MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: a Survey
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OES 2 SP3: Novell CIFS for Linux Administration Guide 9.2.1 Mapping Drives from a Windows 2000 Or XP Client
www.novell.com/documentation Novell CIFS Administration Guide Open Enterprise Server 2 SP3 May 03, 2013 Legal Notices Novell, Inc., makes no representations or warranties with respect to the contents or use of this documentation, and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further, Novell, Inc., reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes to its content, at any time, without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or changes. Further, Novell, Inc., makes no representations or warranties with respect to any software, and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further, Novell, Inc., reserves the right to make changes to any and all parts of Novell software, at any time, without any obligation to notify any person or entity of such changes. Any products or technical information provided under this Agreement may be subject to U.S. export controls and the trade laws of other countries. You agree to comply with all export control regulations and to obtain any required licenses or classification to export, re-export or import deliverables. You agree not to export or re-export to entities on the current U.S. export exclusion lists or to any embargoed or terrorist countries as specified in the U.S. export laws. You agree to not use deliverables for prohibited nuclear, missile, or chemical biological weaponry end uses. See the Novell International Trade Service Web page (http://www.novell.com/info/exports/) for more information on exporting Novell software. -
The Transport Layer: Tutorial and Survey SAMI IREN and PAUL D
The Transport Layer: Tutorial and Survey SAMI IREN and PAUL D. AMER University of Delaware AND PHILLIP T. CONRAD Temple University Transport layer protocols provide for end-to-end communication between two or more hosts. This paper presents a tutorial on transport layer concepts and terminology, and a survey of transport layer services and protocols. The transport layer protocol TCP is used as a reference point, and compared and contrasted with nineteen other protocols designed over the past two decades. The service and protocol features of twelve of the most important protocols are summarized in both text and tables. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: General—Data communications; Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI); C.2.1 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Architecture and Design—Network communications; Packet-switching networks; Store and forward networks; C.2.2 [Computer-Communication Networks]: Network Protocols; Protocol architecture (OSI model); C.2.5 [Computer- Communication Networks]: Local and Wide-Area Networks General Terms: Networks Additional Key Words and Phrases: Congestion control, flow control, transport protocol, transport service, TCP/IP 1. INTRODUCTION work of routers, bridges, and communi- cation links that moves information be- In the OSI 7-layer Reference Model, the tween hosts. A good transport layer transport layer is the lowest layer that service (or simply, transport service) al- operates on an end-to-end basis be- lows applications to use a standard set tween two or more communicating of primitives and run on a variety of hosts. This layer lies at the boundary networks without worrying about differ- between these hosts and an internet- ent network interfaces and reliabilities. -
Solutions to Chapter 2
CS413 Computer Networks ASN 4 Solutions Solutions to Assignment #4 3. What difference does it make to the network layer if the underlying data link layer provides a connection-oriented service versus a connectionless service? [4 marks] Solution: If the data link layer provides a connection-oriented service to the network layer, then the network layer must precede all transfer of information with a connection setup procedure (2). If the connection-oriented service includes assurances that frames of information are transferred correctly and in sequence by the data link layer, the network layer can then assume that the packets it sends to its neighbor traverse an error-free pipe. On the other hand, if the data link layer is connectionless, then each frame is sent independently through the data link, probably in unconfirmed manner (without acknowledgments or retransmissions). In this case the network layer cannot make assumptions about the sequencing or correctness of the packets it exchanges with its neighbors (2). The Ethernet local area network provides an example of connectionless transfer of data link frames. The transfer of frames using "Type 2" service in Logical Link Control (discussed in Chapter 6) provides a connection-oriented data link control example. 4. Suppose transmission channels become virtually error-free. Is the data link layer still needed? [2 marks – 1 for the answer and 1 for explanation] Solution: The data link layer is still needed(1) for framing the data and for flow control over the transmission channel. In a multiple access medium such as a LAN, the data link layer is required to coordinate access to the shared medium among the multiple users (1). -
The Application Layer Protocol Ssh Is Connectionless
The Application Layer Protocol Ssh Is Connectionless Deryl remains prognostic: she revile her misogamist clarified too ineffectually? Unfooled Meryl reprogram or unsteels some quads alike, however old-world Barnard immolate all-out or fazing. Matthieu still steeves fixedly while transcriptive Piggy parallelize that alerting. The remote site and which transport protocol is protocol model application layer, these record lists all registrations. As for maintaining ordered delivery. Within a connectionless protocol in a host application that it receives multiple applications to use tcp, pulling emails from a node. IP and MAC address is there. Link state algorithms consider bandwidth when calculating routes. Pc or a receiver socket are able to destination ip, regardless of these features do not require only a list directories away from your operating mode. Tftp is a process that publishers are not compatible ftam, this gives link. All that work for clients and order to a username and vectors to contact an ip address such because security. Ip operation of errors or was statically configured cost load. The application layer performs a set. Ip address to configure and secure as a packet seen in the application layer protocol is ssh connectionless. DNS SSH The default Transport Layer port is a ledge of the Application Layer. HTTP is a short abbreviation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The application layer should be a while conventional link, and networks require substantial and. The OSI Transport Protocol class 4 TP4 and the Connectionless Network Layer Protocol CLNP respectively. TCP IP Protocols and Ports Vskills. The parsed MIME header. The connectionless is connectionless. -
Logical Link Control and Channel Scheduling for Multichannel Underwater Sensor Networks
ICST Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications Research Article Logical Link Control and Channel Scheduling for Multichannel Underwater Sensor Networks Jun Li ∗, Mylene` Toulgoat, Yifeng Zhou, and Louise Lamont Communications Research Centre Canada, 3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON. K2H 8S2 Canada Abstract With recent developments in terrestrial wireless networks and advances in acoustic communications, multichannel technologies have been proposed to be used in underwater networks to increase data transmission rate over bandwidth-limited underwater channels. Due to high bit error rates in underwater networks, an efficient error control technique is critical in the logical link control (LLC) sublayer to establish reliable data communications over intrinsically unreliable underwater channels. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol stack architecture featuring cross-layer design of LLC sublayer and more efficient packet- to-channel scheduling for multichannel underwater sensor networks. In the proposed stack architecture, a selective-repeat automatic repeat request (SR-ARQ) based error control protocol is combined with a dynamic channel scheduling policy at the LLC sublayer. The dynamic channel scheduling policy uses the channel state information provided via cross-layer design. It is demonstrated that the proposed protocol stack architecture leads to more efficient transmission of multiple packets over parallel channels. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the packet delay performance of the proposed cross-layer protocol stack architecture with two different scheduling policies: the proposed dynamic channel scheduling and a static channel scheduling. Simulation results show that the dynamic channel scheduling used in the cross-layer protocol stack outperforms the static channel scheduling. It is observed that, when the dynamic channel scheduling is used, the number of parallel channels has only an insignificant impact on the average packet delay. -
Shared Resource Matrix Methodology: an Approach to Identifying Storage and Timing Channels
Shared Resource Matrix Methodology: An Approach to Identifying Storage and Timing Channels RICHARD A. KEMMERER University of California, Santa Barbara Recognizing and dealing with storage and timing channels when performing the security analysis of a computer system is an elusive task. Methods for discovering and dealing with these channels have mostly been informal, and formal methods have been restricted to a particular specification language. A methodology for discovering storage and timing channels that can be used through all phases of the software life cycle to increase confidence that all channels have been identified is presented. The methodology is presented and applied to an example system having three different descriptions: English, formal specification, and high-order language implementation. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.0 [Computer-Communication Networks]: General--se- curity and protection; D.4.6 ]Operating Systems]: Security and Protection--information flow controls General Terms: Security Additional Key Words and Phrases: Protection, confinement, flow analysis, covert channels, storage channels, timing channels, validation 1. INTRODUCTION When performing a security analysis of a system, both overt and covert channels of the system must be considered. Overt channels use the system's protected data objects to transfer information. That is, one subject writes into a data object and another subject reads from the object. Subjects in this context are not only active users, but are also processes and procedures acting on behalf of the user. The channels, such as buffers, files, and I/O devices, are overt because the entity used to hold the information is a data object; that is, it is an object that is normally viewed as a data container. -
Chapter 2. Application Layer Table of Contents 1. Context
Chapter 2. Application Layer Table of Contents 1. Context ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 2 4. Network application software ....................................................................................................... 2 5. Process communication ................................................................................................................. 3 6. Transport Layer services provided by the Internet ....................................................................... 3 7. Application Layer Protocols ........................................................................................................... 4 8. The web and HTTP .......................................................................................................................... 4 8.1. Web Terminology ................................................................................................................... 5 8.2. Overview of HTTP protocol .................................................................................................... 6 8.3. HTTP message format ........................................................................................................... -
Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects
Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects Taehun Kim Ofinno • ofinno.com • May 2021 Small Data Transmission (SDT): Protocol Aspects Signals for transitioning to a radio resource control • a radio resource control (RRC) connection (RRC) connected state and maintaining the RRC establishment procedure to establish an RRC connected state could cause overheads (e.g., power connection [3][4]; and consumption and delay) to a wireless device having • an initial access stratum (AS) security activation small amount of data to transmit when in an RRC idle procedure for secured data transmission [3][4]. state or an RRC inactive state. When the procedures is successfully completed, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has wireless device in an RRC connected state transmits introduced technologies to reduce the overheads. the UL data. After the transmission of the UL data, This article gives a brief introduction of the the wireless device stays in the RRC connected technologies and investigates a protocol aspects of state until receiving an RRC release message from the technologies. a base station. While staying in the RRC connected state, the wireless device should perform additional 1. Introduction procedures (e.g., radio link monitoring (RLM), Before technologies to reduce overheads for small measurement & measurement reporting, etc.). The data transmission (SDT) is introduced for long-term wireless device transitions back to the RRC idle state evolution (LTE) or new radio (NR), uplink (UL) data when receiving an RRC release message from the generated in an RRC idle state can be transmitted base station. only after transitioning to an RRC connected state according to 3GPP specifications. -
Openairinterface: Democratizing Innovation in the 5G Era
Computer Networks 176 (2020) 107284 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet OpenAirInterface: Democratizing innovation in the 5G Era Florian Kaltenberger a,∗, Aloizio P. Silva b,c, Abhimanyu Gosain b, Luhan Wang d, Tien-Thinh Nguyen a a Eurecom, France b Northeastern University, Massachusetts, United States c US Ignite Inc. PAWR Project Office, Washington DC, United States d Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 2019 MSC: OpenAirInterface TM (OAI) is an open-source project that implements the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 00-01 (3GPP) technology on general purpose x86 computing hardware and Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Software Defined 99-00, Radio (SDR) cards like the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). It makes it possible to deploy and operate Keywords: a 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network today and 5G New Radio (NR) networks in the future at a very low Open Air Interface cost. Moreover, the open-source code can be adapted to different use cases and deployment and new functionality 5G can be implemented, making it an ideal platform for both industrial and academic research. The OAI Software New radio technology Alliance (OSA) is a non-profit consortium fostering a community of industrial as well as research contributors. Network softwarization It also developed the OAI public license which is an open source license that allows contributors to implement LTE their own patented technology without having to relinquish their intellectual property rights. -
Wireless Technologies and the SAFECOM Sor for Public Safety Communications
Wireless Technologies and the SAFECOM SoR for Public Safety Communications Leonard E. Miller Wireless Communication Technologies Group Advanced Network Technologies Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 2005 Cover photo: Santa Clara County antenna farm, from http://www.sccfd.org/frequencies.html ii Wireless Technologies and the SAFECOM SoR for Public Safety Communications Preface The Problem: Lack of Capacity, Interoperability, and Functionality National assessments of public safety communications (PSC) that were made in the 1990s found that the nation’s public safety agencies faced several important problems in their use of radio communications1: • First, the radio frequencies allocated for Public Safety use have become highly congested in many, especially urban, areas…. • Second, the ability of officials from different Public Safety agencies to communicate with each other is limited…. Interoperability is hampered by the use of multiple frequency bands, incompatible radio equipment, and a lack of standardization in repeater spacing and transmission formats. • Finally, Public Safety agencies have not been able to implement advanced features to aid in their mission. A wide variety of technologies—both existing and under development —hold substantial promise to reduce danger to Public Safety personnel and to achieve greater efficiencies in the performance of their duties. Broadband data systems, for example, offer greater access to databases and information that can save lives and contribute to keeping criminals “off the street.” Video systems promise better surveillance capabilities, increased use of robotics in toxic and hazardous environments, and better monitoring and tracking of both personnel and equipment. The national assessments of PSC have had significant impact on legislation, regulation, and funding. -
Draft Stable Implementation Agreement for Open
NBS PUBLICATIONS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology A 11 IDE 7 E T M NBSIR 87-3674 Draft Stable Implementation Agreements for Open Systems Interconnection Protocols NBS Workshop for Implementors of Open Systems Interconnection Version 1 Edition 0 October 1987 DRAFT STABLE IMPLEMENTATION AGREEMENTS Based on the Proceeding of the NBS/OSI Implementor’s Workshop Plenary Assembly Held October 9, 1987 National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, MD 20899 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS — QC 100 - U 5 6 87-3674 1987 C • 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology Research Information Center NBSIR 87-3674 National r>ureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 A) BSc DRAFT STABLE IMPLEMENTATION QCtoo AGREEMENTS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS < USy INTERCONNECTION PROTOCOLS m., 1921 c.> NBS Workshop for Implementors of Open Systems Interconnection Version 1 Edition 0 October 1987 DRAFT STABLE IMPLEMENTATION AGREEMENTS Based on the Proceeding of the NBS/OSI Implementor’s Workshop Plenary Assembly Held October 9, 1987 National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, MD 20899 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Acting Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director 21 Table of Contents 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT * 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP 1 1.3 WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION 1 2. SUB NETWORKS 1 2.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 1 2.1.1 IEEE 802.2 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL 1 2.1.2 IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD ACCESS METHOD 1 2.1.3 IEEE 802.4 TOKEN BUS ACCESS METHOD 1 2.1.4 IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Access Method 3 2.2 WIDE AREA NETWORKS 4 2.2.1 CCITT RECOMMENDATION X.25 4 2.3 PRIVATE SUBNETWORKS 4 2.3.1 PRIVATE SUBNETWORKS' 4 3. -
OSI Model and Network Protocols
CHAPTER4 FOUR OSI Model and Network Protocols Objectives 1.1 Explain the function of common networking protocols . TCP . FTP . UDP . TCP/IP suite . DHCP . TFTP . DNS . HTTP(S) . ARP . SIP (VoIP) . RTP (VoIP) . SSH . POP3 . NTP . IMAP4 . Telnet . SMTP . SNMP2/3 . ICMP . IGMP . TLS 134 Chapter 4: OSI Model and Network Protocols 4.1 Explain the function of each layer of the OSI model . Layer 1 – physical . Layer 2 – data link . Layer 3 – network . Layer 4 – transport . Layer 5 – session . Layer 6 – presentation . Layer 7 – application What You Need To Know . Identify the seven layers of the OSI model. Identify the function of each layer of the OSI model. Identify the layer at which networking devices function. Identify the function of various networking protocols. Introduction One of the most important networking concepts to understand is the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) reference model. This conceptual model, created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1978 and revised in 1984, describes a network architecture that allows data to be passed between computer systems. This chapter looks at the OSI model and describes how it relates to real-world networking. It also examines how common network devices relate to the OSI model. Even though the OSI model is conceptual, an appreciation of its purpose and function can help you better understand how protocol suites and network architectures work in practical applications. The OSI Seven-Layer Model As shown in Figure 4.1, the OSI reference model is built, bottom to top, in the following order: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.