Recht, Staat Und Verwaltung Im Klassischen Indien

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Recht, Staat Und Verwaltung Im Klassischen Indien Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von der Stiftung Historisches Kolleg K olloquien 30 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien The State, the Law, and Administration in Classical India Herausgegeben von Bernhard Kölver unter Mitarbeit von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Schriften des Historischen Kollegs im Auftrag der Stiftuni; Historisches Kolleg im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft herausgegeben von Horst Fuhrmann in Verbindung mit Rudolf Cohen, Arnold Esch, Lothar Gail, Hilmar Kopper, Jochen Martin, Horst Niemeyer, Peter Pulzer, Winfried Schulze, Michael Stolleis und Eberhard Weis Geschäftsführung: Georg Kalmer Redaktion: Elisabeth Miiller-Luckner Organisationsausschuß: Georg Kalmer, Herbert Kießling, Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, Heinz-Rudi Spiegel Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg hat sich für den Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissen­ schaften die Förderung von Gelehrten, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in For­ schung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben, zur Aufgabe gesetzt. Sie vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und ein Förderstipendium sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leistungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglichkeit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Bernhard Kölver (Kiel, jetzt Leipzig) war - zusammen mit Professor Dr. Eli­ sabeth Fehrenbach (Saarbrücken), Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner Hahn (Saarbrücken, jetzt Jena) und Professor Dr. Ludwig Schmugge (Zürich) - Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kol­ legjahr 1991/92. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Bernhard Kölver aus sei­ nem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassi­ schen Indien - The State, the Law, and Administration in Classical India“ vom 10. bis 13. Juni 1992 im Historischen Kolleg gehalten. Die Ergebnisse des Kolloquiums werden m diesem Band veröffentlicht. Die Stiftung Historisches Kolleg wird vom Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank zur Förderung der Wissenschaft in Forschung und Lehre und vom Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft getragen. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Recht, Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien = The state, the law, and administration in classical [ndia / hrsg. von Bernhard Kölver unter Mitarb. von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. - M ünchen : O ldenbourg, 1997 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs : Kolloquien ; 30) ISBN 3-486-56193-6 NE: Kölver, Bernhard [Hrsg.]; The state, the law, and administration in classical India; Historisches Kolleg <München>: Schriften des Historischen Kollegs / Kolloquien © 1997 R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Telefon (089) 45051-0, Internet: http://www.oldenbourg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urhcberrechtsgesetz.es ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu­ lässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover­ filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe GmbH, München ISBN 3-486-56193-6 Inhalt Bernhard Kölver Z u r E in f ü h r u n g ............................................................................................................................ VII V erzeichnis der T agungsteilnehm er ............................................................................... X V III I. M odelle Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya ‘Autonomous Spaces’ and the Authority of the State: the Contradiction and its Resolution in Theory and Practice in Early In d ia .............................. 1 Burton Stein C om m unities, States, and ‘Classical’ India ........................................................ 15 II. Konstellationen Michael Witzel Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru S ta te ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Heinz Bechert Die Gesetze des buddhistischen Sangha als indisches R e ch tssy stem ...................................................................................................................... 53 Georg Berkemer The Chronicle of a Little Kingdom: Some Reflections on the Tekkali- tälüka Jamimdärlä Vamsävali .................................................................................. 65 HI- Zur Natur der Rechtsquellen Richard W. Lariviere Dharmasästra, Custom, ‘Real Law’ and ‘Apocryphal’ Smrtis .................. 97 Materialien Marlene Njammasch Staatliche Strukturen im Reich der Maitrakas von Valabhl . Bernhard Kölver Donations Called Deposits, or, the Malla States and Private R ituals ................................................................................................................ Dinesh Raj Pant The Institution of Slavery in Nepal and its Analysis Based on the D h a rm a s ä s tra s ................................................................................... Mahes Raj Pant Six 15th- and 16th- Century Deeds from Tirhut Recording th e P urchase of Slaves ................................................................................ Interpretationen Chitrarekha Gupta Women, Law and the State in Classical India ................................ Maria Schetelich D ie m andala-Theorie in Artha- und Nitisästra ............................. Hermann Kulke Some Observations on the Political Functions of Copper-Plate G ran ts in E arly M edieval I n d i a .............................................................. Eva Ritschl Überlegungen zu a ta v i und anderen Gruppen der Anärya- B evölkerung im alten Indien nach S a n s k ritq u e lle n ........................ W o rtreg ister .................................................................................................... S a c h re g is te r....................................................................................................... Bernhard Kölver Zur Einführung Recht, Staat und Verwaltung — für die frühen Stadien in der Geschichte des hinduistischen Indien ist das keine Einheit; es sind vielmehr verschiedene und getrennte Traditionen, die der Titel des gegenwärtigen Colloquiums zusammenführt. Zu Staat u n d V erwaltung bezeugt der wichtigste einschlägige Text, das Staatslehrbuch (Arthasästra) des Kautalya, ein streng utilitaristisches, wo nicht macchiaveilistisches Denken: sein Ziel der starke Staat, der souverän herrschende König, der seine Macht um jeden Preis erhält und stärkt; Mittel der Politik kühl und sachlich erörtert in großer Vielfalt, bis hin zu Krieg und Bestechung und Mord. Leitprinzipien sind Effizienz und Opportunität; an ihnen orientiert sich die Argumentation; Recht und Moral treten ganz zurück. Was dann letztlich, sehr wesentlich in traditionell hinduistischem Kontext, auch bedeutet, daß die Mittel wandelbar sind. Das Recht hingegen, der dharrna — wir werden auf die Konnota- tionen des indischen Begriffs zurückzukommen haben — zunächst Spiegelung und Ver­ wirklichung einer ewigen Ordnung, die als unverrückbar gilt, weil sie auf Richtigkeit und Wahrheit beruht: ein Standardbeiwort darum sanätana, ,ewig, dauernd, beständig1. Die beiden Komplexe zeigen also alle Anzeichen einer prinzipiellen Dichotomie: Sie benennen zwei Bereiche, die einander zunächst unverbunden gegenüberstehen und kaum vereinbar wirken. Wer so denktj verkennt aber die Natur dieses Rechts, des dharm a, der nach Realisierung drängt, und zwar im Leben des Einzelnen, in seiner Lebensführung, wie auch im Leben des Gemeinwesens, in Kaste und Dorf und Staat. Auf christlichem Hintergrund sieht das aus nach Göttlicher Satzung, die das Leben und also auch das Recht bestimmt. In indischen Ohren klingt es anders. Denn der dharm a beniht auf Wahrheit. „Wahrlich: Was die Wahrheit ist, das ist Recht. Deshalb sagt man von dem, der wahr spricht, ,er spricht recht“, und von dem, der recht spricht, ,er spricht wahr1. Denn es ist ganz so: das(selbe) sind sie beide“, heißt es in einer der großen alten Upanisaden (Brhadäranyaka- Upanisad 1.4.14). Und als W ahrheit galt beizeiten die Wirklichkeit, eine in der Struktur der Welt erkennbare, hierarchische Ordnung, die alles Geschaffene einschließt und ihm seinen Platz anweist — im Typ nicht so radikal verschieden von dem Weltbild, das sich noch bis in die englische elisabethanische Literatur erhalten hat1. Eine so verstandene Ordnung ist nicht weltfernes Ideal, sondern muß sich verwirk­ lichen. Denn sie gilt als rational, und sie wirkt notwendig nach außen. Aus Nepal — auf Nepalisches werde ich öfter zu sprechen kommen, denn von allen hinduistischen Staaten hat sich das Himälaya-Königreich am längsten die Unabhängigkeit, die Eigenständigkeit 'T VSL vor allem A.O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge/Mass. 1936); E.M.W. tilyard, The Elizabethan World Picture (London 1943) usw. VIII Bernhard Kölver und damit auch seinen hinduistischen Charakter bewahrt — aus Nepal also berichtet eine Chronik, wie ein König im 14. Jh. seine Bevölkerung nach dem Kastensystem durchklassifizieren ließ, und zwar nach dem orthodoxen Modell, dessen Hauptlinien schon im Rigveda, dem ältesten erhaltenen Literaturdenkmal Indiens, erwähnt sind. Das Streben nach Verwirklichung der Ordnung
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