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Windermere Reflections Survey of Woodlands Around Windermere

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Windermere Reflections Survey of Woodlands Around Windermere WINDERMERE REFLECTIONS SURVEY OF WOODLANDS AROUND WINDERMERE Community Archaeology Survey Report Oxford Archaeology North September 2012 The Lake District National Park Authority and The National Trust Issue No: 2012-13/131 OAN Job No: L10452 NGR: N Y 3554 9598 NY 3614 9466 SD 3709 9455 NY 3754 9242 SD 3774 9424 SD 3691 9311 SD 3702 8689 Document Title: WINDERMERE REFLECTIONS : S URVEY OF WOODLANDS AROUND WINDERMERE Document Type: Community Archaeology Survey Report Client Name: The Lake District National Park Authority and The National Trust Issue Number: 2012-13/1317 OA Job Number: L10452 National Grid Reference: NY 3554 9598, NY 3614 9466, SD 3709 9455, SD 3774 9424, NY 3754 9242, SD 3691 9311, SD 3702 8689 (Centred) Prepared by: Alastair Vannan Peter Schofield Position: Project Officer Project Officer Date: September 2012 September 2012 Checked by: Jamie Quartermaine Signed……………………. Position: Senior Project Manager Date: September 2012 Approved by: Alan Lupton Signed……………………. Position: Operations Manager Date: September 2012 Oxford Archaeology North © Oxford Archaeology Ltd (2012) Mill 3, Moor Lane Mills Janus House Moor Lane Osney Mead Lancaster Oxford LA1 1GF OX2 0EA t: (0044) 01524 541000 t: (0044) 01865 263800 f: (0044) 01524 848606 f: (0044) 01865 793496 w: www.oxfordarch.co.uk e: [email protected] Oxford Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No: 285627 Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Oxford Archaeology being obtained. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Oxford Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person/party by whom it was commissioned. Windermere Reflections, Survey of Woodlands around Windermere, Central Lake District 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................3 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................5 1.1 Circumstances of the Project................................................................................5 1.2 Aims .....................................................................................................................6 2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................8 2.2 Desk-Based Assessment.......................................................................................8 2.3 Identification Survey Methodology......................................................................8 2.4 Detailed Survey....................................................................................................9 2.5 Report and Gazetteer of Sites.............................................................................11 3. B ACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................13 3.1 Location, Topography and Geology...................................................................13 3.2 Woodland Industries...........................................................................................14 3.3 Historical and Archaeological Background .......................................................16 4. L ANDSCAPE SURVEY - T HE WOODLANDS ................................................................26 4.1 Survey Introduction...........................................................................................26 4.2 Esthwaite Coppice - 5.7 Hectares......................................................................26 4.3 Ridding Wood - 79 Hectares.............................................................................27 4.4 Rigg Wood - 36 Hectares..................................................................................29 4.5 Bishop Woods - 60.72 Hectares........................................................................32 4.6 Three Birks Wood – 97.8 Hectares ...................................................................34 4.7 Little Ore Gate - 11 Hectares ............................................................................35 4.8 Summer House Knott - 24 Hectares..................................................................36 5. O VERALL HISTORIC CHARACTER OF THE WOODLANDS ........................................38 5.1 Woodland Industries...........................................................................................38 5.2 Industrial Processes/Extraction ..........................................................................49 5.3 Farming ..............................................................................................................52 5.4 Game Shooting...................................................................................................52 6. D ISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................54 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................54 6.2 Woodlands – A Well Managed Resource .........................................................54 7. B IBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................57 7.1 Cartographic Sources ........................................................................................57 7.2 Secondary Sources ............................................................................................57 For the use of Lake District National Park Authority and The National Trust © OA North: September 2012 Windermere Reflections, Survey of Woodlands around Windermere, Central Lake District 2 APPENDIX 1: P ROJECT BRIEF ......................................................................................62 APPENDIX 2: P ROJECT DESIGN ....................................................................................67 APPENDIX 3: S ITE GAZETTEER ....................................................................................75 APPENDIX 4: N OTES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIELD RECORDING FORM ..136 ILLUSTRATIONS ..........................................................................................................145 Figures.........................................................................................................................145 Plates .........................................................................................................................146 For the use of Lake District National Park Authority and The National Trust © OA North: September 2012 Windermere Reflections, Survey of Woodlands around Windermere, Central Lake District 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Oxford Archaeology North would like to thank The National Trust and the Lake District National Park Authority for commissioning the project, and the Heritage Lottery Fund for providing the funding. In particular, thanks must go to John Hodgson, of the Lake District National Park Authority, for his considerable involvement and support. Thanks are also due to Jamie Lund at The National Trust for his valuable input. We would also like to thank Miles Sandys for giving permission to access the sites on the Greythwaite Estate and for providing information regarding woodland management. We are also grateful to the staff of the Lake District National Park Historic Environment Record (LDNPHER), the Armitt Library and Museum, Ambleside; Barrow Library and Local Studies Centre; Cumbria Archives Centre, Kendal and Lancashire Archives, Preston, for their assistance during supervised volunteer visits. In particular, we would like to thanks Peter Eyre, Senior Archivist at the Cumbria Archives Centre, Kendal. Fieldwork, including site clearance and survey, was primarily undertaken by volunteers whom we must thank for their boundless enthusiasm and energy throughout the project (Plate 1): Jane Abram; Bob Abram; Roger Baker; David Benham; Barbara Blatchford; Anne Catterson; Helen Cauldwell; Mervyn Cooper; Hilary Corton; Henry Coward; Kathy Cross; Rae Cross; Kath Duncan; Alan Dunthorne; Helen Eastham; Jennifer Gallagher; Bridget Gerry; Barbara Green; John Greenwood; Mark Horsley; Judith Horsley; Alan Jackson; Jenny Kelly; Betty King; Frank Leaver; Sue Lydon; Peter Matthiessen; Helen O’Brien; Helen Pugh; Charles Rowntree; Rick Sanderson; Sue Sanderson; Doug Stables; Nicholas Stainforth; Tony Stuart-Smith; Liz Wallis; Alan Westall. Plate 1: Volunteers surveying in the woodlands The primary documentary research was undertaken by Vicky Bullock and Alastair Vannan. The volunteers were aided in the topographic
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