AN IIVIPERIAL IN A TEXT (C. 700 B.C.- C. 770 A.D.)

WITH A. SPECIAL CoMMENTARY ON LATER CJUP'f.A PEIUOD

By K. P. JAYASWAL

With the Sanskrit Text Revised by VEN. RAHULA SANK~ITY AY ANA

PUBLISHED BY MOTILAL BANARSI DASS THE PUNJAB SANSKJUT BooK. DEPOT SAID~UTHA, LAHORE 1934. Priet Rs. Bl· A.l..LAHABAD LAW JOUllNAL PRESS, A.l..LAHABAD M. N. PANDEY- PRINTE..R. To , PROFESSOR SYLVAIN LEVI

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Au.ANGEMENT (a) The pagination of Gal,l~pati Sastri's edition is denoted on each page by the letter G. and that of the Tibetan version by the letter T. (b) The Tibetan variants are given in footnotes. (c) Ordinary corrections in the Sanskrit Text have been made from the Tibetan version in footnotes. The passages r~quiring correction have been underlined in the G. Text•. (d) Passages which are not in the Tibetan "text have been put in smaller Sanskrit type. (e) Texts found in Tibetan and omitted in the G. Text have been added in round brackets in the body of the G. Text. (/) The divisions, in English, into sections have been made to cor· respond with' my commentary above. (g) Proper names have been put in Italics (Sanskrit Type). K. P. ]. CONTENTS PACES lNTJ.ODUcTCilT J 1. E:Wting 'blanks' in Hindu history-Scope of the present text-Its 1pecial contributions to four important periO

PART I [: AA'D l.lADHYADESA; IMPERIAL PERIOD] j 1. ~samliu Dyn.tsly , • TI1e BudJha rel.otes hi~ bioguphy-K.u.Ugrapuri capital of Magadha­ Ajlo.htru'a visit to the BuJJha-Rija, Rijagriha and Kuti.gra­ rura menti<>neJ-ConJ.ition to prevail after the BudJha'a death­ Re\'ival of orthodox Hinduism-~scripti.on of the Buddha'• relic "'·onhip-I:xtent of the k.ingdom of Aj:i.tahtru, 'wn of Bi.rnhulra• -Succ .. s,ivn of U. or Udl)in-U. rc:Juci.ng foe the first time, the B~JJh.ia teaching to writing 9-10 Comi'JU'nll r.:n.L;~u-AjltJ.~.Itru-t:Jlrin 10 S 2. A~tcinl kings btfort IM B~r~.JJb. Kir.b1 o£ tl~C: fmt Yu~:a-Nah~h.\ to Ud"ya-~l.o.unu to Aintthlman

lo.ln u! Drvl,/-11 1~, i.ng bc:eJl '9.'vnhipc:n <;{ the :Bu.JJha 1 G-11 > PAGES S J. Kings of the time of the ~uddh11 (Sixth Century ~.C.) Kings of the 'J!menl 1gt'-'11llrteen kings belonging to 9 lines and states 11 • Comments Five Lichchhavi rulers under fifth head-Tiranitha's wrong supposition -Udayana of Kausimbi-Lichchhavis being Kshatriyas . . . . 11 $ 4. "100 yem after the Burldh." Revival of Emperor Asoka; His Stiipas and Pillars MMK confusing .Mob Maurya with Asoka of the Second Buddhist Council-Latter var!ously known in Northern Buddhism-Except the date M.\fK datum holding good for Asoka Maurya-History of Asoka as delineated by .MMK.. 11-12 Comments Aioka pillars of two varieties and Asoka's tour 12 · S 1. Early Emperors before the Buddha Kings attaining imperial position with the help of Mantras-Ancient, Past Middle Time, Present, Future and Fut\ll'e Middle Time kings- Lax employment of the prophetic style ·. ·. • . • • . . 13 $ 6. lmperi4l Dynasty of BentJres, before 600 B.C. Past Middle Age kings-King Brahmadatta at ViriJ].asi-His son Harya -liia son Sveta • • • • . • . . . . . • ll Comments Virii:!].asi imperial dynasty before the rise of Magadha-Its Saisunika branch-Annexation of Magadha to the Viriit;tasi Empire-"Brah­ madatta'a conquest of -Political history of Varat;tasi=: K.osala=:Kau$imbi relationship and their mutual struggle for sup- remacy . 1l .§' 7. MagaJha Kings and their Ministers Subsequent to UJJyin (C. 450 B.C.-338 B.C.) Vi5oka ( =:~ndavardhana) -Siirasena-Nand a-Nand a's Prime Minister Vararuchi-The Brahmin PaQ.ini 14 Ct:nnments

New light on M.ahap:adma Nanda and Pa~-Identity of 'Viroka' and Siirasena-Nanda the Prime Minister of Siirasena-Siirascna's empire-Nanda'a character and important features of his reign­ Supplanting of Nanda by Chandragupta-True history of Chandragupta-M11K chronology free from confusion-Positive record about Pii:!].ini's date 14-16 f I. Mnry11 Dyn4sty King Ch21:1dragupta-K.ing Bindusira-Prime Minister ChaJ].akya- Hitherto unknown new ckt.l.ils about them. . 1 6 Commtnll Chandragupta and Ch.ir,.takya Character of Bindusira Bindusara's succession and £aith-chandrag11pta'a faith and manner of death-Their reil'tn periodt-Vi~h~ugupta Cbi~akya being Prime Minister through three reign.t-IUdhagupta-Buddhist system of noting Prime .Min.ister'a names in historical records 16-17 S 9. B~tJJhist Saints 1~J Ttt«hm

M~trichina ("che~a)-Nagi [rjunaJ·.:....Asanga-Nand.a-Nand.aka 18 Commtnls Definite date of Nagirjuna-Nagarjuna preceding A.Snghosa-Aiva- ghosha's date c:orrected . 11 s 10. Low Ji"iol . [Kings after the Mauryas] K. Gornin [Pushyarnitra, 188 B.C.-HZ B.C.] Destruction of Buddhism King Gornin in Low Age-Extent of his Empire-Destruction of Blld­ dhism and slaughter of BudJlllst monks by him-His death to- gt'ther with his retinue and the site thereof u-u COMmtnll Gorr:.i-sha~da-Identified with Pushyamitr~Northern limits of his kingdom . • . 19 § 11. Tht y,k.Jb, D>•n.sly. (Entl of 1st Cu,t. B.C. to lsi Ctt~l. A.D.) IVstor~lio• of BwJJhism King Buddha Yak.sha-His achievements-His son Gambhira Yaksha. ~ U COMmNtts (Jentific.nion of the Yaksha Dynasty and of Buddha Yal.sha and Gambhira Yaksha with KadphiSc.'s I and KadphiSt"s II respectivelt - Y ;~kshas as defint'd by M'\fK-Both incorporated in Madhyadda list of lings-Buddha Yaksha being patron of Asvaghosha- • Kani)hka described as Tu.ru~hka-close of Madhyadda Imperial 1 Lstory . . 19-20 North Prm·incial History of the Hirnahyn f 11. Nrp.l-Tbe UcbcLh•ti Dyn•sly, [1nJ] lht Wtsltr• 1-.'tJJ [TL~hri] DJ"4liJ [7tb C•l11ry A.D.) Mb.n:ndra=!>tinaudcva of the Li..:hcl.hni Dynasty in Ntp.&l-His suc­ cessors-\' rib!1a= \';1\'i.ha, BlU.v.uu alias ~ubhasu, Bhll..rama=P.t.ri• l.uma anJ Kam:1la 20 § 11 (1). D)n.lsly ()/the Wrsl B!l~,;upa Y.aml.a-UJ:aya :a.nJ Ji~u 23 ' s JZ (b), [o~.'l (Jf x,p.J Lns,luTII. [c. 67J A.o.-700 A.D.) !'\rr.. l f .. lLng on t''i.l .:!Jy.-~tructivn of Lnt;:.!.ip u NcrJ . . zo-21 PACES Comments 011 th1 MMK Beginning of Nepal Lichchhavi Dynasty-Mlnavend.ta and Manadeva­ Hit successors identified-Lichchhavi and 'fhakuri dynasty ruled together from one place--Western kings named-Identification of Kingt-Tablc of contemporary Lkhchhavi and W. Nepal Thakuri dynasty kingt-Buddhism spreading from Nepal to Tibet . . 21-22 Fall of Nepal Kingdom New and correct information-Mlechchha rule in Nepal-Absorption of Nepal into Tibet-5trong-tsang-Gampo-RNise of Nepal in 70} A.D. 22 § H. Tibet ["China"] (629 A.D.--698 A.D.) China (or Tibet) as distinguished from Mahi-China or China-MMK · enumeration oi Uttarapatha k.shrtras-S.:veral China kings for.d of Brahmint-King HiraJ;tyagarbha-His power, political relatives, empire, faith and achievements 22 Commentt Hir~yagarbha identUied with Strong-tsang-Gampo of Tibet 23 § 14. Balk.h to Kashmir Turushka king=[Kanishka] Turushka king inN. India-His empire, achievements and :faith-Suc­ cession of Mahi-Turushka also called Mahi Yaksha-His pious · foundations . • · · 23 Commmt1 Turushka identified with Kanishka-Mah.:i-Turushka with Huvishka -Unity of Turushka and Yaksha families 23-H Western India [PROVINCIAL IDSTORY] :UJa-Set~-co~nt-(Kachh-SinJh) § 11. The Valabhi Dyna5ly [f9S A.D.--650 A.D.] Extent of kingdom-Buddhist king Sila(iiditya) at .Valabhi, of Ohara dynasty-His reign period-Succession of Chapala-King Dhruva -End of Valabhi independence . . 24 Comments Sila identified with Sil:i.ditya Dharmaditya I of the Valabhi -His successor Chapala identified with Kharagraha­ Dhruva, son-in-law and vassal of --Accurate history and extent of V alabhi kingdom in Ml\1K.-Controversy started by Hoernle set at rest 24-2S S 16. Th1 Yiaava Republics [Before JOO A.D •• i.e., before ~iliditya's family and after him] Crown-less U4a lings-Servants of their subjects-Earlier families of Sila ruling after him-Maritime activity and overseas trade of Uda V.'itb Persia :and Assvria--Rulers at Viravati-lndra, Su~handra, Dhanu and Ketu wi~h the style Pushpa-Kings with the names of Pr•bha and Visbi]u-Numerous Yadava kings-Last king VishJ;tu-His capital Varavati disappearing, being washed away by the se2 together with inlubitancs 2 S PAGES Clmlments [Caste of the Maitrakas] Viravatyas being Yadavu-Testimony of Paikuli Sassani:m inscrirtion in · .Asuristan-Valabhi people's connection with Assyria-Date of washing away of Varavati-Viravatyas and family of Siliditya coming from same stock, i.e., Yidava!I-'Pushpa-nimi' of ?.L\1K and the Pu~hpamitras. · 2f-26 Madhyadesa: Imperial History S 17. Sa!u Dynasty-Salu Emperor~ (tht ICushans, 78 A.D.-HO A.D.). Northern MaJhyiUiei• M:1dhyama or Madhyade$a kings-History of North Mid-Land-Many kings of different births-~aka dynasty-)0 Kings and 18 Emperors 26 § 18. The Dynasty of Niga-Sen~~s [lt_O A.D.-HI A.D.] Naga-Senas-Thcir end 26 Comments o" §§ 17-11 ~aka dynasty referring to the Kushans and not western Satr~ps­ Naga-Senas or Naga or Bhirasiva dynasty-Virasena Niga the Victor of the Kushan!I-Mathuri-:-Kantipuri-Naga-Senas standing for Naga-Vaka~akas-Rule of "30.. ~aka Kings examined-Nig:a dynasty repeated in 26-27 § 19-19(c). [Post..(;upt•, lmptrial R.~tkrs of M•Jb)·•Jtla] (flO A.D.~-47 A.D.) § 19. Vish'!u; (J2G-JH A.D.). H~~r1 (SH-HO ?) § 19c. The Mt~u!Waris (HO A.D.--'00 .a..o.) Omission of Gupus here taken up under Imperial Eastern History and in Provincial Eastern History secrions-Visht;lu-Hara-Ajiu-ISina -~arva-Pailk.ti--Graha and Suvrata ...... 27 Commtnls MMK list of Mauk.h.ui kings agreeing with those of inscriptions and Baq.a -Kings identified-Beginning of Maukhari imperial power-Vishq.u identified with Vishnuvardl\lna-Y aSodharman-Ha:mle's view support~d-Order of In;perial mccession among the tnes of V.U.lu;tu- vardhana, Maukharis and Prabhakaravardhana ...... 27-21 § 19 (C.). Tht V•i)y• Dyn••ly .,J ~rilu'!!h.-SthJ'!•'iil·•r• (S60 A.D.--6.7 A.D.) Origin of Harsha's family-Descending from Emperor \'Islu;tuTardhana -King .Aditya-Emperor Harshav:lni.\ana 28-29 Commrnts GoJ Sthinu of Thincivara conn.ectin~ Yishnuvardhau-YaSodharman and ~~ikal)~ha family-Vishl)uVlrdhana's c~ection with ?.Wwa­ Gcne.1l0gv and chronology of ~rib.l)thl lin!:t-Rise of }.bukharis anJ of the Vaisya C)'nasry under v•sh!].UVardhana 29 Southem India [Mainly lings conu-mponry of Harshavardhana] S 20. Tl>t s.;,,,~b.Jn• [22J A..D.-2H A.D.] King ~l·etasuch.anJra S.ithlluna PAGES S 21. ConltmJ?oriiTin of K.it~g MJ.Jendr• (60()-(i40 A.D.) Celebrated kings of the South-Mahendra--:-~a.O.kan-V alhbha, called 'Sukdi' and 'Kdi'-Mang:Ua-M.lhendra--Gopendn-1i.idh.tva­ Gat;la-S.u'i.kara-Budha-The Siidra king Kumbha-Mathita Sum.tti -Bala-Pulina-Sukesi and Ke5in-Manner of their death-They being contemporaries of the Pol• king M.lhendra-Worship of :K.Uti.keya being prevalent in the South 29-3 0 • Commmts Identi.6.c:ation of MMK. list of celebrated Southern king:t-Harsha and his contemporaries-Worship of K.irtikeya 30-32 S 22. The D"'iPIIS m the Soulhnn Se•, (Indian Archipelago) tznJ F11rtbn Inditl Dvipa.s in Kalinga Seat-Tnigu!].ya:t-Kimariipa Kal.i [kula]-Gar;t:& chiefs of Mlechchhas-Worship of the Buddhi-lndra, Suchandra, Mahendra · 32 Comments .Kal.inga SeaJ-Kaliilga's intimate connection with the Archipelago-The Mlec:hchha Buddhist kings of Champi-Kimariipa branch ruling in Upper Burma-Indian Archipelago forming integral parts of India -Greater India of Samudra Gupta-Sea between Sumatra and Java being known as Kaliilga Seas 32

EAST .. IMPERIAL [MAGADHA]-GAUQA DYNASTIES ( (•) Before 320 A.D.; and (b) 32Q-7S0 A.D.) S2J. Lolu [G•-/•l>)'niiSty] (before 320 A.D.) Many past, future and present great kings in the East-Gau~a dynasty- King Loka and his several succes!Ors 33 S 24. 1mperi4l Gupt11s (H8 A.D.-500 A.D.) Media:val and Madhyadesa kings-Samudra-Vikrama-Mahendra­ S.-initialled (Skanda)-His younger successor Bala the Easterner and his noble achievemenu-Kumira the great Lord of the Gau~as- Succession ol •u: JJ S 21. Bre•k-wp 11ntl Dhiision of the Empire llut~ severance Comments on §§ 2J-24 (Gupta Imperial History) Imperial Guptas £ollowing the Niga.s and preceding Vish.ruvardhana-The Gau4a Dyna.sty-King Lou the Gau~avardhana-The Gupta Em~ perors--True history of Gupta times-Most valuable details Illumi­ nating confused portions of Gupta history-Valuable character estimat~Royal names and t.'inld11s-From Samudra to His Majesty •U' descn'bed as Emperon--Chuacterization of the rule of each-­ Skanda Gupta, the greatest of Gupta Emperors and Emperor of Jambudvipa--Wars of Skanda Gupta from Ch.,Jr•g•rbh• Siitra cited by Buston-Confederacy of Y avanas, Palhikas and Sakunas P.t.GES in~ading India and annihilated by Skanda Gupta-Incidents ~f the war and the part played by Sk.anda Gupta-Reign of Skanda Gupta - V. Smith's view discredited-Biladitya I and Baladitya U-B.ila- dityi and Mihi.rak.ula-Date of Second Hun War and that of the break-up of the -Budha Gupta-Bal.iditya ll, Vish!].uvardhana and Second Defeat of the Huns-Two Gupta B.il.i· dityas adumbrated in Prak.a~iditya's S.irn.ith inscription-Omission of Pura Gupta-Succession after Sk.anda Gupta-Identity of His Majesty 'U' of MMK. of Budha Gupta and Prallsiditya .• 33-39 .f 2S. Disr•Pti

§ 26. utrr Imprrit~l Gupl•s of G•u4•. (;, 68J A.o-no A.D. tmJ J.f•g•Jb. The St-paratist Gau<;la;_Succession of Deva, Chandra and Dvidab in ~~ a §§ 27-29. BengJ Electio,, A114Tcby, •" EJectknt of Gopil•u . Internecine strife among Bengal kings-Rise of Bh., a popular leader of the Gau9;~.s-Becoming a leading king ...... § 21. [AIIMchy] D. succeeding for 10

PARTll GAUI)A [AND MAGADHA] PROVINCIAL IDSTORY

Po~tical and dynastic details omitted in Part I given here as part of ' Gaulj.a history by way of appendices to the Imperial History of Madhyadesa and the East-Sources from which M.\f.K material derived-Naga-to-Gupta history repeated again-Full of valuable details from SOO A.D. downwards-Difficulty of interpretation owing to technical reasons-Peculiarities of Part II-Provincial and additional notices brought down from 140 A.D. to the dynasty of Gopila-Value of these despite being repetitions at times-Furnish~ ing matters .filling up existing gaps in history-Gaulj.a family schism -Gauga anJ Magadha divisions of Guptas-No Malwa branch as hither-to supposed by historians 46 "Gau4a.. Lines Again Political history of Bengal proper-Gau4a history brought down to Gopala-Scheme of present section of 1fMK-History beginning with the Nag:Haja-Prabha Vis~u-5amudra-Subsequent kings -oppression on Gau4a people-Rise. of Soma-Beginning again with the Niga-rija, history traced through same course and then dwelling largely on history of Bh. (anu Gupta). Pra (ka~iiditya) and other later Guptas, brought down to the Gopalas 46-47 j JO. The N.igaJ [under the Bhar~.iivas] (c. HO A.D.-320 A.D.) :Revival of Orthodox Hinduism in Bengal • The Naga ling-Revival of orthodox Hinduism 47 Comments The Nigas-Their eastern apital at Champivati 47 ix

§ JO-.A. Emptror Pr~bh. \''ish,• •ml G•llr/• King Gauc,ia king crowned by sacrificer Prabha Yish.t;lu, in his capital Bhagavat -Invasion of S.iketa-Deatb by weaj?Ons after 3 years' rule . . <47--48 Commtnls Prabha Vishr;tu being Pravarasena Vishr;tuvriddha, Vik.i~aka Emperor­ Gau4a king installed by him-His invasion of Sikeu and Chandra Gupta 1-Prabha Vishr;tu being called the 'Southerner'. 48 § Jl. Emperor SllmuJra Gupta, the prosperous, ,,J his cb.rt1r:ltr Emperor Samudra :1rising subsequent to Prabha Vishr;tu-lfu younger brother Bhasmama [Bhasma] governing (Gau4a ?) for three ~ys -Samudra'1 reign and character appraised-Dominance of orthodox Hinduism-His conquering expeditions and Yictoriet-His reign period and death · ; . 48 Comments Samudra Gupta 'of great powers and dominion' described u Super-man­ Positive record of Samudra Gupta'• march up to K.ingra or Jammu, to the very door of the Kushant-His exact reign period-His march to Western India-Bhasmama 48--4' f J2. Crt inurnl-Rep~.:blican corutitution esubli.shed--HoW~es bwlt on ruillS of BuJJlust m.>nuteric.--SUCCC$SiOtt of Sonu'• son Mlnava -Rule {or Lttle over I months · JG-f 1 PAGES Commtnls 01f §§ J4-J6 Details of Harsha's expedition against Soma-The Battle of PuJ;19ravar­ dhana-Sasanka reduced to submission-Sasanh an orthodox revivalist as ~gainst Mahayana Budd.hism-SasaJ;lk~'s caste known for the first time-End of Gau9a national monarchy-GaJ,.la-rajyam or .Republic preceding the rise of Gopila-End of Gau9a Provincial :History H Repetition of Naga-Vaka~aka History First section of Gau9a Provincial History ending with Soma's son­ Naga·Vika~aka history repeated as introductory to a resumption of Later Gupta history from SOO A.D. up to the Maukhari empire­ Nagas described as V ai.Syas-lmportance of the section § Jl, The Nig11 kings tmJ Prabh11 Visht;u The Minor of the Vaisya caste-Nagaraja becoming king of Gau9a­ Ascendancy of Brahmins and Vaisyas-Government becoming unfit -Resulting distress, famine invasion etc.-Chaotic condition prevailing for 6 years-Dissention among Vaisyas-Prabha Vish1,1u becoming king Sl-52 Comments Further details ~bout Prabha VishJ,.lu-Occupation of Bengal by him after 6 years of misrule in the latter days of Bharasiva Nagas­ Caste of the Nagas and the Vaka~akas S2 § JB, Conjluicm mthe East, reign of Sisu [R.udrasena] and the rise of the Gttpta Dynasty Condition of the Gau9a system under Prabha VishJ,.lu-A king, Bhagavat, installed by him in the East-Bhagavat and the Kota family of "pa~aliputra-The Gupta-Kota and the Gupta· Vaka~aka struggles -Guptas being described as Vaisyas-Troubled state of affairs in the Gau9a .system-Rise of ~iSu dominated by women-His fortnight's rule-Killed by weapon-Great famine and invasion-Reign of Terror-Rise of a great king of Jata family, born of a V aisili lady, originally a V ai~a-Becoming king of Magadha­ Caste of the Guptas-"-Kota vs. Gupta fight for two generations -Samudra Gupta identified with the 'great king' etc. S2-S3 (The course of history after SlO A.D.) Chief personality of the section bemg P. or Pra.-His son Bh. being a contemporary of Gopa-Bhanu Gupta and· Goparaja of inscrip· tions Wickedness and early life of Pr11.-Becoming king of Magadh1 at Benares · as a Hun feudatory-H.(HU.J,.la=ToramiJ,.la)-Succeeded by his son Planet (Graha=Mihirakula)-Huns described as Sudras-Valuable addition to existing knowledge by 1L\1K. 53-54 Incidents of Hun conquest-Defeat of Mihirakula by Bi!aditya .. 54 Bll.ii:litya, Pra. and Bh. (Bhinu Gupta)-Pra. actually becoming king after Planet's death-Bhinu Gupta identified with Baladitya of Yuan Chwang-Pra. (Praka~aditya of Sarn.ith inscription) being son of Bhanii Gupta-Biliditya-Two short-lived brothers succeed~ ing Pra.-Order of kings establishing pious foundations at Nabndi according to Yuan Chwang-Agreement of ID1K with Yuan Chwang's order of kings and with those of coins and inscriptions­ Bhinu Gupta being Billdityi II and flourishing after Kumara Gupta U-Chronological sequen.:e of Tathigata Gupta-Identity · of Vajra of Yuan Chwang and V. of 1L\IK. H-SS PAGES Line of Krislu;:a Gupta and .Adity:uen:a-Imperial position of Blllditya -Evidence of Deo-Barnark in~cription bearing on Later Gupta and Maukhari inl,perial history-Adityasena's family being: a Gauga line SS-S6 B:il:iditya-Incidents <>f his succe~sful fight against Huru-M.ihirakul;& holding Kashmir as a fief under Emperor Bllidity:a S6 Death of B.iladitya-Events leading to the rise of Yamharman Vislu;tu- vardhana S6 Praka~adity:a becoming Vish!fuvardhana'• subordinate-Succes~ions bet· ween the end of Pra.'1 reign and the end of R.ijyavardhana's reign­ Long life and reign of Pra.-Script of his Sarnath inscription agreeing with Apsa4 script-Brahmmical Soma becoming Buddhist Pra.'s rival · J6-S7 Vicissitudes of Pra.'s Lfe and reign-The Mauk.hari successions and chronology . . J 7 The Mauk.hari imperial feriod--i~lnavarman, first emperor of the line after supersession o Ya~odharman's family-Maukhari' being con­ querors of the Huns-iSlnavarman's discomfiture at the lund of Kumara Gupta JII of the Later Gupus or the Gau4a Gupus accord­ ing to MMK--Gau4a Gupta Lne becoming kings of t~gadlu frorn D~va Gupta, son of .Adityasena und~'f' Gau4a:....Repulsion of the Imperial Maukharis by Magadha gubernatorial family of Ballditya of Gauga-Maul..hari overlordship established by the time of Sarva­ varman-The boundary between dominions directly under Maukharis and Gauga Gupta possessions-Mah.isena Gupta of Gau4a defe1ts Susthitavarman of Assam-Lauhitya being Eastern boundary of G~uga .. • J7--SI Yasodharm:~.n's imperial power r1Ssing into tk hand o£ I~anavarman Maukhari-His part in the annihilation of the Hunt-Final dis­ appearance of Gupta imperial power in the reign of Praka;aditya­ Later Guptas to be counted from Praka;aditya-Tv.•o lines of Later Guptas upto R.ajyavardhana-Bengal branch shifts to Magadha after Hanha, enjoying imperial position again-Phenomenal recupera­ tive powers of Guptas-Race o£ Vikramidityas and Hindu Napoleons-Adityasena becoming S.luJ•-UII•r•P•Ih. Nith• again and reaching up to the Chola country ...... U Shifting of imperial centre of gravity from East to Madhyadesa--the Hun problem-Metropolis of India shifted from Pa~aliputra to Kanauj-Ya~arman's seat at Thanesa.r-Maukhari .eat at Kanauj .,.. and ~rik.an~ha family at Thanesar-Maukhari dominance in West and South-Kanyakubja fully established by Harsha u India'• · imperial capital-Position lasting till1Wunud of Ghuni-Ya5ova.r­ man and Lalit~ditya bidJing for imperial power by claiming to be lords of Kan.:~uj in generations following Adityuena--contest between Kanauj and Pa;allputra continuing t.ill P.ila times- PrHihln Empire of Kanauj . . . . U-S9 Kindom of Praka;aditya-Details of his reign period and of the period folluv.·ing it ...... f9 Dha. (usena IV) being mentioned :u next emperor after R.ijyava.rdhana -Dha.'s empire and successor V.-Caste of Dha...... S9--'0 Re-e of the ~u.!ra ling-His 17 ytars' rult'-Ri!>C CJf Goplla-~U.J..ra J..ing'a n~ in SJ.mkrit and Tibetan texta . . '0 lcii

PAGES End of the independence of the Gupta line o£ Sri after Kumira Gupta III -Kumar Gupta III being in Gau4a under Praka~iditya o£ Magadha -Kumara Gupta assuming full sovereignty of Bengal while Praka~a- ditya succumbing to the Maukhari isanavarman-Kumara Gupta III defeating Isanavarman and ruling peacefully till end-His self-immolation at Prayaga in token of his successful c:reer- Kumara Gupta III, leading monarch of Northern India of his time -Isanavannan's imperial position to be dated after Kumara Gupta's death-MMK. marking the end of the Gupta Empire with the death of Kum;ira Gupta III .. 60-61 Praka~aditya-The Francis Joseph of the Gupta period-Many changes during his time-The remaining matter-The defection of the 'traitorous' prince of the Vindhya country i.e., Malwa, who declare himself king in Durga-Gau4a becoming split up-King Jaya Mahiivisha in South-East-Rise of Kesari or Sirp.ha and King Soma-Identity of Jaya-Malwa in Praka~aditya's time 61 Table showing the disruption of the Gupta Imperial Dynasty, the rise and · fall of the Gauifa Dynasty of the Later Guptas, and the Succession of Empires. From Budha Gupta to Baladitya II-Succession of Empires during Praka~aditya Period-Imperial Dynasty of Vis~uvardhana­ Gupta Imperial Revival-The Maukhari Imperial Dynasty-The Imperial Dynasty of Srikatgha [Thanesar]-The Imperial Dynasty of V alabhi-Revival and fall of the Later Guptas of Gauga­ Magadha-Pala Paramountcy 61-62 § 39. Later Imperial Guptas and the Later Gupta Dynasty of Magadha from Bhanu Gupta, c. 500 A.D.-55 0 A.D. Bh [anu Gupta] in. the East-His son P. [raka~aditya] in the East-His antecedents 63 • King Gopa's identity--Circumstances o£ Praka;aditY,a's incarceration in his youth ' 6}-64 The Battle of between the Huns. and Bhanu Gupta 64 § 40. Installation of Pra (kafaditya) by H. (Hutta) H. (Hih;la) the sudra coming from West invading Gauga--Circum- stances of Praka;aditya's release from prison and installation as king of Magadha by 1-;{.-H. dying at Benares 64 Comments Identification of H. (Hiit;ia) with Toramat;~a-Hii.t;iS being called Siidras 64 § 40-A. The Planet (graha) (=Mihira), son and successOr of the .H. 8Udra 'Graha' croinned as minor at H's death-Established at Benares-Attack from neighbour-Kingdom full o£ Brahmins-Graha an erring man and arbitrary-Struck by enemy and died 64-65 Comments N arne of all haters of Buddhism concealed in MMK. 6 5 § 41. Pra. (kafaditya) (c. 530-588 A.D.) His Large Empire: Decline of the Gupta Empire Soma's rise preceded by mutual disunion in Magadha monarchy-,Pra. ntling in Magadha at the time-Period of rule-Extent of his Dominions-;-Conquest of Paiicha Kdari of Orissa-His rule in the North-East-Defection of Provinces-Vindhyas-Jaya in S-E, Kesari in Orissa and Soma in Gau4a-Pra.. living up to 94 years 65-66 xiii

PAGES § 42. Successors of Pra. Low Age after Pra.-Confusion by his sernnts--V. king for a week -P.'s brother or descendant V. (Vajra) ruling for 3 years 66 § 43. Rijyavardhana II (of Thanesar) as ruler of Magadha Rajyavardhana for 1 year-Both V. and Rijyavardhana having un- natural ending ...... 66 § 44. Heir and Successors of Rajyavardhana as ruler of Magadha ( ~Gaw/a) Emperors of Valabhi Dh. (arasena IV) for 3 years-Youngest in the family, V. becoming emperor-His pious achievements and original ancestrr-His character. and long life 66 Comments on §§ 42--44 Lauhitya conquered by Mahasena Gupta-A part of Gau~a under Praka~aditya's reign-Gau4a-tantra, rendered as Gau~a-System, including Bihar-Bengal-Orissa and Assam-Defection of Provinces in the latter days of Pra.'s rule 66-67 'Separatist Gaul}.as' breaking away from Praka;aditya from the time of Kumara Gupta III and assuming imperial titles--Kumara Gupta III, only independent ,king among Later Guptas--Date of Maukhari accession to imperial power 67 Rajyavardhana regarded as coming directly after Praka;aditya and his successors--Prakaraditya and Vajra-Their order o£ ·succession. . 67 Rajyavardhana's succesrors-Harsha and Db. (Dharasena IV)-V. or J. and Dhruvasena II-Valabhi kings maintaining a navy 67 Date of Dharasena's succession to Harsha's imperial position-Dhara- sena claiming imperial position both in the North and the South . . 6i Adityasena wresting imperial po'o/er from Dharasena 68 inter-regnum o£ Harsha's minister Arjuna after Harsha's death exaggerated 68 § 45. Later Guptas (a) King §ri Next, Sri, a maharaja, arising in Gauga~System with capital at v.­ His conquest of neigltbouring rivals-His able m1mster Sakaja a Brahmin-Sri living up to 81 years-Killed by women-His feudatory Y. rulin~ as sovereign for 8 years-A dynast of P.-dynasty rulirig again · 68 Comments · 'Pa.-Varp.sa beginning again with Sri i.e., Sri Adityasena, son o£ Srimati and Midhava Gupta o£ Gauga-His identity established by his successors-Deva Gupta.....,-Vis~u Gupta Chandriditya and Dvadasaditya-MMK.. gi'\l'ing R.'s elder brother and R. i.e., Vishl').u Gupta-Y. in place of Deva Gupta-Identity o£ Y.­ Evidence of Nalanda stone inscription of Ya.Sovarman's minister • Malada and the Gau4avaho read with MMK..-The Battle of Sone between Y asovarman and Deva Gupta 68-69 Long reign. and three Asvamedhas of .Adityasena-His dynasty being short-lived-His capital V. being Varul].ika (Deo-Barnark) 69 .Adityasena's defeat by the Chalukyas in his last days--His Chalukya contemporaries--Adityasena, . Emperor of All-Northern India PACES between 68()-69-4 A.o.-Impcrial insignia of Gangl and Yamuna being wrested from the Northern Emperor by the Ch.'ilukyu-Anri- qu.ity of these i.n;tpcrial symbols going back to the Vikii~aka time 69 Confirmation of proposed chronology by Hwu.i Lun's account-The Chilukya temple and Jih-kwan's temple under construction near Nalmd.i as seen by Hwu.i Lun in 69D-Deva Gupta 'King of Eastern India'-Approximate time of Hwu.i Lun's visit-Yuan-chau and Hwu.i Lun ...... 69-70 Identification of Y. with Ya5ovarman-Testimony of the NaLinda inscription, Ga•t/w11ho, Hwui Lun and MMK.-Deva Gupta being the M.agadha king killed by y asovarman ...... 70 Y. not treated as Emperor-His defeat at Lalitiditya's hand-V. Smith's mistake in taking Ya5ovarman as having been slain by Lalitadity:a-Kalh2lta's testimony to the contrary-Yasovarman's embmy to China following his defeat at the hand of Lalitiditya -Lalidditya, a protege of the Chinese Emperor . . . . . : . 70 YaioTarman ousted from Magadha before 7H A.D. 70 § 46. P.'s dynasty (restored) R'a elder brother succeeding Deva Gupta, killing ministers and being killed by enemies while drunk-His only brother R's short rule. . 71 Comml.'nls R.. being V~u Gupta Chandraditya-Genealogy from Deva Gupta to Jivita Gupta II-Their succession, reign periods and scope of rule-Jivita Gupta being the Gau~a king captured by Lalita- dity:a-Date of the close of the Gau~a dynasty 71 $ 47. A $uJr• lUng in GtJut!• Next: Sa,·• being king-Sva, a ~iicka and a cripple and non-religious -Destroying Brahmin feudal lords, recluses etc.-Maintaining law and order with finn hand-Nature of his administration-Suppress­ ing all rascals practising rel.igiow hypocricy-Sva, a freedom-giver · and donor-Ruling for 17 yean-His death · 71 Comments St.·•, a popular Bengali leader elected to kingship-A successful and impartial ruler 72 $ 41. The constit-utional position of tht l.P.ter Guptas, the Gaw4• Dynasty A note on Emperor K (umara Gupta III) A King of a distant branch o£ P. (n) dynasty ruling under P. (ra) in the East Country-His power and achievements and pious founda­ tion,_A devotee of the Buddhas and follower of Mahayana­ Leading the li.fe of a Sakya monk-Known by the name K.,­ Ruling for 21 year,_Dying of Cholera-His descendants being subordinate rulers 72 ComJMnls Mltx. description of K. verified from inscriptions about Kumara Gupta Ili-Evidence of Gnt/lll'llho-Kumira Gupc: III and Aditya­ sena being only paramount sovereigns of the line-Adityasen:a-Not counted owing to his being defeated by the Chilukyas in the end 72 $ 49. Tht Pal• D)'nast:y Nen, Gopll.as of menial caste being king,_Dominance of Brahmin,_ Decli.ne of BuJJh.i.sm-TLIIIC' being irreligious 72 XT

PAGES

· § 50. Religious Praciicrs in lbt FAlSI, S(nlth1 lnsulinJU. •ntl Further Indi• f.fficacy of mantra»-Tara worship-Mantras for different •quarters of India 72-73 Comments lnsulin.dia and Further India coaing in the system of Southern India .. 73 § 11. M•Jh:yadei• Brief notices of kings and ministers of Madhyadda who were mostly weak and of little intelligence-List of such kin~eneral degen­ eration and decay in that Low Age-People having ahort lives

§ 52. Miw:ll4neous Tr.cts Similar kings in Gangetic provinces, in the Himalayan tractt and · in Kimariipa 73 Kings o£ Angade5a 7l Kings of Kaxnariipa n King o£ VaiWi 7.) Kings of Kapilapura-Suddhodana being the last king n § H. The Schtme of R.IY)·al History summe4 •P Numerous kings o£ different parts and quarters of India described • 74 Comments End of dynastic history-Notices of political leaders, monks, Brahmins and others 74

P.uT m § H. Monks (Y•tis) cannecte4 111itb the Sl•te Matricheta or Maq'i-china, Kusumara, Naga (Nlgarjuna) whose name was Ratna Sambhan, Kumara or Kukura, Asv:sghosha who was a contemporary o£ BudJhapaksha (Buddhayaksha) 7f A. and Th. in the South 7J · Apara and other monks in Ceylon 7S Monk S. under King Bil.ika or Kala . 71 Those v.·ho will carp at others' vieVII' 7f Heretical Buddhists 7f Philanthropic physicians 7f I co no graphists . 1 ... 7J Artist-monks 7J u:a.:ling cbss in the 8th century 76 Commt11l1 N:ig:irjuna ari~ing before Asnghosha-latter arising a generation before Karu.hka 76 Regular school of ph!losophers giving meaning to variow images of the BudJh-Anothtor s..:h00l producing beautiful images 76 f S5. lJriii.Jmins uJ ot&:r1 C'Qn'IU'cltJ with lhe Sl11lt Brahmins R.clifivw Buhmins pract~n3 M.wtn and T.wtra, receiving maintenance from d~ Srate ...... ~ ...... 76 \', the ri.:h Bnhmin ~ho -·ent all O\'tT the three Oceans and engaged h.:m:,c!£ in conuow:niett-Other Buhmins belonging to this category PAGES § S6. ~uar•s •nJ $ak•s JUghava the ~iidra and others ~ak.a-bom .. 76 § J7. Brilbmins •gain Vislu]ugupta V. the angry, miracle-working Brahmin at Pusjpapura-Throwing his anger at k.ing's life 76 ·S. (Subandhu) S. the famous Brahmin expert in political counsel 76-77 Southern Brahmins V., an artist abroad V., the Buddhist Dakshi.t].apatha Buddhist Brahmin-Reaching two Seas for artistic executions _ 77 . Bh • . ·Wealthy Brahmin Bh.-fa.aious in the South 77 Madhyadeia Brabmins Sampiin,la, Vinaya, Suvinaya; I'iiqta and Bh., the Chancellor of royal · exchequer 77 Description of Mahayana pantheon and morals . · . . 77 Comments Close connection between tb'e South and Insulindia-Vislu:lUgupta­ Nanda and Subandhu 77 Index 79-92 INTRODUCfORY

1. History of India ·from the pre-Mahibharata War down to 320-348 A.D. (the beginning of the Gupta Period) is chronicled in the Pura~ras. For the subsequent period we have been dependent on inscrip· tions; and it had been believed that there was no text or written history for it. The inscriptions left certain 'blanks', and gave us a fragmentary view. It is therefore a matter of no small satisfaction to recover a text which turns out to give a connected history where we needed it most. From 78 A.D. we have in our new text a connected history down to the close of the eighth century. And what is still more gratifying is the imperial feature of that history. Some of the matters of great import­ ance that this written record discloses are:- (1) a full and complete history of the Imperial Gupta epoch (HI A.D. to

J 00 A.D.), describing iu break-up (J 00 A.D.) 1 (2) imperial history from (•) Vi 1 h q u v 1 r d h 1 n 1 (J20--HJ A.D.), then fol-' lowing the (b) imperial family of theM 1 u khat is (J H--600 A.D.) down to (c) hit descendants' re-rise in the person of Prabhak:aravardhana and Harsh :a v a r d h 1 n 1 (606-'-47 A.o.),[with 1 full history o£ ~mnka, who was 1 Brahmin by caste and a· popular leader rising from Bengal], (3) history of 1 Rev i u d Gupta Empire, following the death o£ Harshl· vardhana, ~·ith its dedine and fall, ( -4) then 1 viviJ description of tW'O popular elections of lUngs in lkngal and the rise of Gopila. , •· Numerous importan; details, e.g., that M aha pad m a Nand a had ~n the Prime Minister of Magadha before his kingship, that there was a short-lived rep u b 1 i c in Bengal after Sasiilka--come in as addi­ tions to our knowledge. Further, Indian Imperial history for the first time receives personal touches when the author gives his estimate of W• racter of individual emperors. All this welcome information is stored in a long section-which is a book by itself, being in 1000 slokas-in the Mahiyina work entitled Ar}'t~-Milnjuiri-M 24.1• k.tJ l p 11, published [Part Ill] in the ye.ar 192S by the late Mll GaJ;lapati Sistri of the State of Travancore in the Triv:mdrum Sanskrit Series (No. 84). IMPERIAL HISTORY OF INDIA

Possibly some of the Indian scholars, trained to S!Jspect every written bOok in Sanskrit, would have darkly hinted (as a big historian did to my knowledge when the Arthasaslra was discovered) that •the hook was a 'Southern forgery'.' But fortunately the book was translated in Tibetan in the eleventh century A.D. and the present text agrees word for word with that translation. 'My friend Bhada11ta Rahula Sank:rityayana has collected a unique library from Tibet, including an original Sanskrit manuscript which had been taken from India and tra~slated there. He was· fortunate ·enough to obtain a complete set of Huston's works from the Dalai Lama, which is not available even in the rich Russian collection. Thanks to the help and co-operation of Rev. Sa.tik:rityayana, and his Tibetan Li­ brary (deposited ·at the Patna Museum), I have been able to get all im­ portant passages of the Maiij11sri-Mulakalpa compared with the Tibetan text, and to derive benefit from Buston (h. 1289 A.D.-d.1363 A.D.) for the purpose of following some passages and obtaining additional light on the history of. S k \n d a G u p t a. 2 •. According to the Maiijusri-Mulakalpa, Indian history is a succession of empires from the time preceding the Buddha to c. 7 50 A.D. whue it stops. To take the period from 78 A.D., it consists of the following successions: (a) Saka dynasty (Sakava1ftsa, i.e., Kushans), (b) Nag11-Senas, or, Nagas and Prabha-Vish~zu, i.e., Vislu;luvrid- dha Pravara-sen1 (Vaka~aka), (c) Guptas (up to Budha Gupta), (a) Vishr;lu (vardhana) and one descendant, ( t) Maukharis, {/) Srika1Jtha dynasty, [Aditya (vardhana), Rajya (vardhana) etc.], (g) Imperial Valabhi dynasty {two generations), (h) Imperial 'Gauqa dynasty i.e., Later Guptas: Adityasena to Visht;tu-Gupta. It will be at once noticed that (a), (e) and (g) go to fill up blanks in Indian History. The Mii.lakalpa, 'edited' in the Sanskrit original by the late M1L GaJ}apati Sistri, is a poor production as an edition. The editor took no pain to correct even ordinary ortho~raphical mistakes. He WaJ INTRODUCTORY l unfamiliar. with the Buddhist technical terms, and in preparing his letter­ press he misread numerous words or preserved the misreadings, e.g. the well-known ~o ('saviour') as ~o ('ascetic'). Dr. Ga_r;1apati ~astri was under the disadvantage of possessing a single manuscript from which he edited the text. We are, however, thankful to get the text even in its prc~cnt form. Practically the whole of the historical section, Chap­ ter n in Part III, has been compared by Rev. Rahula Sankrityayana, with 'the result that we are better situated than we would have been if we had only the Sanskrit or only the Tibetan text before us. I am combining the results of the two versions, indicating their difference wherever important and necessary. 3. The (A) MMK (I adopt this abbreviation for the text; the Sm~krit version will be indicated by S., and Tibetan by T.) was written in Bengal. Geographically it is to Gau~a and Magadha that the author pays his greatest attention. In fact his history from the Naga {C. 140 A.D.) and G~pta times (HO A.D.) to t11e beginning of the Pala period (75 0 A.D.) is a survey from Gau~a-written from the point of view of Gau~a, showing an intimate concern with Gau~a and the provinces in the proximity of Gau~a. To him Gau~a means the whole of Bengal and includes generally Magadha.. 4. The author brings his history down from two different points to the! beginning of the Plla Period. Once he starts with ~aka.s, p1uscs v.·ith the Guptas and comes down right to Gopalaka after finishing the Gupta line. Then, again, he starts with the Nag:a dynasty (Bhara.Siva), deals with Samudra [Gupta] and his brother in Gau~a, and with Sasinka whose name for some reason he conceals but whose history he makes un­ rnistabble, and then comes down to the Gopilas, •che Jisajidns (sudras). He docs not know the later and the great Pill kings {whom he would not ha,·e ldt unnamed had he known them) a~J their patronage of U.1h.:iyina. I would therefore regard th~ work as one of circll 770 A.D. (the Jl':tth of Goplla), or roughly 800 A.D. S. It was traml.ued into Tibeun about 1060 A.D. by the Hindu Pa!~Jiu Kumar aka 1 as a in co-opeution with the Tibetan inter­ preter s a k )' a~b 1o~g r o s. The transbtion forms part of the SlumgJur (rgyud D). The Jace of Sakya-blo-gros is fixed by that of SuLhuti-Sri-Slnti, a companion of Dipankara Srijiiina (AtiSa). Sub­ huti Sri-~lnti, :md Silp-blo-gros together translated the PramJIJ4· IMPERlAL HISTORY OF INDIA

1/Jrilika which i' in the Sunl;tgyur. Dipankara reached Tibet in 1042 1 and died in -1054 A.n: 6. The history is put in the prophetic style in the mouth of the Buddha, who undertakes to narrate the future vicissitudes of his Doctrine and Church, and in that connexion royal history is dealt with. It is not strictly speaking,. history proper as in the PurJfJas, but a secondary re­ ference, the prhnary note being the . This prophetic form of history was adopted in several Mahaya.na siitras which have been cited by Busto n. A commentary on one of them (Abhisamaya­ l:uikara) says that a particular historical prophecy came to be true, that is, the author of that siitra came to know of the event as a past event. In many places the writer of the MMK forgot to use the future tense and used the legitimate past tense in the narration. All such •passages I · have put in the past tense. The language and style has a striking re­ semblance with the Yugapura!Ja in the Garga-Sa1!1hita. 7. The historical narration is a lengthy one, the chapter covering lOOJ verses in the printed S. MMK (pp. 579-656; Pa!ala-visara 53) and about 2J less in T • .MMK {rgyud D; Ch. XXXVI, pp. 425b--483b). ·The learned editor of the S. AMMK has left the verses unnumbered. For con;enience of reference I have numbered them. I shall refer in my summary to the verses so marked. The Tibetan text ends at verse 989 with its :first line (ataq avichi-paryanta'!l na raja tatra vidyate). T. · .MMK is a word-for-word and termination-for-termination translation, hence the task of comparison becomes easy. T. MMK has 3 verses extra after verse 829. · 8. Except for the ope.tllng 9 lines of prose [which is not to be found in T.] the whole text of the historical section is in amtsbfubh verses. Their language is Githa Sanskrit which makes their under· standing at places a matter more of guessing than of Sanskrit construction. 8a. In some cases it is evident from the context that the MS from which the Tibetan translation was made, was defective. 9. The length of life of many kings is exaggerated. I have left them out in my summary except where it seems to be reasonable or otherwise important. I also omit the history of future births of the virtuous and sinful kings and their careers in paradise or hell, which is

• R.ihula SiD.]qityiyana, Jourtl.ll Asiatique, 1.934; and f<'W«<' ij ~. INTRODUCTORY

an important concern of the Buddhist religious historian but none of the present-day historian. · 10. The name of the chapter, rather the section (parivarta), is Rajavyaluzraita-parivarfa, literally '/he Section on the Kingly Exposition' but technically '/he Section on the Propbecy about Kings'.. Dynastic. names as a rule are omitted. I have supplied them [in square brackets]. In many places the names of kings--at times very important onet-are denoted by their initials only-e.g., H. for Harshavardha11a, R. for Rijya- . 1/arJhana, S. for Sk.attda Gupta. This makes the task of identification at times impossible. · 11. Our Buddhist historian often gives castes of the rulers. For instance, he notes that the king who defeated Sasiilka ( .. Soma") was a Vai.Sya by caste, ·soma' was a Brahmin, the Gopalas (Palas) were o£ " servile caste, etc. Our authority is very full on Sasanka and supplies · certain details which were badly wanted. A most important fact which we gather from the author is that after Harshavardhana and Sasanka and before the rise of the Palas there was an Imperial Dynasty in the East with its seat at Benares and in Magadha. This seems quite natural, as without it we would have found the Chalukyas come up to the North. Our new datum helps us to correct the erroneous view of V. Smith that after Harsha there was no imperial power in the North. Another fact of importance is that the Buddhist historian specially notes the imperial position of rulers. 12. The author, after the Suilga and Kadphises period, divides his history geographically: (1) of Northern India (Uttara-Dik, verses H9-J8J), (S., pp. 621-624; T., 4J2B-4HB); ... (2) of Western India (Pakhat Dcsa, verse? J86-609) ,, (S., pp. 624-626; T., pp. 4S4B-4HB); (3) of Mid-lndi~ (MaJhyaJef.a; 'Madhyama Kings', verses 610 -621), (S., p. 626; T. 4HB-4J6A); (4) of Southern India (Dakshi~r~ Dik, verses 621-636), (S., pp. 626-628; T., pp. 4J6A-4S7A); (4a) of the Archipelago (636-640), ('Dr;ipeshu', S., p. 628; T., ·H7A); (S) of E.:stern lndi1 (Purr.·a Dik, verses §40-683), (S., pp. 628 -647; ~·· pp. 4S7A--469A); . 6 IMPERIAL HISTO:R Y OF INDIA

(6} Minor references of Hindu Central India (Madh)'adesa, verses 903-912), (S., p. 648; T., 470A), and of Miscella­ neous Provinces {913:_924), (S., p. 649; T., 470B). At vene 924 royal history ends; then there is a summing up of the scheme (925-932); and from 933 up to the end of 9H a history of Buddhist clergy and their condition is detailed, and then from 9 S6 ·to 980 political BrahmaJ].as and a few Siidras are described, and finally from 981 to 988 the four heavenly Maharajas and Gods. The passage from 989 to the lOOJ is not in the T. MMK. It deals with semi-divine be­ ings etc. and is clearly a later addition.' Our interest ends with verse 980 where the history of leading monks, Brahmins and Siidras closes . . In the beginning verses 1 to 344 detail the biography of the Buddha (supposed to be given by himself) up to his NirvaJ].a. From verse 335 royal history begins with an enumeration of the ruling contemporaries of the Buddha who had come in personal contact with the Prophet. Thus from verse 345 (S., p. 60S; T., p. 442) to verse 932 (S., p. 650; T., p. 471B) about 600 verses (taking into account some extra verses to be fou.Qd in T. MMK) are devoted to history. But that history is an en­ largement of history proper by the explanatory verses as to the Mahayana Mantra and magical processes which particular kings are alleged to have practised to attain greatness, and by invisible history of those princes in paradise or hell. Although the real matter in the 600 verses is cut down by about fifty per centum, we are immensely lucky in getting about 300 slokas as new data on Indian History. The account of the punish- . ment of bad kings in after life will not interest the present-day materialist reader. Our Buddhist .writer does not forgive, like the modern historian, the wickedness and arbitrariness in kings. He would have thrown into the waste-paper basket all modern histories as so many veiled and covert .panegyrics on force and fraud and virtueless greatness. , His. outloo~ is ... different. · He emphasizes the relentless law of morality, the avenging principle of KARMA and he follows the rascally kings to their tortures in hell. This, to follow the current of the time, I have omitted in my analysis. Yet the material so curtailed is unexpectedly large. I have divided our data into parts and sections, giving descriptive

1 T. A.\L\IK has not got also the first seven lines ol the next chapter of the printed ..UL\IK at p. 6S7 (up to M•iij.Sri K•m4r•9 veJitny119). INTRODUCTORY 7

captions to each. The importance of the sections has been pointed·out in the comments attached to each section. The M.MK history seems to have been from one ~pen. It is not a book which has grown from generation to generation. Restrict­ ing ourselves to the historical section, it has drawn upon two classes of earlier literature. One of them was purely historical, drawing from which is evident in the section dealing with the Imperial History of Madhyadda from the Saka-varpsa down to the break-up of the Imperial Guptas. Here, religious interest is wholly lacking (except for the reign of Baliditya). The author ha~ 'utilized at least three such temporal histories, one of which had been composed about 700 A.D. and which was very full on a century fo~ the whole of India-North (Himalayan States), South, East, West, Central (Mid) India, and the Colonies. His other source-books, of temporal nature, were two independent books on the Gupta dynasty, from the beginning down to the end of the Later Guptas, which must have been available in the early Pala period when the MMK was written and which was probably the record kept up from gene­ ration to generation in the royal archives of the Guptas. We should re­ call here that Yuan Chwang actually saw political records being main­ tained yearly, when he visited India in the middle of the 7th century• . Two long extracts in the MMK from two different sources are given, one for the Magadha bunch and the other for a Bengal (Gau~a) branch of the Guptas. Then, the author is largely indebted to the sacerdotal history maintained by his own Church. This literature has been availed of not only by the MMK, but by various Mahayana texts which have been cited Ly Buston in his critical historical survey Cbos-~b)·u11g, e.g., Chamlrll• garbba-pariPricbcbbJ (which cites full details of the great war of Skanda Gupta'), Lahkil'a/Jra-sutrtl, Kilachakr11, etc.-and by Tara'natha amongst others. ' • Our author has two rest-points for his history-one is the end of Hanh1\'ardhana!s reign, the disruption of the empire of Mid-lndi1 (1bJhyade5a) and the dissolution of the Nepal Kingdom under .Alp.su­ nrman•s successor; and the other is the elections in Bengal, first of a popular leader as king. and then, of Gopil.a the Sudra. The author has uwizcJ good anJ reliable nuterUl for the successive empires from 78 A.D. to 770 A.D. .

• S.'t' b.Juw lht- conuncnu on the kCt.i.on of the Gupta lmpcri.all£.story. 8. IMPERIAL HISTOR.Y OF INDIA

The basis of such dynastic Manuals was the system noted by Yuan Chwang mentioned above, ,;which goes back at least to the time of Kha­ ravela (2nd century B.C.) as is evide~t from his inscription noting each year's. in;tportant events. INDEX

A Archipelago (Dvipeshu) S, 32. Arjuna 61. A 73. Anhailstra 2, 17, SO, 76. A, the high-souled 7f. Artist Monks 7J. A, the loving Bh.ikshu 7S. . l . A.rya-MUiju ~ri Miilakalpa (Pt. ID) 1, A (Aivaghob) the Buddhist recuse, 2• Bra.hmi.n 7J, Aryiv:uta, Eastern 26. Abhisamayalankara 4. A.ryiv:uta, or Northern India S7 • .Aditya 28. Asanga (T.) (Sanga S.) • 18 • .Aditya-lksha 73. A.sh.igha 67• .Aditya's Initial time (SO A.D.) ·Z9. Asia 36, 40. Adityasena (650-680 A.D.) .fl, 43, • 4• Asia, Central 20 23. 1 H, 16, S7, 18, S9, 68, 69, 70, 72· Asia, Hunic 37. Adityasena of the Gau4a Guptas ( 616 Asia, North 20. -700 A.D.) 63. . Aioka 11, 17• .Adityasena of the Later Guptas 60. Aiou the Great (Maurya) 11, U • .Adityascna ~ri 68. Asoka Mulhya 14. Adityavardhana 2, 29. A5oka of 100 A.B., (Nanda I or Nanda- .Adityavardhana'of Thanesa.r 62. vardhana) 12 • .Adi Yuga 10. ., Assam 66, 67. A~gha~stan. (~avm) 23. 39. Assmt, King of n. Aihole mscr•puon 31. Assyria 21. Airakir;ta (Erin) 61. A.surutin 2J. Ajita 10. Aivaghosha 11, 20, 76. Ajiita, Maharaja 10. Aivamedha 61, 69. Ajita, Satru 9, 10, 11. :\svarnedha sacrifices 43. Ajau Kingdom 10. 27. Ajita=Adityavarman. 27. Avantivarman (17()-...600 A.D.) 11, Sl, .Ajiu [Hara (T.)] called Kunu 27, • 62 Akbar HI. Avantivarman Parameivara H. Alexander H. Ayodhyi chronicles H. Albcruni 23. B Allahabad 62. · Allan 38, H. Bila i.e•• Biliditya 37. 31, )9, All-India Emperor (s) 39, fO. 66. Bal.a (B.ilakhya, T., S. BlladhyaLha) All-India Empire 40. 6). H. . AMMK 4, 6, 11. 12, 14, lJ, 16. 11, Bala the Easterner (Purvadeukal,l) H. 19, 20, 21. 22, 24, 2S, 26. 21,32. Baliditya (s) 37. 31, .of()• H, .H, U, Amsuvarman (6H---6SO A.D.) 7. 21, n. 67. 22. Baliditya (Bal.iditya D) H. • Anarchy 42. · Biliditya I 37, .fl. Ancient Kings before the Buddha 10. Biladitya D 37, 39. 40, .ofl, 44, U, ,1, AnJhra f9. 62. 10, 47. Blliditya. Emperor H. Ang:ad~a 73. Blliditya. Paramdavara U. An~a ling 73. B.i.laka (Kala T.) 7J. Ap;ra 7S. Bala-Pulina-sukeSi JO. Aps.:~J 60. Balk.h-to-K.ashmir 23. ApuJ inscription S7. Blr;ta fl. f7. AphuJ inscription J7. B.uhhla 2J. INDEX

Battle ol Pundravardha.o.a Sl. 'Boraspicin 2 S. &.11 H. Brahmadatta Il. Bcnares J, JJ, 49, JJ, H, U, 61, 64, Brahmanic rule 69. 6S, 67. - Brihma.o.ah 9. Benares House · U. Brilun~a~ rise of 3S. Bengal 1, 7, H, 38, 43, .f7, <49, SO, U, Bralunans, political 6. H, U, U, 61, 63, 67. Brahmin (s) 1, lf, 17, 22, 4J, so, H, Bengal and Bihar <47. J2, B, S7, 60, 6S, 71, 73-, 74, 76. Bengal, condition of J 0. Bralunin caste 10. Bengal monarchy S 1. Brahmin controversialists 14. Bengal proper 46, 71. Brahmin emperor, Pushyamitra 19. Bengalees 4J. Brahmin feudal lords 71. Bengali leader 72. Brahmin goblins 77. Bengali politician 72. Bralunin, heretical 47. Bh. 60, 63, 66, 71. Brahmin, leading <49. Bh.= (Bhinu Gupta) H. Brahmin minister <49. Bh., the Chancellor of the Exchequer 77. Brahmin, Madhyadda 77. Bh. (not in T.) 77. Brahmin, Southern 77. Bhadra 60. Brahmin worshippers 77. Bhadrasena 14. Brihadrathas 13. Bhagalpur 47, S6. Buddha 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, U, 14, 20, Bhigavat .f7. 22, 31, 32, 49, 76. Bhagavat (pura) J.4, 63. Buddha's doctrine 72, 7S. Bhagavat (probably Bhagavatvarman) Buddha Gupta H. U. Buddha hood 18, 22. Bhagupta i.e., .AqUuvarman the Vatsaka Buddha images 24, 33, 47, 7S, 77. 21. Buddha Lord 4J. Bhigupta Vatsaka . 20. Buddha-paksha 20 • .Bhakrama (Parakrama T.) 20, 21. Buddha-paksha 20, 75. Bhandarkar's list 67. Buddha-paksha, (read yaksha) 19. Bhandra, the ~iidra 63. Buddha-paksha, the Yaksha king 76. Bhanu Gupta 39, 40, H, S6, 63, 6-4. Buddha raja 30. Bh (anu Gupta) .,..7, Buddha, relics o£ 72. Bb {anu Gupta)=Bhinu Gupta Bali- Buddll3's teaching 10. ditya SS. Buddha (Y) aksha 18. Bhanu Gupta .Baliditya H, 56. Buddha-Y aksha 2 0. Bhanu Gupta Baladitya U, (c. soo-no Buddhism 9, 10, H, 19, 23, 47, 64, 6S, A.D.) 61. 66, 7S, 77. :BhiraSiva 26. Buddhism, destruction of 18. BhiraSiva Nagas S2. Buddhism in India 19. BhiraSiva 26. Buddhism, Northern 12. Bhiratavarsha 2J. Buddhism,. restoration of 19. Bhasa 11. Buddhism, Revival of 11. Bhaskarichirya 31. Buddhist (s) lf, 16, 24, 32, 33, 37, Bh:asmama 49 45, SO, 64, 77. Bhasm:una (Bhasma T.) -48. Buddhist Art 77. Bhivasu 20. Buddhist authority 37. Bhavasu ~ubhasa 21. Buddhist Brahmin 14. BhJVda 7). Buddhist chroniclers 15. nlukshu (s) 12~ U. .Buddhist church 23. Bhikshu asanga 18. Buddhist clergy 6. :B..'Utiri Pillar inscription 36. Buddhist doctrine 36. Bihar .fJ. Buddhist faith 22, 6S. Bihar-Bengal-Orissa 66. Buddhist Heretical 7S. Bimbisin 10, 11, 16, 17. Buddhist Historian 26, H, 36. Bindusira T. (Bindunra, S.) 16, 17. Buddhist ideal 48. Bombisira 10. Buddhist Jatakas 13. INDEX w

Buddhist king 3 8, 6 f. Chandragarbla Siitta 36, 37. Buddhut laity 9. Chandra Gupta IS, 16, 17, H. Buddhist :Monk .ll, 60, 62. Chandra Gupta I H, 48, S2. Buddhist recluse$ 7$, Chandra Gupta U 37. Buddhut te\:ords 17. Chandra 5ata l 0. Buddhist religious historian S. Clupala · 24. BuddhUt Saints and Teachers 18. Chbos-hhyung 7. Buddhist technical terms ), China 32. , B11ddhist temple 24. China (Tibet) 22.: Buddhist wisdom 66. Chinadda 22. · Buddhist wishes H. China, Embassy to (731 A.D.) 70. Buddhist 11•riter 6. China, Emperor of 19. Budha Gupta (c. SOO A.D. d.) 2, 37, 31, Chinese Emperor 22. 10. 39, -46, 61. Chinese pilgrim 70. . Budha Gupta (mistake for Buddha Otitra 11. Gupta) J4, Chota 43. Chota. c:ountry oH, Sl. Budha (Siq'lha) 30. Church history U. Budha Suddha 30. Coloniet 7. Burma, upper 32. Commandment (doctrine) U. Burmese books 17. Confusion in East S2. Burmese Buddhism 14. Cosmo~ Indicopleustet -40. Burmese, tradition H. Council of Ministen 14, U. Burubilvam, (correct Urubilvam) 9i Council. Second 11. Buston (b. 1289 A.D. d. 136) A.D.) • 7 • Cunningham lJ• ... 36. c D 0. ,3. Caesar -4f. Daksha 41. Central India, State of 41. Oaksha, inscription of 41. 37. Ceylon DakshiJ;ta 41. Ceylonese non-Hindu Monks 71. Oakshi~:tapatha 73, 77. Cb. 7S. D:llai Lama 2. Chaityas 12. Oimodar:a Gupta J7. Chakrapalita 37. Chakrapilita's, Junagarh inscriptioo ' 6 Oamodarpur, · copper plate ol SH ' A.D. '7 Chilukyas S, 69, 72. Chilukya documents 69. Oardistan 70. Chilukya domination 72. Dasaniipa 6J. Chilukya inscription · 3 1. Death (Ya.rn.intaka) U. Chalukya kings ·U. Deccan 17. Chilukya power. Oeo Barnark: (Shahabad), grant of ( J70 Chalukra Pulakesin of Bidami 31. A.D.) J7. Cbilukya temple 69, Oeo Barnark: inscription 43, H, 16, JS, Chaluk)'l temple hostel 72. 60. Chalukya Yijayaditya 69. Deva (s) (700 A.D.) 10, 42, 70. Cham.ua (T.), Chandrasena (S.) 11. Deva=Deva Gupta=Deva Gupta ll 42. Champa 32. Deva I=Chandra Gupta II -42. Champavati -47. Oendisa 42. · Chit;taky:a 16, 17. Devadillditya 60. Chanda 11. Oevadisiditya, in Magadha 6). Cha~dJnamlli 18. Deva Gupta (liSQ-710 A.D.) 44. Chandra 30, 42, -43. Deva Gupta U, ,0, n, "• 70, 71. Chandriditya VisJu:tu Gupta H. Deva Gupta (70Q-720 A.D.) 61. Chandtidiry:a Vi~h~:tu Gupta in Magadha. Deva Gupta II 4), J9. (c. 721-74S A.O.). Deva Gupta Vub.gu Gupta Cla.ndri- Ch.anJragarbh:&-puiprichchhl 7, "· dity:a "· iv INDEX

Devaraja B, H. Election Anarchy, Bengal 42. Deva temple 42. Election of Gopilaka 42. I:navarmi i.e., Den Gupta 69. Emperor of All-Northern India 69. Dhanu 2f. Emperor of All Uttarapatha H. Ohara H. Emperor of China 71. (Db.) =Dha(ra.scna IV) ( 646-649 Emperor, Chinese 70.

A.D.) JJ, 62 1 661 67, 68. Emperor of India f 6. Dharma 49. Emperors of Madhyadeia,(Sirvabhumika, Dharma·Aioka i.e., the Maurya 12. T.; S. Sirvabhutika) 26. Dharmadeva 21. Emperors of Northern India 59, 69. Dharmadosha 41. Emperor Samudra Gupta, the prosperous Dbarma·Pala U. 48. Dharma (Slst.ra) SO. Emperor of Sakata Uttarapatha 69. Dhamwena I H. Empire, the centre of SS. Dbruva 24, 2J. Eran 40, H. Dbruvasena n 24. Eran, battle of (flO A.D.) 63, 64. Dbruvasena m 67. Eran inscription 39. Dhundhu.mara 12. Eran Pillar memorial 40. DJipa 12. Europe 36, 40. Dinajpur 31. Di.naka 7S F Dipank.ara 4. First Yuga 10. Dipankara ~rijiiihu. (Ariia} 3. Forest (A~avi) 6S. D. I. S. (not in T.) A 73. Francis Joseph 61. Durga 61. Further India 32, 72, 73. Dvadaia 43. Future :P..I.iddle time ll. Dvidasiditya 43, 68. 71. G Dvidaiiditya Chandra Gupta m, (710 G n. A. D.) 44. Gabbi 20. Dvidaiaditya Vuhnu Gupta (R..) 71. Gait 32. Dvapara. 11. Gambhira 19, 20. Dviribhis.ira 19. Gambhira Yaksha 19. Dvijiti ~kya (Ikshvaku) 66. Ganajyam, Dvipas in the Southern Sea (Indian Gat}arijyam (T.) H. . Archipelago) 12. Gat;1apati Sastri (Mm., Dr.) 1, 2, 3. Dynasty of Varat;usi 13. Gana Sankara 31. Dynasty of ~he West 20. Ga~a Sankara Vyighra 30. E Gandhita 3 6. Ganga 69. Early Emperon before the Buddha 12. Ganges 36, 37, 42, 49, Sl, 64, 73. Early X.ushans (the Kadphises) 19. Garga-Sa.rphiti 4. East 33. 49. sz. Sl, U, 68, 72, 73, Giithi Sanskrit 4. 74. Gauga (s) 3, 7, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 4f, East country 12. 47, 48, 49, 60, 70 East (Magadha, Bengal and Assam) 40. Gau~a, city of 64. ·Eastern country 47, SO. Gau~a country 42. Eastern countries 63. Gau~a, dynasty of the 33, 34, 69, 72. Eastern Emperor H. Gau9a, and of 63. Eastern History ).4. Gau4a dynasty (Guptas, Later) 70. Eastern History, Provincial 27. Gau9.a dynasty of the Later Guptas 61. Eastem India (Piirva-Di.k) S. Gau4a Gupta dynasty 71. Eastern past kings 71. Gau4.a Gupta (the dynasty of Gau~a) Eastern Provinces J 2. 72. Eastern and ~.. estern Seas 17. Gau9a King 44, 47, 48, SJ, S7, JS, 69. East up to the Sea 48. Gau9a king of Magadh.a S9. E. G. I. 31. Gau9a history, Local 47. E. I. 61, 67. 61, 69. Gau4a Lines again 46. INDEX v

Gaul,la and M.agadlu 46. Gupta dynasty 7, 31, .oW, S2, S9. Gaul,la and Magadha, history of H. Gupta dynasty, Later 60, n. Gau4a and Magad.lu, local history of Gupta Emperon ll. H, 39. -46. Gupta Empire 37, 39, -41, 61. GauJa nation 66. Gupta Empire, decline of n. Gauda officials J5. Gupta Empire, recovery of 61. Gau4a panition 61. Gupta Empire revived 1. Gau9a people 47. Gupta Epoch H. , Gau9as, aeparatist H. Gupta Epoch. Great ;H. Gau9.a, separatist dynasty 61. 40. Gau4a system 60, 68. Gupta family 39, 46. Gau9a, system (i.e., Magadha and Gupta family o£ Malan 62. Ga~a) J 2. Gupta of Gau4&. Later Imperial (c. Gaul,la tantra JO. UJ-730 A.D.) 42. Gau4a untra or Gau4,a system 66. Gupta history H. Gau9avaho 61, 70, 72. Gupta Howe, Main sa. G. E. 67. Guptas, Imperial H. G. I. 40, tfl, 43, H, S6, S7, S9. Gupta Imperial 47, H.

Gods, heavenly &. Gupta Imperial dynasty1 description of God Sth~nu 29. 61. Gomin (Gomimukhya) 11. Gupta Imperial History H. Gomi or Gomin · 19. Gupta Imperial, Later 43. Gomin (Pw;hymitra 188 B.C-U2 B.C) Gupta Imperialism SJ, 18. Gupta Imperial, position of Sl. Gomi-Sha94a, (Gomin the bull) 19. Gupta Imperial Revival n. · Gomi-Siu.t?-4a. the wicked 19. Gupta Kings H, 36, 41. Gopa n. Gupta.s, Later 7, -42, 44, 41, H, S7,

Gopa k.ing 63. U, 671 61, 72. Gopa=Goparaja 63. Guptas, of Gau4a-l~gadha, Revival Gopala (s) 1, 42, -43, 46, fl. and fall of 6). Gopala (c:. 73Q-7J7 A.D.) H, 47, 60, Guptas. Later Imperial 6). 72. Guptas, Later, of Magadha 19. Gopala (the "dlsajivins" ~udras) ). Gupta line, main 60. Gopala (the death of) 800 A.D. ). Gupta lords 40. Gopila (dynasty of) 47. Guptas, of Magadha SJ, Gopila, Election of (c:. 7H A.o.) U. Guptas, Magadha •U. . Gopala (i.e., Palas) S, 46. Gupta Masten (Gupu-Nitha~; not lord. Gopila reign (741-772 A.D.) 63. of the Guptas) 40. Gopala, the ~udra a. Gupta overlord J I. Gopila, a ~iidra 4J. Gupta Period 1, 61. Gopilaka 3, 42, 41, 47. Gupta Period, Later (c. 170 A.o-UO Goparaja 40, S3, 64. . A.D.) 49. Go~ndra 3 0. Gupta Possessiona J 1. Go~ndra lndrasena ) 1. Guptas Pre-imperial 41. Govinda ) l. Gupta Princess Harsha Gupta 21. Graha 27, 7J, Gupta SovereignJ 36, tfO. Graha=Grahavarman d. 606 A.D. 27. Gupta rule n. Gralu (Mih.ira) 67. Gupta times H. Gnhnannan (60~0J A.D.) S7. Gwalior 39, 40. Gre:ater India 32. Grttll. H. H Gujrat 2 S. H. (Dh., in T.) 73. Gupta (s) (HO A.D.). H. (Hu\).a) 6-4. Gupta (1) 2, 3, 7, 27, H, 40, 41, 43, H. ( H119-a T ori.aw].a) J -4, 64. Jl, SJ, 60, 61, 69. H., S(B. in T.) 73. Gupu attempt 48. H. (Sudra) 64. Guru defeat JB. H.ara (SH-HO) 27, 21. INDEX

Harikela 73. . Imperial History, Gupta 7. Harsha J, 24, 29, 31, 36, 42, -44, H, Imperial History, Madhyadda 7, 20, 27, n, 67, n. H. Harshavardhana (60~47 A.D.) (606 Imperial list H. --'46 A.D. 62) 1, 5, 7, 2S, 28, 29, Imperial (Magadha) Gau~a dynasties -41, -42, -46, 47, -49, so, H, Jc>, 19, 62, 33 • . 64, 67, Imperial Period 9, ·33. Harshavardh.tna. Empire o£ 67. Imperial Philosophers 75. Harya (Hayagriva T.) 13. Imperial Sakas 27. . Haya J2, Imperial Valabhi dynasty 2. Himidri 20, 23, 32, n. India 7, 36, 40, 56, S8. Himalayan hiitory, Provincial 20. India Central 7, 70. Himalayan State 22. India East 7. Himalayan valleys 6J. India Eastern H, 45, 59. ' Himalayas 20, 6S, 73. India, Empire of Northern S7, S9. Hindu (s) 23, U, S6. . India, Further 72, 76. Hindu Central India (M.adhyadesa) 6 India History of (150 to 3SO A.D.) 45, Hindu dynasties 27. 47, S2. · Hindu dynasties of Further India 32. OCndia, Northern 'zs, 44, 58, 60. Hindu Ministry H. India, North Himalayan States 7. Hindu names 7J. lndia, Orthodox Hindu 37. Hindu Napoleons SS. . India, South 7. Hindu Orthodox 36, f2, India, Southern 29 • . Hinduism, Orthodox, in Bengal 47. India, West 7. Hi.nu;tyag:ubha 22, India, Western 24, 49. His Majesty (~imin) U. 39. Indian Archipelago 32. His Majesty U. H. Indian Historian 35, 36. 3 2. Indian History 2, 6. History of India 1. · lndian record H. Hoerule 2J, 28. · Indian scholars 2. Hun (s) 36, 39, -40, H, fti, Sl, SB, Indra 2J, 32. ·s9, 61, 6-4. . Indra (Chandra T.) Sena 30. Hii.Qa (s) 36, H, S7. Insulindia 72, 73, 77. Hun army 62. ISana=ISanavarman 27, 28. Hun innsion 37, -40, H. isanavarman (S30-H4 A.D.) 28, 57, H (un) King S7. 58, S9, 62. Hun power sa. isanavarman, Emperor (SSO-S54 A.D.) Hun time · -41. 62. Huvishka 24.­ isanavarman Maukheri 60. Hwui Lun 69, 70. · Islands 7 6. I Islands in the Sea 7) • ., ltsing (died 713 A.D.) 69, 70. J. A. 2S, 30, -43, 69. Imperial Dynasty of :Benares 13. J dmperial Dynasty of the East J • al · · 9 .Imperial Dynasty of Srikant\ta Thanesar J. A. (Journ ASlattque) 4, 6 • 62. . Jambiidvipa 12, )6. Imperial Dynasty o£ Vishnuvardhana Jammu 19. 62. · · Jarta i.e., Jat S3. Imperial Eastern History 21. Ja~a-vam$a (Jata dynasty) n. 'Imperial Gau~ dynasty i.e., Later Jaunpur inscription . S9. Guptas (Adityasena to Vashnu Gupta) Java 32. ~ hp J~U Imperial Guptas (HB A.D. to JOO A.D.) Jaya, king, !.fahavisha 61. 1, 7, 33, -46. Jayanaga of K.an;lasuval\la 61. Imperial History 26. Jaya the serpent, (Jayanaga} 66. INDEX :vii

J. B. 0. R.. S. · 12. u. 16. 17, 2f, 32, Kashmir defeat 70. sz, n. Kashmir valley 19. ]. B. L. n. ~mit 22. 23. jih-Kwan (Sun-army:::::Adityasena) 69. ~si?a d 9• 19 J~as (B~.ddhas)ha-4)9 • .... · K:~hl:;ir, ~thern 2J. Jmaa (N1rgrant s ·u. K 1.., • - 16 J hn 22 atu. .. santugara • J::h~~ Gup'u (6Sl A.D.) 21. Kau~udi:mahotsava ~2. Ji~h~u Gupta II (710-730 A.D.). 43. Ka~~mbl ~~-' U, 36. 4~ H sa 63 · KavlSa (Kap1Sa) 22, 23.

' ' ' ' Kielbom 301 31, 69. Jivita Gupta II 71. K.ielhom, E. L VIII 4... ·. J. R. A. S. 2S. Kesari (Lion) 66. K Kesi 30. Ketu 2J. K. 72. Khalimpur copper-plate 4S. K. i.e., Kumara Gupta III 60. Khanda forest 18. Kabul S6. Kha~des l 1. Kachh-Sindh 24. Kharagraha 24. Kadamba inscriptions 32. Kharavela 1. Kadphises S, 18. 76. Kings 73. Kadphiscs I 20. Kings after the Maurya1 11. Kadphises II 20. Kingly exposition J. Kalachakra 7. Kirti 7). Kalasa 73. K.., N., (R:, Gh. io. T.) 7J. Kala-Asoka 12. Kobla u. KalhaJ]a 23, 70. Kou. family f2. Kali 30. Kota t·m~ts Gupta fights Jl, Kali age 10, 11. Krishna Gupta H. Kalinga 32, 49. Krimi 73. Kalinga dynasty 32. Kshatra SO. Kalinga king 32. Kshatra status J2.

Kaliilga Seas 32. Kshatriya (1) 11 1 4J. 60, 64, 66, 72. Kalinga Waters 32. Kshatriya dynast. 61. Kama-A.Soka (Tiranatha) 12. Kshatriya (Gupta) dynasty 47. Kamariipa 32, 47, S6, 73. . Kshatriya kng 6J. Kamariipa K~la (Ka~arup~ Kula kings Kshatriya leading n, 63. ()f the fam1ly of ) 32. Ksbatriya soveteip 66. Kanauj 44, S7, J9, Kshatriya status J2. Kanauj (Paiichala) S9. • Kukura (Kumira I) 7f. Kand;~rpa 12. Ku.mira 21, H. 73, n, 76. Kangnur 36. Ku.mira, (T. Kusuma) 7S. Kangra or Jammu <48. Kumira ll 31. Kani~hka 18, 20. Ku.mira i.e., Kumira Gupta ll U. Kantipuri 26. Ku.mira Gupta 61. Kanyakubja S9. IKumira Gupta n H. - . .. . Kapil a 11. IKumira Gupta 1J (~kriditya .foe ~n· Klpilapura 7}, Kramiditya) H. Kapi!Jvastu -47. IKumara Gupta m (UJ-HO A.D.) Kapplil 20. S7, 67, 69. Kuko~as of Kashmir H. Kumara Gupta, Emperor 72. Karma 6. IKumira KalaS& J. Kartikidi year (l26 G. E.) 67. Kumbha 30. Kirtikeya 30, 3 2. Ku.Sigrapura '· K.Ei 13, i'f. Kushin (s) 41. K~i country 64. Kushin Susania.n <40. 1 Kashmir 11, 20, 37, <40, H, H. u. 63. 1Kusuma sugara 12. viii INDEX

L Maha-China (China) 22. Lilla (s) 2-4, 2J. Mah.idyuti 19. Lida II (Kachh-Sindh) 24. Mahi Kasyapa 10. l.alitiditya (UO A.D.) 44, S9, 63, 70. Mahi Kosala 13,. Lalitiditya of Kashmir 71. Mahinabal]. 42. La.nkavatirasiitra 7. Mahapadma 16, 17. LavaJ]a Ocean (Indian Ocean) 30. Mahapadma Nanda 1, 14, IS. lauhitya (Brahmaputra) sa, 61. Maharaja 64. Levi, Prof. 18. Mahirijidhiraja 28, 43. Lichhhavis (H.9-HO A.D.) 20. Maharajahs, heavenly 6. Lichhavi Dynasty 20, 21. Mahasena 11, 32. Lichhavi Dynasty Nepal 21, 22. Mahasena Gupta 49, S8, 66. Lichhavi rulers. 11. .Mahi Turush.ka 23, 24. Lok.a 3 ), H. , Mahavamsa 17. Loka (Gauc;la dynasty) 33. Mahivir~ formula 22. Loka the Gau4avardhana 34. Mahi Yaksha 1.9. Lokesa (T.) 14! Mahi Yina 1, 3, 7, 18. Low age 18. Mahi Yana (Buddhism) 23, Sl. Low Period 18. Mahi Yana Mantra 6, 13, 2S. L, the qualified, the wise 7J. Mahi Yina moral 77. Mahi Yina Pantheon 27. M Maha Yina Sutra (s) 4. M. 73, 7J. Mahendra 11, 30, 31, 32, 33. M. the intelligent 7J, Mahendra I 31. M. (S. in T.) 73. 7S. Mahendra, contemporaries of king 29. Midhava 30, 31. Mahendra's kingdom 36. Midhava Gupta H, 68. Mahendra=Mahendriditya Kumara Madhava Gupta or Adityasena 68. Gupta H. Madhava Gupta (contemporary of Mahendrapota 3 0. Harsha) H. Mahendrasena, king 36, Madl1u Sumadhu 76. Mahendravarman 31. Madhyade5a 9, 20, 26, 28, 29, 47, SO, Ma.hendravarman I 30. 59, 73, 74, 77. Mahendravarman Khmar king 32. Madhyade5a (Doab) 48. Mahesiksha, the Mahayaksha 23. Madhyadcia and East, Imperial History Mahirakula (mistake for Mihirakula) of 28, 46.. . S4. Madhyadda, Northern 26. Mahmud of Gbazni S9. Madhyama (s) Kings of the Madhya Maitraka (s) 26. Country) 26. Maitraka, caste of the 2f. Madhyama kings f. Maitraka, dynasty of Valabhi 24. Magadha 3, f, 7, .9, 10, U, 3.9, 40, 42, Milida 68. H, -4.9, U, S-4, H, S6, SS, S9, 60, 61, Malava 29, 46, 77. 63, 6-4, 68, 69, 70. h-falava Era 41. Magadha capital 9. Milwi 38, 41, 61. MagaJha dynasty 13. Malwa coins 3 8. Magadha (Gau4a} 66. Malwi Eastern 2J. Magadha, King of 69. Milwa fall of (Sll-J12 A.D.) 61. Magadha, Kings and their ministers H. Mlnadeva 21. Magadha line HI. Minava, Soma's son 11. Magadha Monarchy 6J. Manavendra (Manavadeva) 20, 21. Magadha, Prime Minister of 1. Mandasaur -41. . M.agadha, ruler of 66. Mandasaur inscription (JH A.D.) 61. Magadhan kings. 10. Mandasor 40. ' Migha 67. Mandasor inscription 28, 37. Mahibh.irata, 1st. War 1. Mandhiti 12. l.t:ahibhogi. T. 16 (not Mahiyogi. S.) Marigala 31. 16. Marigala Vallabha 31. INDEX ix l>W.g.ld..a 50. Monks, (Yatis) 7J. Mangalci.a or .M.tng.larija ) 1. Mor:aes. K..adamba Kula 31. 1Luijughosh.a 19, 22. Mriga 7), M.aiiju-Sri 76. MUla hlpa 2. Kum.irah 6. l>Wiju-~ri N M.tntr.t($). n, 74, 76. J-.l.tnu~ Institute of 41. N. (not in T.) 7J. Manu:W, dynastic I. N. P. (pn., in T.) n. Mathita Sum.tti 30. 31. Nabhi I. ;

Mathuri 26, H. Niga (s) (c:. HO A.D.) ) 1 H. 46, 47, Math uri-]ita (S. Jita-va.xpia) U. H. Mnhuri-Jata Jat 12. Niga (under the Bbira.iivas) 47. M.itrichina (M.&tfiche~a. T.) u. 7J, Naga caste SO. Maukluris (SH-600 A.D.) 1, 2, 27, Niga dynasty 26, 27. 28, 29, 17, 11, 19, 67. Niga dynasty (Bhira.iiva) 3. Maul.hari Emperors H. Niga, Eastern c:apit.tl o£ 47. Maukhari Empire 11. Niga history 47. Maukh:ari hero S9. Naga king (s) 47, n. Maukhari Imperial dynasty 62: · . Niga i.~ Nigirjun.a (Jth century B.C.) Maukhari invasion of the east U. 11, 7S. Maukhari king 17. Niga i.e., pre-Gupta Bh.iraiin.s 47. Maukhari line 28. Nagar:aja 47, fl. · Maukbari ruler 21. Nagar.aja i.e.. the Bbiraiivu or Nava· M.tukhari subordinates f6. nigu H. Maurya (s) 17, 40. Nigarjuna (144--JO B. C.) 11, U. Maurya dynasty 16. Naga-senu or Nagu (lJO A.D. to HI Mo~urya policy 17. A.D.) 2, 26, 47. 1uyiiri-vidyi IS. Niga-Vikl~ak.il 27. Mt>dizval and Madbyadda kings H. Niga-Vikltak.i history· fl. Middle Age H. Niga-Vak.i~akl period sz. Middle country 26. Nl.h~nha 10, 12. Middle time n. Nilanda 31, J-4, 61, 69. Mid-India H. Nilanda Inscriptions 61, 70. Mid-India king i.e., Harsha U. Nala.nda Stone lnsaiption.s 61. Mid-India (Mo~dbyadcia) S, 7. Nama 7'. · Midl.md, North 26. Nanda 12, H, U, u. 17, 77. Mihira B. Na.nda (T. Arhan) 11. Mihirakula 37. 39, 40, 41. U, H, J(i. Na.ndak.a 11 • .M.Junkula, Emperor o£ Northern India Na.nda-M.ahipadma H, U. S12-J26 A.D.) 61. Nand:& Nagara (Pi~aliputra) U. Mihira (planet) graha ,f. Nandapura (Pi~aliputra) '4. Ministers 73. Nanda of Rockhill H. Minor directions 74. Nandnardluna of the Puranas H. Minor (~isu) fl. Nandin H. · Mirupur 26. Nara and Biliditya of legends 41. M.~sccllancous Provincet 6, Nar.avardh.ana 41. • MsccUaneou.s Tracts 73. Naravardh.ana of Tb.anesar ,2. Mit.ikshari 67. Nava Nagu of the Purir.tas 26, Mitra-al-Sen (294 A.D.) 2f. Nepal 20, 21. 22. M1cxhchha (s) 20, 22, 32. SO. 64, 7). Nepal annals 22. Mlcchchha countries 32, 37. Nepal inscriptions 21. Mlechd.ha wurpen 21, 22. Nepal kingdom 7, U. Mlcchchha robbers ,1. Nepal kingdom, fall of ('71-700 A.D.) l>LM.K.. 7, H, 37, 319, 41--47, 'H- 20, 22. 0', 19--62, '+---'7, 0. Nepal. kingship of 21. Monogol.ian type 19. Nepal. Province of 20. 1 M.onl..s, Svuthern '"· !Nepal Western 20. X INDEX

Nerii.r copper plates 30. Persian Empire 16. Nichamukhya 14, U. Persian Territories H. Nikumbha 30, 31. Persus u. Nik.umbba Dynasty 31. Pilu H. Nirvana 9. Philanthroph.ists 7 S. North. 48, 62, 6J, 70, 74. Planet H, H. North (i.e., Kashmir) 41. Planet ( Graha) :::1\fihira 64. North (Uttarapatha) 23. Polekesi Vallabha ll. Northern Buddhist records 14. Post-Siladitya 2 J. Northern India (Uttaradik) S, 19. Post Guptan Imperial Rulers of Madhya- Northern empire 63. de5a (SJQ-647 A.D.) 27. Northern Quartt!r 26. Pota 30. Nripanagara 18. Pra H, S7, 64, 67. Pra, Successors of 66. 0 Prabha 25. Oceans, three 76. Prabhakaravardhana 1, 28, 29, S7. Orissa 6S, 67. Prabhakaravardhana Emperor (c. 600- P 605 A.D.) 62. P. 66. Prabha Vish.Qu 47, 48, Sl, 52. P. dynasty 68. PrabhaVish.QU Emperor 47, S2. P'• dynasty 71. Prabha Vish.Qu i.e., Vi~h.Quvriddha Pra- p (Pra) 72. varasena (Vaka~aka) 2. P. (Pra, T.). the k.shatriya 65. Prachi 19. Padak.rama and Kamala (JH-S6) 20, Prachi (the East) 41, 63. 21. Pradyumna (Kamadeva) 30. Pahlavik (Sass~ans) 36. Prajapati 12. Pilikuli Essan.ian inscription 25. Parji'iaparamita (the month of the Paipala Cave 9. .. Buddhas) 23. Pal.a .Dynasty (c:. 730 A.D.-) 42, 72. Prakasaditya 38, 39.

Pala Emperor1 Paramountcy. of 772 Prakataditya 37, 47, H, 16, S7, 61. A.D. 63. Pra (ka~aditya) ==Praka~.:iditya H. Pala kings 3. Pra (ka~aditya) ss, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, Pala Period (750 A.o.) 3, S9, 63. 66, 67. Pala l!eriod, early 7. Prakatiditya Period ( c:. S3 O-S 87 A.D.) Palhikas 36. 62. Pallava king of Kaiichi ( 60o-62J Prama.Qa-varttika 3, 4. A.D.) 30. Prasenajit 13. Paiicha Kewi 6J, Prasenajit o£ Kosala 11. PiQ~avas 11. Pratihara Empire of Kanauj 59. Pi.Qini 14, u. 16. Pratitha-Sraddha 75. Pankti 27. Pravara "Sena" 27. Pankti i.e., Avanti:::Avantivarman 27. Pravarasena Vishnuvriddha 48. Paramabhanaraka 43. Prayaga 60. · Paramesvara 43. $6. Pre Buddhan age 13. Par:uneSvara (Emperor) U. Prime :Minister 17. Paramountcy in India 63. Province Western 21. Parthiva 10. Provincial Gau~ history st. Past Middle age U. Provincial history 24, 39. Pi~ala City 14. Provincial history of Bengal H. Pitala-visara 4. Provincial history Gauc,Ja and Magadha Paial.iputra 33, 48, S2, S9. 46. Patna Sl. Provincial history of Himalayas 20. Patna City 14. Provincial history North 20. Patna Museum 2. Pulakesin II 30. P2-Yam5a 68. PulakeSin II (608-642 A.D.) 31. Paundr:a. S0. PuL.keSin II H. · Pe~ H. Pura 38. INDEX

Pun Gupta 38. I Sili Era 31. Purii1,1as 1, 4, 14, H, 17, -47, 52. Isahja, a Brahmin 61. Puriil,.'liC geography 2J. Saka (s) (Kushans) 36. Pur.it;~ic history 10. SakaLl.uttarapathanitha f 1. Purna 77. sak..a Satraps 27. Pu~a of Mathuri 77. Saka varp.Sa 7, -47., Pushpa 2S. Sil..eta -48, n. I Pushpamitras 26. Sakunas 36. Pushp:unitras (Gomi) 65. Slkya-blo-gros 3. Pushpaniima 26. ~kya family 11. Pu~hpapura 76. Sakra monk 72. Pu~hyamitra 19. Sakyasirp.ha Buddha ll, 12. Pu~hyamitra (Gomi) 6f. ~akya vardhana (s) n. S.ibduti u. R ~ambbuvarman J 2. R. 60, 68, 71. SampiJ.n;ta, the Brahmin 77. R. (note in T.) 75. Samuda, a Hindu King J 2. Radha Gupta '17. Samudra H, H, -47, <48 •. R.ighava the Sudra 76. Samudra (Gupta) J, Rahul Siinkrityayana, Rev. 3. Samudra Gupta (c:. JJO A.D.) 21. Rajabhadra 60. Samudra Gupta (78 A.D.+liXH= Raj:idhiraja, Paramdvara 40. · HS A.D.) 27. R3ja (Riijagriha) 9, 12. S:1mudra Gupta 32, H, 41, S2, U, Sl, Raja vyiik.arar;ta-parivara f, 6}. Rijmrarigir;si 71. Sangha -47. Rljya SO. ~ankara 30. Rajya (vardhana) 2, S, 29, SO, H, H, Satikara deva (about 6 S A.D. c. 6J 0) S6, SS, 67. 21. R~jyavardhana I f9. ~ailkara ga~a J 0, J 1. Riijyavardhana II (605--606 62, A. D.) S.inkrityiya.t}a, Rev. 2. 66. Sansk.ri t 2. Rlma Gupta 37. Sanskrit ttxt .J, S6, 61. Ratnasambhava 7J. ~.intanu 11. Religion 28. Simath Jl. Restoration of Buddhism 19. S.imith inscription 37, 31, H, 67. · Revived Gupta Empire 1. Suva 27. Rishabluputra Bharata (388-395} 12. Suvapankti 27. Ri~habha, son of Labhin 12. Suva=Sarvavannan 27. Rocl..h.ill 12, H. Sarv av arman J9. Rudrasena I 12. Sanavarman Emperor (JH-J70 A.D.) R ussi.1n collection 2. 62. s Sarvavamun Maukhari H. s. 77. Suvavarman :t.taukhari Imperoc .(H+- S. (A. in T.) 73. J70 A.D.) s7, sa. S. and L. and Stri-haters of the people Sarnvarman Paramesvara H.· 73. ~ilinka 3, 31, -49, H. s. 1noc. 4. ~a sank a rise of -4.9. S; monk (~l in T.)' 7J, siliili

Seas. two 77. Stone·Pillars 12. Second Council · 14. Sthit]u, Lord S9 • . Secmariate 16. Sthinv (v) isvara 28, 29. Senakirti 7S. Sthanvisvara 2.9. • · Sena's line 27. String·Fsan-Gampo 22, 23. Separatist Gau4u 49, 67. Subahu 11. · Shahabad District 49. Subandhu 77. Siddha 76. • Subhasu (Bhuma-subhiimi in T.) 20. ~ila 24, 2S. Subhii 73. ~ila the Dharmarija Siliditya 2-4, 2S, Subhiiti-Bhiiti 73. 26. Subhiiti--~ri-Sinti 3. 'iliditya Dharmiditya I 24. Succession of Empires 61, 62. &i.liditya (Harsha) H. Suchandra 25. Sirpbadatta 16. Suchandra=Mahendra 32. Sirpbadeva 32. Suchitra 11. Sirpha dynasty 6S. Sudatta 71. Sirpha of the Lichchavis at Vaisali . 11. Suddhodana 11. • Sinitialled (Skanda) 33. Suddhodana the Sikya 11; ~iSu J2. · Sudhanu (T.) Sudhana(S.) 11. Si5u (Rudrasena) n. Siidra (s) 6, 4S, H, 64, 71, 76. ~iSu (Viki~aka) 47. Siidra king 30, 60, 64. Sititapatra 12. Siidra king in Gau4a 71. Skanda 31. Siidra king (Hiit;la) 6S. Skanda Gupta (4H A.D.--467 A.D.) . 2, Sujaya 76. S, 7, H, 36, 37, 39. Sukesi 30. Skanda Gupta, Wan of 36. Siikra 10. Sumatra 32. Skangyur (rgyud D.) 3. . · Sundara-varman S2. Smith• Vimc,ent S, H, 37, 70. • .. Sunga So rna 6J, 73. " s. Soma (Brahmin) s. ::~unga age 19. Soma K.esari (Simha) 61. Sunga Period 19. Soma (Sasiilka) · 29, 47, 49 17 66. Siira (T., Siira=Assyria) 2S. Sane. SS, 6.9, 70. ' ' Siirasena (Virasena of Tirinitha) H. South 32, -40, SB, S9, 62, 67, 72, 74, Siirpiraka (Sopiri) 25. 7J, 77. Siiryavarpsa (lkshvikus) 73. South Bihar -49. Sush~a 71. South East 61, 66• Susthitavarman H, 16, ss. South, Kings of 31, Suvrata (T.) 27. . Southerns 72 · Suvrata MMK, nommal f7. Southern coW:try 48. Suvrisha 20. Southern forgery 2. Suwit 23. Southern India 32. Sva 71, 72. "· Southern India (Dakshiila Dik) s. Svida 60. Southern, Kings of 30. Svetasucbandra called Sitavahana 29, Southern system 73. 30. &amat;lah . '· T &i ,o. "· I &ikaJ;~.~ha 2 8. ·r. .AMMK 6. ~i. king 68. IT, MMK .... 6. ~ri-Kram.idityi. H. ; Tantra 76. &imio U. 31. Tantrika 18. ~rimati ,8, Tirinitha 7, 11, 16, 17. • Srmg:~pura 6J. ITiri '\ll·orship n. Sri--ParTata 30, 32. 'Tathigata Gupta 39, 40, S4, H. St:ankgyur -4. Th. (Db. T.) 71. Sute 7S, 7,. I'fhakuri (s) 21. INDEX xiii

'fhikuri Dynasty (7th century A.D.) V., the rich Brahmin 7,. 20, 21. V'.s, (two) 73. Thikuri Western 21. V., (Vaju) 66. Thanesar S6, J9. V1. (V., T.) 7S. Thincsar, Howe of sa. Vaidya (Pitysician) 7f. ln.indvara 29. Vai~ali 10, 47, u, 1J. Three Oceans, Lord of 62. Vaisali of Tarinitha 14. Tibet 2, •· 22, 23. Vaisalyi mother=Lichchhavi Lady Sl.

Tibet (China) (628-698 A.D.) 22. Vai5ya (s) J, 28, 29, 471 H, U, H. Tibet dominion 22. 7l. Tibetan 2, n. 60, n. Vwya caste 28, JO. Tibetan emperor 22. Vai5ya dynasty 29. Tibetan King (Parhr) 22. V aisya of Srika~;ttha Sthi~;tvi5vara ( S60 Tibetan Library 2.. --647 A.D.) 28. Tibetan Script 2). • Vai5ya ling SO.

Tibetan Text 31 4, 9, fl, U, ~6. 61. Vajra 41, J4, H. S7. Tibetan version -t8. · Vikitaka (s) 40, Sl, 69. T~.rhut 68. Vikitaka Emperor 27, 48, J2. Tirtha H. Valabhi 2J, 26. , Tirthiku 10, 47, 7J. Valabhi kings 67. Torama~;t:a., Hun king l9, •o. H, H, Valabhi Dynasty (J9J-6JO A.D.) 24. S6, 61. Valabhi, Emperor of 66, 68. Traigu!]gaa 32. Vallabha Jl. Travancore 1. Vallabha (T. has Chittabha) 30. Traya n. Vallabha--"~uke.Si 31. Tripuri Kalachuris 30. Vanavisi ll. Trivandrum Sanskrit Series (No. 14) 1. Vanik (merchant) 7J. Turushka 20. Viri~;tasi 10, U. Turushk.a King (K.anishk.a) 2). Va.raruchi 14, IJ. Virivati 2J. u Virivatya (s) T., S. Dvirivatya 2J, U-Buddha-Gupta=U. Buddha Gupta 26. J J. Virivatya Yitnas 11. U. Prak.isaditya'a coins 39. Vardhamina (Burdwan) 33, H. U. (Ulirikhya) 10. Virw,Ukl (Deo Barnark) 0. Udlvi (Udayi) (Varshadhara T.) ll. Viseshka 24. Udaya 10', 22. Vedas 76. . Udaya deva (c. 67J A.D.) 21. Vedic theory of caste superiority 4f. Udaya and .Ji~u (T.; S-Jinhuna H6- Venu't'ana 12. • nn 20, 21. · Vidyi (T) u. Udayana It, n. Vidyota Pradyota (T.) 11. Udiyia 10, H. Vidyota Mudyota (S.) 11. Udumbara (probably Dumraon) 49. Vijayiditya 6.9. Udyina (T., S.-Udaya) 21. VLkraditya •o. Udyota, the religioUI 76. Vlkrama H,, H. • Ujjaia 2J. Vi.knma ie., Vlhamlditya=Cbandra Ujjayini 11, H. Gupta II H. Ur1;1a 12. VLkramlditya (s) Jl. Urubilvim .9. Vinaya J ), 11. Vinayiditya 0. v Vuuyiditya, Oulukya king ( 67.9-696 V .. Ui, 67, "1. A.D.) 44. V., an artist abroad 77. Vindhya (1) 26, 30, 6f. V •• the Brahmin 76. Vindhya c:ountry ••· "· V., t~ Dharma-think.et" 7J. V'mdhya country i.e., !.Ltlwi 61. V., (~l\!X.-Dhrunxna ill) (c. U) or Vmdhya (Milavi) "· 6J6 A.D.) U. Viruena Nlga 26. INDEX

V'.t.rit 11. 26. Viruda Chandriditya 4). y V'IShnu (SlO-SH A.D.) 25, 27. VIShnu, Bh. 28. y 68, 70. Vish~u (dharma) 28. / Yadava (s) 25, 26. Vis}u;lu(dharma) Yawdharman 28, 29. Yadava Republics 2 5. Vbht;tu Gupta 43, 68, 71, 76. Yaksha 12, 19. Vis}u;lu Gupta Chat;takya 17, 77. Yaksha family 2