Technological Educational Institute of Central Greece, Greece Dr. Edward Rolando Núñez Valdez, University of Oviedo, Spain Dr. Juha Röning, University of Oulu, Finland Dr. Paulo Novais, University of Minho, Portugal Dr. Sergio Ríos Aguilar, Technical University of Madrid, Spain Dr. Hongyang Chen, Fujitsu Laboratories Limited, Japan Dr. Fernando López, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja - UNIR, Spain Dr. Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway Dr. Mohamed Bahaj, Settat, Faculty of Sciences & Technologies, Morocco Dr. Manuel Perez Cota, Universidad de Vigo, Spain Dr. Abel Gomes, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Dr. Abbas Mardani, The University of South Florida, USA Dr. Víctor Padilla, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja - UNIR, Spain Dr. Mohammad Javad Ebadi, Chabahar Maritime University, Iran Dr. José Manuel Saiz Álvarez, Tecnológico de Monterrey, México Dr. Brij B. Gupta, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, India Dr. Alejandro Baldominos, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain - 3 - International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 6, Nº5 Editor’s Note rtificial Intelligence (AI) has become nowadays one of the literature, and measurement models found in the statistical literature; Amain relevant technologies that is driven us to a new revolution, and illustrate their approach in a healthcare decision problem showing a change in society, just as well as other human inventions, such as how a latent variable model to account for measurement error removes navigation, steam machines, or electricity did in our past. There are the unfairness detected previously. several ways in which AI might be developed, and the European The paper “Attesting Digital Discrimination Using Norms” also Union has chosen a path, a way to transit through this revolution, in addresses the problem of digital discrimination arising from bias in which Artificial Intelligence will be a tool at the service of Humanity. machine-learning algorithms. In this case, the authors point to the That was precisely the motto of the 2020 European Conference on need to provide non-expert users of machine-learning algorithms with Artificial Intelligence (“Paving the way towards Human-Centric AI”), simple tools to determine if a machine-learning system is potentially of which these special issue is a selection of the best papers selected by discriminatory, and to make explicit under which assumptions the the organizers of some of the Workshops in ECAI 2020. systems are discrimination free. The authors suggest using “norms” as These workshops constitute a diverse list of different subjects that an abstraction to represent different situations that may lead to digital are relevant to AI at present, some that envision the future, and finally discrimination. In particular, they formalise non-discrimination norms also multidisciplinary topics in an increasingly transversal discipline. in the context of machine-learning systems and propose a digital- This selection aims at proposing, discussing and finding ways to discrimination attesting algorithm to check whether the systems confront the many challenges that lie ahead and for which solutions violate these norms, illustrating its performance in three case studies need to be found. Designing the correct strategy is crucial to be able where, in particular, gender and racial biases are identified. embrace a future in which AI ensures empowering people, making “No App is an Island: Collective Action and Sustainable Development true the conference motto. Goal-Sensitive Design” deals with the challenges of engineering ever The selected papers belong to the following Workshops: Hybrid more complex socio-technical systems to address “wicked” societal Intelligence for Natural Language Processing Tasks (HI4NLP); Applied problems, with respect to satisfying qualitative human values and Deep Generative Networks (ADGN); Declarative Problem Solving to assessing their impact on global challenges. The authors present (DPSW); Advancing towards the Sustainable Development Goals: a set of sets of design principles and an associated meta-platform, AI for a fair, just and equitable world (AI4EQ); Evaluating Progress which focusses the design of socio-technical systems on the potential in AI (epAI); Singular Problems for Health Care (SP4HC); Intelligent interaction of human and artificial intelligence with respect to three Information Processing and Natural Language Generation (IntelLanG); aspects: firstly, decision support regarding the codification of deep and Data Fusion for Artificial Intelligence (DAFUSAI). social knowledge; secondly, visualisation of community contribution With the workshop “Advancing Towards the Sustainable to successful collective action; and thirdly, systemic improvement with Development Goals (SDGs): Artificial Intelligence for a Fair, Just and respect to the SDGs through impact assessment and measurement. Equitable World (AI4Eq)” we aimed to illustrate the R&D path that This SDG-sensitive design methodology is illustrated