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The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
BYJU's IAS Comprehensive News Analysis
Post-Mauryan Age - Crafts, Trade & Towns [Ancient History Notes] After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, many other smaller states emerged in India, some of which are the Sungas, the Kanvas, the Satavahanas, etc. It is an important period in the ancient history of India and in hence, important for the UPSC exam. In this article, you can read all about the crafts, trade and towns in Post-Mauryan India. Post-Mauryan Age - Crafts The age of the Shakas, the Kushanas, the Satavahanas (200 BCE - 200 CE) and the first Tamil states was the most flourishing period in the history of crafts and commerce in ancient India. • The Digha-Nikaya, which belongs to the pre-Mauryan times, mentions nearly two dozen occupations but the Mahavastu, which belongs to this period, catalogues 36 different kinds of workers living in the town of Rajgir. • The Milinda Panho (the questions of Milinda) mentions about 75 occupations, out of which 60 are connected with various kinds of crafts. • Craftsmen are mostly associated with towns in literary texts, but some excavations show that they also inhabited villages. • The field of mining and metallurgy made great advancements and specializations, as many as eight crafts were associated with the working of gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, brass, iron, precious stones and jewels. o The technological advancement in iron manufacturing is evident by the excavations of specialized iron artifacts from the Karimnagar and Nalgonda districts of the Telangana region. o Indian iron and steel including cutlery were exported to Abyssinian ports and enjoyed great prestige in western Asia. -
ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TOURISM LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:403 ANSWERED ON:25.11.2014 TOURIST SITES Singh Shri Rama Kishore Will the Minister of TOURISM be pleased to state: (a) whether tourist sites have been categorised grade-wise in the country and if so, the details thereof; (b) the details of tourist sites covered under Buddhist circuit and developed as world heritage tourist sites during the last three years and the current year; (c) whether the Government has any tourism related proposals for Vaishali in Bihar including financial assistance; and (d) if so, the details thereof? Answer MINISTER OF STATE FOR TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (DR. MAHESH SHARMA) (a): Madam. At present there is no grade wise categorization of tourist sites. (b): The Ministry of Tourism has identified following three circuits to be developed as Buddhist Circuits in the country with the help of Central Government/State Government/Private stake holders: Circuit 1: The Dharmayatra or the Sacred Circuit - This will be a 5 to 7 days circuit and will include visits to Gaya (Bodhgaya), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 2: Extended Dharmayatra or Extended Sacred Circuit or Retracing Buddha's Footsteps - This will be a 10 to 15 day circuit and will include visits to Bodhgaya (Nalanda, Rajgir, Barabar caves, Pragbodhi Hill, Gaya), Patna (Vaishali, Lauriya Nandangarh, Lauriya Areraj, Kesariya, Patna Museum), Varanasi (Sarnath), Kushinagar, Piparva (Kapilvastu, Shravasti, Sankisa) with a day trip to Lumbini in Nepal. Circuit 3: Buddhist Heritage Trails (State Circuits). i. Jammu and Kashmir - Ladakh, Srinagar (Harwan, Parihaspora) and Jammu (Ambaran). -
Indian Hieroglyphs
Indian hieroglyphs Indus script corpora, archaeo-metallurgy and Meluhha (Mleccha) Jules Bloch’s work on formation of the Marathi language (Bloch, Jules. 2008, Formation of the Marathi Language. (Reprint, Translation from French), New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN: 978-8120823228) has to be expanded further to provide for a study of evolution and formation of Indian languages in the Indian language union (sprachbund). The paper analyses the stages in the evolution of early writing systems which began with the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Providing an example from the Indian Hieroglyphs used in Indus Script as a writing system, a stage anterior to the stage of syllabic representation of sounds of a language, is identified. Unique geometric shapes required for tokens to categorize objects became too large to handle to abstract hundreds of categories of goods and metallurgical processes during the production of bronze-age goods. In such a situation, it became necessary to use glyphs which could distinctly identify, orthographically, specific descriptions of or cataloging of ores, alloys, and metallurgical processes. About 3500 BCE, Indus script as a writing system was developed to use hieroglyphs to represent the ‘spoken words’ identifying each of the goods and processes. A rebus method of representing similar sounding words of the lingua franca of the artisans was used in Indus script. This method is recognized and consistently applied for the lingua franca of the Indian sprachbund. That the ancient languages of India, constituted a sprachbund (or language union) is now recognized by many linguists. The sprachbund area is proximate to the area where most of the Indus script inscriptions were discovered, as documented in the corpora. -
A Study of Pre-Historic Stone Age Period of India
Journal of Arts and Culture ISSN: 0976-9862 & E-ISSN: 0976-9870, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp.-126-128. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=53. A STUDY OF PRE-HISTORIC STONE AGE PERIOD OF INDIA DARADE S.S. Mula Education Society's Arts, Commerce & Science College, Sonai, Newasa- 414105, MS, India *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: November 01, 2012; Accepted: December 06, 2012 Abstract- Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilizations. The earli- est archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Keywords- history, Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Indian Citation: Darade S.S. (2012) A Study of Pre-Historic Stone Age Period of India. Journal of Arts and Culture, ISSN: 0976-9862 & E-ISSN: 0976 -9870, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp.-126-128. Copyright: Copyright©2012 Darade S.S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li- cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
Neolithic-Chalcolithic Potteries of Eastern Uttar-Pradesh
American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688 AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Neolithic-Chalcolithic Potteries of Eastern Uttar-Pradesh Dr. Shitala Prasad Singh Associate Professor, Department of Ancient History Archaeology and Culture D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, U.P., India Eastern Uttar-Pradesh (23051’ N. - 280 30’ N. and which 810 31’ E – 810 39’ E) which extends from Allahabad and Kaushambi districts of the province in the west to the Bihar-Bengal border in the east and from the Nepal tarai in the north, to the Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh state in the South. The regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh covering parts or whole of the districts of Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Sant Ravidas nagar, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kaushambi, Balia, Gonda, Bahraich, Shravasti, Balrampur, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Pratapgarh, Basti, Siddharth Nagar, Deoria, Kushinagar, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Chandauli, Mau and Azamgarh. The entire region may be divided into three distinct geographical units – The Ganga Plain, the Vindhya-Kaimur ranges and the Saryupar region. The eastern Uttar Pradesh has been the cradle of Indian Culture and civilization. It is the land associated with the story of Ramayana. The deductive portions of the Mahabharta are supposed to have got their final shape in this region. The area was the nerve centre of political, economic and religious upheavels of 6th century B.C. -
Gadre 1943.Pdf
- Sri Pratapasimha Maharaja Rajyabhisheka Grantha-maia MEMOIR No. II. IMPORTANT INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE BARODA STATE. * Vol. I. Price Rs. 5-7-0 A. S. GADRE INTRODUCTION I have ranch pleasure in writing a short introduction to Memoir No, II in 'Sri Pratapsinh Maharaja Rajyabhisheka Grantharnala Series', Mr, Gadre has edited 12 of the most important epigraphs relating to this part of India some of which are now placed before the public for the first time. of its These throw much light on the history Western India and social and economic institutions, It is hoped that a volume containing the Persian inscriptions will be published shortly. ' ' Dilaram V. T, KRISHNAMACHARI, | Baroda, 5th July 1943. j Dewan. ii FOREWORD The importance of the parts of Gujarat and Kathiawad under the rule of His Highness the Gaekwad of Baroda has been recognised by antiquarians for a the of long time past. The antiquities of Dabhoi and architecture Northern the Archaeo- Gujarat have formed subjects of special monographs published by of India. The Government of Baroda did not however realise the logical Survey of until a necessity of establishing an Archaeological Department the State nearly decade ago. It is hoped that this Department, which has been conducting very useful work in all branches of archaeology, will continue to flourish under the the of enlightened rule of His Highness Maharaja Gaekwad Baroda. , There is limitless scope for the activities of the Archaeological Department in Baroda. The work of the first Gujarat Prehistoric Research Expedition in of the cold weather of 1941-42 has brought to light numerous remains stone age and man in the Vijapuf and Karhi tracts in the North and in Sankheda basin. -
The Mauryan Empire - History Study Materials
The Mauryan Empire - History Study Materials THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (321-289 BC) In 322 BC, Chandragupta Maurya, the ruler of Seleucus, Alexander's successor in Persia, he Magadha, began to assert its authority over the undeiwent a treaty liberating the empire bam Greco- neighbouring kingdoms. Chandragupta (320-300 BC), Persian authority. It also assured him a respectful was the builder of the first Indian imperial power, the place in later Greek ond Roman histories. He used Mauryan Empire. He had his capital at Pataliputru, the administrative system established by the Nandas near Patna, in Bihar. fa his full advantage, and established dose and friendly relations with Babylon and the lands farther CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (320-300 west. He was acknowledged as a brilliant general BC) having an army of well over half a million soldiers. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the He was also a brilliant king, who united India, Mauryan Empire. He founded the dynasty by restricting himself in not going beyond the overthrowing the Nandas around 320 BC. There is no subcontinent. Pata'ipufra become a cosmopolitan clear account available about his early life. He was city of such a large proportion that Chandragupta born in Pataliputra, but was raised in the forest in the had to create a special section of municipal officials company of herdsmen and hunters. It was Chanakya to look after its welfare, and special courts were who spotted him and he was struck by his personality. established to meet its judicial needs. Chanakya trained and transformed him into one of the most powerful rulers of that era. -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Outlines of Indian History Module Name/Title Mahajanapadas- Rise of Magadha – Nandas – Invasion of Alexander Module Id I C/ OIH/ 08 Pre requisites Early History of India Objectives To study the Political institutions of Ancient India from earliest to 3rd Century BCE. Mahajanapadas , Rise of Magadha under the Haryanka, Sisunaga Dynasties, Nanda Dynasty, Persian Invasions, Alexander’s Invasion of India and its Effects Keywords Janapadas, Magadha, Haryanka, Sisunaga, Nanda, Alexander E-text (Quadrant-I) 1. Sources Political and cultural history of the period from C 600 to 300 BCE is known for the first time by a possibility of comparing evidence from different kinds of literary sources. Buddhist and Jaina texts form an authentic source of the political history of ancient India. The first four books of Sutta pitaka -- the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta and Anguttara nikayas -- and the entire Vinaya pitaka were composed between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE. The Sutta nipata also belongs to this period. The Jaina texts Bhagavati sutra and Parisisthaparvan represent the tradition that can be used as historical source material for this period. The Puranas also provide useful information on dynastic history. A comparison of Buddhist, Puranic and Jaina texts on the details of dynastic history reveals more disagreement. This may be due to the fact that they were compiled at different times. Apart from indigenous literary sources, there are number of Greek and Latin narratives of Alexander’s military achievements. They describe the political situation prevailing in northwest on the eve of Alexander’s invasion. -
Patna University, Patna Paper – CC-XI, Sem
Chirand Chalcolithic Culture Dr. Dilip Kumar Assistant Professor (Guest) Dept. of Ancient Indian History & Archaeology, Patna University, Patna Paper – CC-XI, Sem. – III With the end of the Neolithic Age, several cultures started using metal, mostly copper and low grade bronze. The culture based on the use of copper and stone was termed as Chalcolithic meaning stone-copper Phase. In India, it spanned around 2000 BC to 700 BC. This culture was mainly seen in Pre-Harappan phase, but at many places it extended to Post-Harappan phase too. The people were mostly rural and lived near hills and rivers. The Chalcolithic culture corresponds to the farming communities, namely Kayatha, Ahar or Banas, Malwa, and Jorwe. The term Chalcolithic is a combination of two words- Chalco+Lithic was derived from the Greek words "khalkos" + "líthos" which means "copper" and "stone" or Copper Age. It is also known as the Eneolithic (from Latin aeneus "of copper") is an archaeological period that is usually considered to be part of the broader Neolithic (although it was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age). Chirand is an archaeological site in the Saran district of Bihar, situated on the northern bank of the Ganga River. It has a large pre-historic mound, known for its continuous archaeological record from the Neolithic age to the reign of the Pal dynasty who ruled during the pre-medieval period; the excavations in Chirand have revealed stratified Neolithic and Iron Age settlements, transitions in human habitation patterns dating from 2500 BC to 30 AD. -
Early Humans- Hunters and Gatherers Worksheet- 1
EARLY HUMANS- HUNTERS AND GATHERERS WORKSHEET- 1 QN QUESTION MA RKS 01 In the early stages, human were _____________ and nomads. 01 a. hunter-gatherers b. advanced c. singers d. musicians 02 Stone tools of _____________ Stone Age are called microliths. 01 a. Old b. New c. Middle d. India 03 One of the greatest discoveries made by early humans was of 01 a. painting b. tool making c. hunting d. fire 04 Bhimbetka, in ______________, is famous for prehistoric cave paintings. 01 a. Uttar Pradesh b. Madhya Pradesh c. Karnataka d. Orissa 05 The __________________ and Baichbal valley in Deccan have many Stone Age 01 sites. a. Burzahom b. Gufkral c. Hunsgi d. Chirand 06 What are artefacts? 01 07 What is the meaning of Palaios in Greek? 01 08 Who is a nomad? 01 09 Where is Altamira located? 01 10 Wheel was invented in which age? 01 11 Which period was known as period of transition? 01 12 True or False 01 Human evolution occurred within a very short span of time. 13 Old stone age people lived in caves and natural rock shelters. 01 14 In Chalcolithic period, humans used only metals. 01 15 Fill in the Blanks:- 01 The old stone age is known as--------------. 16 One of the oldest archaeological sites found in India is--------------- Valley in 01 Karnataka. 17 Write a note on Hunsgi. 03 18 Write a note on tools and implements of stone age people. 03 19 Why the stone age is called so? Give reasons. 03 20 What was the natural change that occurred around 9000BC? How did it help the 03 humans who lived then? 21 Which period in History is known as the Stone -
Imperialhistoryo035289mbp.Pdf
' , . ';. AN, IMPERIAL HISTORY OF INDIA EN A SANSKRIT TEXT [ c. 700 B.C. c. 770 A4). ] Wrm A SpEC3M."CtM>l'iil irii> T ON LATER GUPTA PERIOD By P. JAYASWAL * the Sanskrit Text Revised by . RAHULA SANKRITYAYANA PUBLISHED BY MOTILAL BANARSI DASS THE PUNJAB SANSKRIT BOOK DEPOT SASDMRHA, LAHORE To PROFESSOR STLVAIN LEW ^Iftwwft, wf ^Nn^ ^frtft i MATERIAL 1. The Sanskrit Text as printed in the Trivandrvm Sanskrit Series, No. LXXXIV, 1925, pp. 579656, eAT.Ganapati Sistri. 2. The Tibetan Text in the Snar-tb*ng edition of the SKAH- HGYUR, VoL D-, leaves 425* 485*. 3. A part of the Tibetan Text, for Slokas 549558, \t/fc>the text kindly supplied by Prof. Sylvain Llvi from the Peking red edition, VoL XHI, p. 2754 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, Tibetan 13). ARRANGEMENT (a) The pagination of Ganapati Sastri's edition is denoted on each page by the letter G. and that of the Tibetan version by the letter T. (b) The Tibetan variants are given in footnotes. (c) Ordinary corrections in the Sanskrit Text have been made from the Tibetan version in footnotes. The passages requiring correction have been underlined in the G. Text. (d) Passages which are not in the Tibetan Text have been put in smaller Sanskrit type. (e) Texts found in Tibetan and omitted in the G. Text have been added in round brackets in the body of the G. Text (/) The divisions, in English, into sections have been made to cor- respond with my commentary above. (g) Proper names have been put in Italics (Sanskrit Type).