Ennerdale Historic Landscape Survey 1 Ennerdale West Cumbria Historic Landscape Survey The National Trust And Forest Enterprise Issue No: 2003-4/152 OA North Job No: L9198 NGR: NY 0905 1584 - 2148 1077 For the use of The National Trust and Forest Enterprise OA North: September 2003 Ennerdale Historic Landscape Survey 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 4 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Contract Background ............................................................................................ 6 1.2 Wild Ennerdale...................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives of the Archaeological Survey................................................................ 7 1.4 Report Layout ....................................................................................................... 7 2. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Project Design....................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Desk-Based Survey............................................................................................... 9 2.3 Field Survey.......................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Boundary Survey................................................................................................... 14 3. LANDSCAPE HISTORY...................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Physical Background ............................................................................................. 16 3.3 Prehistoric and Roman (2000BC – AD 410).......................................................... 17 3.4 Early Medieval (AD 410 – AD 1066).................................................................... 20 3.5 Tenurial History of Ennerdale ................................................................................. 21 3.6 Development of the Valley Settlement .................................................................... 25 3.7 Development of Land Enclosure at Ennerdale......................................................... 29 3.8 Pastoral Agriculture ............................................................................................... 33 3.9 Arable Agriculture ................................................................................................. 34 3.10 Woodland Management....................................................................................... 35 3.11 Industrial Exploitation........................................................................................... 36 4. HISTORICAL SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 43 5. LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT............................................................................................. 49 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 49 5.2 Landscape Types .................................................................................................. 49 5.3 Archaeological Potential and Recommendations ..................................................... 50 5.4 Ennerdale’s Heritage.............................................................................................. 57 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 58 6.1 Published Primary Sources..................................................................................... 58 6.2 Unpublished Primary Sources (Maps and Documents)............................................ 58 6.3 Published Cartographic Sources............................................................................. 60 6.4 Aerial Photographs ................................................................................................ 61 For the use of The National Trust and Forest Enterprise OA North: September 2003 Ennerdale Historic Landscape Survey 3 6.5 Secondary Sources................................................................................................ 61 6.6 Sources Located But Not Seen.............................................................................. 66 APPENDIX 1.......................................................................................................................... 68 Project Brief APPENDIX 2.......................................................................................................................... 69 Project Design APPENDIX 3.......................................................................................................................... 78 Site Type and Period Glossary APPENDIX 4.......................................................................................................................... 82 Site Group Descriptions APPENDIX 5.......................................................................................................................... 97 Gazetteer of Season 4 Sites ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................................................................................. 121 For the use of The National Trust and Forest Enterprise OA North: September 2003 Ennerdale Historic Landscape Survey 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present landscape survey is a result of two phases of investigation, the first between 1995 and 1997 for the Lake District National Park Authority and Forest Enterprise and the second in 2003 for the National Trust and Forest Enterprise. Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) would like to thank all who have contributed to both phases of work. 1995-1997 Survey: OA North would like to thank Bob Orrel for his assistance and for enlightening us with his intimate knowledge of the history of the valley, and Mike Davies-Shiel for making available the results of his extensive industrial research in the region. We are also grateful to Forest Enterprise for the invaluable archaeological work by their staff, which prompted this investigation. David Bowcock (Carlisle Record Office) and Katy Goodrum (Whitehaven Record Office), and Ken Harrison (Lancaster University Library) are thanked for help in locating and accessing sources. Dr Angus Winchester, Department of History, Lancaster University, discussed his research into the medieval landscape of Copeland, and supplied copies, transcripts, and translations. OA North is grateful to the staff of Cumbria Record Offices (Carlisle and Whitehaven), especially Barbara Clark, and to David Bridge and Dave Banks of the West Cumbria Mines Research Group who provided numerous published reports, many of which are not available in libraries. The fieldwork was directed by Andrew Croft, Imogen Grundon and Ian Scott and assisted by Johnathon Cooke, Graham Mottershead and Ian Price. The desk-based study was undertaken by Nigel Neil, the project being managed by Jamie Quartermaine. The report was written by Andrew Croft, Imogen Grundon, Nigel Neil and Ian Scott and edited by Jamie Quartermaine and Richard Newman. 2003 Survey: thanks are due to Robert Maxwell, Jeremy Barlow, Rachel Yanik and Jamie Lund (National Trust) for their assistance and support in the course of the project, and to Eleanor Kingston and John Hodgson of the Lake District National Park Authority (LDNPA) for their help and support throughout the project The 2003 survey was supervised by Neil Wearing and assisted by Peter Schofield, Chris Ridings and Rod Bale. The original desk-based study by Nigel Neil was supplemented in 2003 by Jo Dawson. The present landscape survey report was written by Nigel Neil, Neil Wearing and Jamie Quartermaine and edited by Jamie Quartermaine, Emily Mercer and Rachel Newman. The project was managed by Jamie Quartermaine. For the use of The National Trust and Forest Enterprise OA North: September 2003 Ennerdale Historic Landscape Survey 5 SUMMARY Oxford Archaeology North (OA North), formerly Lancaster University Archaeological Unit (LUAU), at the request of The National Trust and Forest Enterprise, undertook a season of management assessment survey of land in Ennerdale in May 2003 (NY 0905 1584 – 2148 1077), following three previous seasons of survey between April 1995 and April 1997 undertaken by LUAU. The purpose of the earlier work was to evaluate the archaeological resource to enable its preservation during felling. The purpose of the present fourth season of the survey was to provide a narrative history of the valley for the ‘Wild Ennerdale’ project, a partnership between the three main landowners in the valley (The National Trust, Forest Enterprise and United Utilities). The report will provide a management resource for the partnership in order to help guide the evolution of the valley towards a more ‘wild’ landscape, with greater emphasis on natural processes to shape its landscape and ecology. The earlier phases of the survey recorded the archaeological landscapes