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Home , Personal area network, Wireless LAN

PERSONAL AND LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

Dr. K. Nikitha Assistant Professor Dept. of C.S.E GITAM University Hyderabad [email protected] 02 Sep 2016 AP HRDI(Govt. of Andhra Pradesh)

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 1 Contents • Introduction • WLAN o Need o Modes of Operation o Frequency Fundamentals o Applications • Types of • IEEE 802 Standard

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 2 Contents • WPAN o Need o Topologies o IEEE 802.15 o IrDA o o ZigBee • BAN • WSN • Conclusion

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 3 NETWORKS

Transportation Social Networks Energy Networks Networks

Computer Networks Financial Networks Wireless Networks

Sensor Networks Biological (Human) Networks

9/2/2016 InternetWireless PAN and LAN 4 NETWORKS

• consists of two or more that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. • The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, waves, satellites, or light beams.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 5 Specifications Wired network Wireless network

Lower compared to Speed of operation Higher wired networks

System High Low

Cost Less More

Wired network Wireless network installation is Installation installation is easy and it cumbersome and it requires less time requires more time

Mobility Limited Not limited

Copper wires, optical EM waves or radio Transmission medium fiber cables, waves or infrared 9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 6 Specifications Wired network Wireless network

Requires hubs and switches More area is covered by Network coverage extension for network coverage limit wireless base stations which extension are connected to one another.

Channel Interference and Less High signal power loss

QoS (Quality of Service) Better Poor

Reasonably high, This is Reliability High due to failure of router will affect the entire network

WLAN, WPAN(Zigbee, Applications LAN (Ethernet), MAN bluetooth), Infrared, Cellular(GSM,CDMA, LTE)

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 7 Wireless and Mobility Wireless: • Limited bandwidth • Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes • Variable link quality (noise, interference) • High latency, higher jitter • Heterogeneous air interfaces • Security: easier snooping Mobility: • User location may change with time • Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth • Need mechanism for handoff • Security: easier spoofing 9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 8 Wireless Network

• Wireless --"having no wires". • Network is connected by radio waves and/or to maintain communications. • NICs, APs and routers in place of wires (copper or ) for connectivity.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 9

• A LAN is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area.

• The defining characteristics of LANs in contrast to WANs are: • much higher data rates • smaller geographic range - at most a few kilometers

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 10 WLAN • uses radio waves as its carrier • Area may range from a single room to an entire campus • The usually uses cables, with one or more wireless access points connecting the wireless users to the wired network.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 11 WIRELESS LAN: The need

• An increasing number of LAN users becoming mobile • Wireless LANs are easy to install • Portability

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 12 Frequency Fundamentals • Narrowband Technology • Uses fixed carrier frequency • Easy to implement (inexpensive). • Prone to jamming or interference

(two at the same carrier frequency, F0.) • Least secure modulation scheme.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 13 Frequency Fundamentals • Spread Spectrum – Frequency hopping Spread Spectrum • Uses a carrier frequency that varies with time • Relatively easy to implement (inexpensive) • Resistance to noise • Hopping rates may be ~1600 hops/second (Bluetooth). • Limited throughput • Very secure modulation scheme (used in military for decades).

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 14 Frequency Fundamentals

– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum • Much higher throughput than FH (11 Mbps) • More difficult to implement (more expensive). • Most complicated scheme (of these presented). • Most secure modulation scheme. • Better range • Less resistant to noise

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 15 Frequency Fundamentals

• Orthogonal Frequency Division • Offers higher bandwidth than that of DSSS • Operates in the 5 GHz range • Multiple Input Multiple Output

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 16

WLAN - Modes of operation • Peer-to-peer – Scalability and security issues • Access Point – BSS – ESS

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 17

WLAN - Applications

• Retail • Warehousing • Health Care • Hospitality

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 18 Types of Wireless Networks

• Wireless LAN (WLAN) • Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN) • Wireless Metropolitan Area Networking (or WiMax). • Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 19 Type of Coverage Function Cost Data Standards Network Area Rate

WLAN In buildings or Mobile extension of Low-Medi 1-100 802.11a, b,g,n, campuses; wired networks um Mbps Wi-Fi and typically 100 HiperLAN/2 meters

WPAN within reach of a Cable Replacement Very Low 0.1-4 IrDA, Bluetooth, person, typically Technology, Mbps 802.15 10meters personal networks

WMAN Within a city Medium- 134 IEEE 802.16 and between homes and High Mbps WIMAX businesses and the WWAN Coverage Mobile access to the Medium- 8 GSM,TDMA, provided on Internet from High Kbps-2 CDMA,GPRS,EDG national basis outdoor areas Mbps E,WCDMA 9/2/2016 from multiple Wireless PAN and LAN 20 carriers, worldwide Family of complementary devices

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 21

IEEE 802

• 802.11 Base Standard – 2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (1Mbit/s) – 2.4GHZ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (2Mbit/s) – Infrared (1Mbit/s) • 802.11a 5GHz Extension (>20Mbit/s) • 802.11b 2.4GHz Extension (>8Mbit/s) • 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks

“IEEE 802 is the focal point for Wireless LAN standards.” Jim Carlo

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 22 802.11 Standard • 802.11 Basic standard for Physical layer & MAC (1997)—FHSS,DSSS, 1 or 2 Mb/s, 2.4 GHz • 802.11a OFDM-based physical layer for 5 GHz, 0-54 Mb/s (1999) • 802.11b DSSS-based physical layer for 2.4 GHz, 5.5 and 11 Mb/s (1999,2001) • 802.11g OFDM-based (also other optional modes) physical layer for 2.4 GHz, ...54 Mb/s (2003) • 802.11n High-throughput enhancements (active, 2008), >100 Mb/s

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 23

802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Range(meters) 35-120 35-120 38-140 38-140 70-250

Unlicensed 2.4 GHz 5GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4GHz 2.4 and /or 5 frequency of FHSS, OFDM FHSS DSSS,OFDM GHz operation & DSSS MIMO Transmission

No. of non 3 4 3 3 14 overlapping channels Data rate per 1,2 Mbps 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 248 Mbps channel Compatibility None None With With With 802.11g and 802.11b 802.11a,b the original and g 802.11

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 24

• A PAN is a used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. • The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. • PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet .

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 25 WPAN: The Need

• Used to interconnect portable computers and/or devices like peripherals and sensors • These devices may be carried or worn by a person and/or may be located nearby Home/Office computers, printers, phones, LANs, GPS or other car resources can be connected as needed.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 26 • Two or more devices communicate on the same physical channel. • must include at least one FFD that operates as the PAN coordinator. • The PAN coordinator initiates, terminates, or routes communication around the network. The PAN coordinator is the primary controller of the PAN. • The WPAN may operate in either of two topologies: the star topology or the peer-to-peer topology.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 27 Star Topology

PAN coordinator

Full Function Device (FFD) Reduced Function Device (RFD) Communications Flow

28 Device Terminology • Full Function Device (FFD) – Any topology – Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs – Operate in three modes • PAN coordinator • Coordinator • Device. • Reduced Function Device (RFD) – Limited to star topology – Can only talk to an FFD (coordinator) – Cannot become a coordinator – Unnecessary to send large amounts of data – Extremely simple – Can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 29 Example

FFD RFD FFD

PAN coordinator RFD

RFD

RFD FFD

30 Peer-to-peer Topology

• In a peer-to-peer network, each FFD is capable of communicating with any other FFD within its radio sphere of influence. One FFD will be nominated as the PAN coordinator. • A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing, and can combine devices using a topology.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 31 WLAN and WPAN

• A WLAN consists of an • A WPAN is an ad-hoc Access Point (AP) to which arrangement, typically the individual client stations short term pairing of (STAs) associate through a devices to exchange management frame information. exchange. • The same radio provides • A radio provides ad-hoc connectivity connectivity to an (WPAN); linking smart infrastructure network phones to a notebook (WLAN) for access to the computer, computers to Internet and infrastructure televisions for wireless peripherals such as a backup display, digital camera to store or printer. computer to transfer picture files

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 32 Infrared Data Association

•IrDA is a very short-range. •IrDA interfaces are used in palmtop computers and mobile phones. •communication via IrDA requires direct line of sight.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 33

Bluetooth • Specifications and Features

• The Bluetooth specification was first developed by Ericsson, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1999. It was established by Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies as Associate or Adopter members. Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 34 Bluetooth • Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). • Blue-tooth (BT) is the radio technology that allows the devices to communicate with one another within a range • it does not require the line of sight mode of communication. Thus devices can communicate even though walls and barriers as long as they are within the range.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 35

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 10 centimeters, 10 meters, 100 meters) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in each device.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 36

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth products are available in one of three power classes

Class Power Range(approx.) Class1 100 mW ~100 meters

Class2 2.5 mW ~10 meters

Class3 1 mW ~1 meters (max)

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 37

Bluetooth

• Connection & Communication • Piconet • Round-robin fashion. • Either device may switch the master/slave role at any time. • Scatternet • Handshaking

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 38 ZigBee

• ZigBee is a published specification set of high level communication protocols designed to use small, low-power digital based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) • The technology is designed to be simpler and cheaper than other WPANs such as Bluetooth

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 39

ZigBee

• A general-purpose, inexpensive self-organizing mesh network • Very small amounts of power • Less Software when compared with Bluetooth • ZigBee chip vendors announced 128-kilobyte devices. • CSMA/CA

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 40

ZigBee

• There are three different types of ZigBee devices – ZigBee coordinator(ZC) – ZigBee Router (ZR) – ZigBee End Device (ZED):

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 41 Bluetooth Vs. ZigBee

Bluetooth ZigBee • Modulation Technique • Modulation Technique FHSS DSSS • Battery • Battery Intended for frequency Not rechargeable recharging • Protocol Stack Size • Protocol Stack Size 28Kbytes 250 Kbytes • Maximum network speed • Maximum network speed 250 K bit/sec 1 M bit/sec • Network range • Network range Upto 70 meters 1 or 100 meters • Typical network join time • Typical network join time 30 milliseconds 3 seconds

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 42 IEEE 802.15.1 802.15.3 802.15.4 Standard Bluetooth High rate WPAN Low rate WPAN (ZigBee)

Throughput 1 Mbps >20 Mbps 250 Kbits/s

Frequency 2.4 GHz 3.1—10.6 GHz 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 Band MHz

Data Rate 3Mbps 110Mbps- 250Kbps 1 Gbps Applications Cell phones, Low power, low cost Industrial, agricultural, Computers, PDAs, solutions suitable for vehicular, residential, printers, portable consumer medical applications, microphones, of digital imaging sensors and actuators speakers, headsets, and multimedia with low power barcode readers, applications consumption and low etc. cost

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 43 The Wireless Market

TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI STREAMING DIGITAL MULTI-CHANNEL AUDIO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO

LONG LAN 802.11b > 802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g RANGE

Bluetooth 2 <

ZigBee PAN Bluetooth1 SHORT

LOW < DATA RATE > HIGH

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 44

• Definition by IEEE: “A communication standard optimized for low power devices for their operation on, in or around the human body (but not limited to humans)to serve a variety of applications including medical, consumer or personal entertainment and other.”

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 45 BAN

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 46 Wireless Sensor Networks

• Distribution of sensors in a definite area for the purpose of monitoring and collecting some set of data. • Monitors physical or environmental scenarios like temperature, humidity, sound and pressure at various locations.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 47 Contributions

• Connectivity in WSN • Coverage in WSN

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 48 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/nov/11 /number-smartphones-expected-triple-56-billion-2019/

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 49 Limitations

1)Wireless network is bit more difficult to set up properly. 2)The speed of wireless network is significantly slower than wired network (2-50 times slower). 3)Wireless network is less stable. 4)There are security issues in wireless networks.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 50 Conclusion

• Interactive and high definition video applications • Web surfing with multi media experience • File storage with high Bandwidth having both reliability and limited delay • Less power consumption • Handling enormous traffic • Cost

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 51 References [1] Jim Carlo, 802 Chair [JC-802-Consortium.PDF] can be downloaded from the following URL: ftp://ftp.flexipc.com/wearablesgroup/802 [2] Bluetooth SIG, “Bluetooth Specification,” http://www.bluetooth.com [3] Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Protected Setup Specification – version 1.0, December 2006. [3] J. Y. Khan, J. Wall, M. A. Rashid, "Bluetooth-based Wireless Personal Area Network for Multimedia Communication," in IEEE Proc. International Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications, pp. 47-51, 2002. [4] R. Jordan, C. T. Abdallah, "Wireless Communications and Networking: An Overview," IEEE Antenna's and Propagation Magazine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 185-193, 2002. [5] M. C. Carlos, A. Sachin, T. Rishi and P. A. Dharma, "A Novel Architecture and Coexistence Method to Provide Global Access [6] Amjad Soomro and Dave Cavalcanti, Philips Research North America, Opportunities and Challenges in Using WPAN and WLAN Technologies in Medical Environments, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2007.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 52 References [7] E. H. Qi, M. Meylemans, M. Hattig, Augmenting Wireless LAN Technology for Wi-Fi PAN, Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, November 2009. [8] R. Ramanathan, and R. Jason, “A brief overview of ad hoc networks: challenges and directions”,IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.39, no.6, pp.20-22, 2002. [9] A. Ephremides, J. Wieselthier, and D. Baker, “A design concept for reliable mobile radio networks with frequency hopping signaling,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 75, pp. 56-73, 1987. [10] ZigBee Alliance [Online]. Available: http://www. .org/ [11] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN-http://www.ieee802.org/15/ [12] E.Jovanov, “Wireless Technology and System Integration in Body Area Networks for m-Health Applications,” in proc. 27th Annual International conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Sept. 1-4,Shanghai, China.

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 53 References [13] Bo˘zidar Radunović and Alexandre Proutiere, On Downlink Capacity of Cellular Data Networks with WLAN/WPAN relays, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2013. [14] Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing edition by Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen University of Waterloo, Canada http://bbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~xshen/ [15] Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Dr Yi Pan, Georgia State University, USA, http://www.cs.gsu.edu/pan/ [16] Wireless Networking Basics, NETGEAR, Inc. Vol 1.0, October 2005. [17] The Wireless LAN Standard. Cisco Systems, 2000. [18] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPAN, http://ieee802.org/15/index.html. [19] R. Prasad and L. Gavrilovska, ”Research Challenges for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, http://www.eng.ukm.my/~micc2001/html/prasad.pdf [20] Jim Geier's book Wireless LANs: Implementing Interoperable

9/2/2016Networks (Macmillan TechnicalWireless Publishing, PAN and LAN 1999). 54 Thank You

9/2/2016 Wireless PAN and LAN 55