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Home , Barf (Lake District), Base Brown, Black Combe, Caw (hill), Dent (fell), Dichograptus

Index

Note: Page numbers in italic type refer to illustrations; those in bold type refer to tables.

Acadian Orogeny 147, 149 - boundary. 45 occurrence of 209 application to 149 correspondence 43 thrusting 212 cause of 241 Green on 82 topography 78 cleavage 206,240 Hollows Farm 124 sheet 130 deformation 207,210,225,237 Llandovery 46 black lead see graphite and granites 295 maps 40-41 Blackie, Robert 176 and lapetus closure 241,294 portrait 40 Blake Mudstones 55 Westmorland Monocline 233,294 section Plate IV Blakefell Mudstone 115 accessory minerals 96 on unconformity below Coniston Limestone Series 83 Blea Crag 75 accretionary prism model 144, 148, 238 46 accretionary wedge, 166, 237 Backside Beck 59.70. 174 Bleawath Formation 276,281 Acidispus 30 backthrusts 225,233,241. 295 162 Acritarchs Bad Step Tuff 218, 220 see also Saddleback Bitter Beck 118 Bailey, Edward B. 85, 196 Blengdale 276 Calder River 198 Bakewell, Robert 7,10 Blisco Formation 228 Caradoc 151 Bala Group 60, 82 Boardman, John 266, 269 Charles Downie on 137 Bala Limestone Bohemian rocks, section by Marr 60 Holehouse Gill 169, 211,221,223 Caradoc 21 Bolton Head Farm 276 Llanvirn 133 and Coniston Limestone 19.22, 23.30 Bolton. John 24, 263 Troutbeck 205 and lreleth Limestone 30 Bonney, Thomas 59 zones 119 Middle Cambrian 61 boreholes 55 Actonian 173, 179 Upper Cambrian 20 Nirex 273 Agassiz, Louis 255,257 Bala unconformity 82, 83.85 pumping tests 283, 286 Agnostus rnorei 29 Ballantrae complex 143 Wensleydale 154 Aik Beck 133 Balmae Beds 36 9, 212,222 Airy, George 9 Baltica 146, 147, 240. 241 Borrowdale Series (Borrowdale Volcanic Series) 33, 36 Airy's Bridge Formation 99,103,169, 211,217,224 Bampton Conglomerate 161,208-209 Borrowdale Volcanic Group 8, 9, 18, 41,46,295, Plate VII Airy's Bridge Group 69, 76, 217 Bampton Inlier 161,200, 204. 208-209 Bampton Conglomerate 209 Akidograptus acuminatus zone 175 Bancroft, John Beevis Beeston 172-173 basal unconformity 123, 124, 127. 151 al-Jawardi, A. F. 190 Banham, Peter 289 calc-alkaline 141 Allen, Peter Bannisdale Slates 24.36.43.237 correlation 86,102,168,169, 218 Borrowdale Volcanics 211,213 cleaved 181 erosion 222 career 189,195 and Coniston Grits 178 eruptive centres 168, 169 fieldwork 197 and Flags 182 faulting 90.135. 276, 280, 284 Iapetus suture 206 mountain front 295 formation 147, 213,215,295 Lakeland Project 188-190, 194, 197, 231,294 thickness 233 Lakeland Project 211-230 mappable units 183, 185 Bannisdale Syncline 105,181 Lower 134,168,169, 211,214, 217, 227, Plate VI photograph 189 scree 115,116. 117 marine features 165 Snowdonia work 291 Barrande, Joachim see colonies. Barrande's theory of mineralization 283,286 AIIport, Samuel 46 , George 40, 76, 77, 79 nuclear waste disposal 271 Alpine Orogeny 244, 249 222 see also Nirex Alston Block 159,250 base levelling 244 overlap 181 amateur geologists 39, 75, 77, 132, 164, 185, 198,231 basement rocks, northern England/southern Scotland 150 sections 47, 87, 89, 90,100,168,169 212 basement under sedimentary cover (BUSC) 273 stratigraphy 85, 86, 87, 90, 98, 101,102,103, 168,169, 276. 277 geological map 98, 101,103,157,195, 213,216, 225,227-229, basin formation 235.296 subaerial 196, 205.221 291, Plate VII basin inversion 204, 237, 241 thickness 69, 85, 89, 90, 98.101 Memoir 156,193,213,225,227, 232,234, 237, 241 basin migration 235. 236, 237,239. 295 Ti/Si diagram 89 topographic map 15 basin models, Windermere 231-233.233, 234-235 top 173 andalusite 77,132 28.82. 197 Upper 168, 169, 211. 214, 217,219. 227 see also chiastolite Bate (cleavage) 10 Borrowdale Volcanics, and Skiddaw Slates 47, 121-140,125, 151 andesite-plateau fields 214, 215, Plate V1 Battey, Maurice Hugh 100 Bott, Martin 153-155,223,293 andesites 20, 51, 52, 88,213 Beamish, D. 206 modelling of granite emplacement 158-159 brecciated 79 bed repetition, by faulting 90 photograph 15.t ponded 217 see also accretionary wedge and imbrication boulder clay 256--259, 261,262,266, 267, 268 Angelina sedgwicki zone 198 Bedded Tufts 86 see also diluvium and glaciation aplite veins 94 bedding, and cleavage 10, 293 Bouma sequences 167 Appleby map 40,189 Beddoe-Stephens. Brett 190, 208-209, 211-213,271 Bowden, Andrew 276 Applethwaite Beck 85 Belbin, Stephen 246 Bowfel175, 86 Applethwaite Beds 179 Bell, Andrew Bradyll, Col. T. R. G. 8 Appletreeworth Beck 178 Bampton 208 200 Archaean Controversy 38 Black Combe 197,208-210 Branney, Michael Arenig 33,111,117 career 197 Ambleside map 228 Armathwaite Dyke 244,247 Thrust 204 Borrowdale Volcanics 211, 214.216-224 90 Kentmere 165 caldera collapse 157. 169,218,219, 220, 222 Armorica 149 Lakeland Project 190 in Lakeland Project 190, 196,216 arthropod traces 222, 223 with Numan 165 PhD work 216-217,290 Arthurton, Russell 167, 200 photograph 192 photographs 192,216 artistic representations, 3 strain 166, 209 Skiddaw Slates-Borrowdale Volcanics contact 139 Asaphus 20 Westmorland Monocline 226 tuff bands 165,218 Ash Gill 17, 61, 62 Windermere work 231,233 Brathay, quarrying 9 sketch of quarry 67 Bewaldeth 81 Brathay Flags 18, 20, 23, 31,61 Ash Gill Slates 61 'Big crunch' see Acadian Orogeny graptolites 34, 177 Ashgill Epoch 66, 147, 173 Billingham 273 brecciation of 81,219 zones 174 Binney, Edward 56 Bredehoeft, John 283 Ashgill Series 70 Fell 81,138 Briden, Jim 195 Ashgill Shales 62, 70 biozones 108,111,114, 116, 119,172. 174, 177.178, 198 Briggs, Derek 222 Ashgillian Stage 173 Bird's-eye Tuff 166.233 brines, and mineralization 286 Atkinson's Pike 132 Brik Crag 137 Bristow, Henry 39 Atlantic, rifting 296 Birk Fell 136 British Geological Survey see Geological Survey Atrypa 20 Birk Rigg 135 Brockram 56 Austwick 171 Birker Fell Formation 165.213,221,227-229, 276 Brodie, James 251 Autobrecciation 90 Birkhill Shales 45 Brogger, Waldemar 76 Avalonia 147,148,149,152 Birks Riggs Formation 183 Brooks, Michael 247 basin 295 The Bishop 116 Broom Farm Formation 276 movement 295 Bitter Beck Formation 118, 199,203,204 Broughton-in-Furness 103 rifting 204 Black Combe 24, 27, 32, 48.69.138.256 Browgill 178.179 shearing 224 folding 94, 126, 127. 128. 163 Browgill Beds 36, 64.234 underthrusting 232, 233 geological map 212 Brown Bank Formation 276 Avalonia-Laurentia docking 205,233,235,236 illustration 128 Brown Knotts 219. 220 Aveline, William Talbot main fabric 209 section 221 and Bristow 39 mapping 197.208, 209 Brown, Malcolm 141,187. 194. 195,290, 294

321 322 INDEX

Brown. Peter 129 chiastolite 9. 15, 77 Crummock line 155 Brtickner, Edouard 262 chronostratigraphic units 183 Crummock Water 9, 123. 129. 163 Bryce, James 256 Church Beck 178.264 pluton 206 Bryson, Alexander 50 Clark. Lewis 84, 91,126 Crummock Water Aureole 155. 156. 200,204,206, 207, Plate V Bryograptus 113,115 Clark. Richard 246, 254.266 crustal shortening 163 Buckland, William 7-8, 18, 255 clay 7, 9, 19 crustal structure 226 buckle folds 237 Clayton. Chris 235 Cuillins 72, 73 Buckman, Sidney S. 113 Inquiry. see Nirex coalfields 55 Bulman, Oliver 107, 117, 127, 176 cleavage Cumberland Geological Society 132 Bumpus, Catherine 276 age 207.223,235 Cumberland and Westmorland Association 41 Burgess, lan 129, 175 Caldew Valley 132. 163 . topography 272 Burns, David 40 distinguished from bedding 10 Cwms 259 Buttermere and ductility 127 ~:vrtograptus centrifugus zone 178 olistostrome 202,203 Kentmere 166 C lundgreni zone 178 structures 166 multiple 27 C rigidus zone 178 topographic map 97, 164 orientation 148 Buttermere Formation 201,204, 205,207,295 and plate movements 146 213.216 Buttermere-Ennerdale Granophyre 76 Skiddaw-Borrowdale Volcanics contact 126. 129. 136 Dakyns. John Roche 40. 48, 124, 126, 257 and stress 27 212 Cadell, Henry M. 81 Clerk. John. of Eldin 3 Dalton, John 7, 9 Cadomia 146, 147 Cleveland Dyke 247 Dalton, William Herbert 40 calc-alkaline magmatism 141,142 Climacograptus 1 l0 Dalton-in-Furness 21 Caldbeck, Skiddaw Granite 8 Clonograptus 113 Dalton-in-Furnace map 188 Caldbeck Fell, rocks around 3 Clough, Charles Thomas 40 Darling Fell 202, 203 Calder Hall 198 coal mining 3 Daubr6e. Gabriele Auguste 51 Calder River 81,198, 204 Cobbing. John 157 Davies. Nick 276, 285 caldera collapse 116 Davis. Nell 211,216, 222,228 Branney theory 157,169, 214, 218, 219. 220, 222,276 56. 246 Davis. William Morris 244 Millward et aL on 168-169 map 40.53.55.118. 194. 199 De la Beche. Henry 39 Nirex site 277, 280 Memoir 138 de Rance, Charles 36.40, 83.257 pyroclastics 168 topography 117 Dean. William 173.176, 179 sag structures 225, 295 Cockley Beck Andesites 165 Dee Valley 62 221,226 Cockley Beck Bridge 101 deformation, phases 165 Soper & Lee's representation 225,226 Cockley Beck Group 101.211 Denbigh Grits 201 see also volcano-tectonic faulting Coldwell Beds 178 Denbighshire Flags 36 caldera scarps 218 collapse depressions 217 18 caldera structures 216, 220 Collingwood. William 263 Dent Fault 18. 173. 244 Caldew, River 9, 72, 161,163 collisional processes 204 Dent Group 231,24(1 Caldew Valley 76, 82,129,132,138 colonies. Barrande's theory of 34-36.59~o0. 69. 108. 110. 118 Derwent 190 Caledonian folding 94, 103, 133 Colvin. Alexander 40 Derwent Water 205 Caledonian orogeny 142,147, 241 Coniston fault 33 Caledonides, and Lake District 145 copper mining 3.9 Nicholson's map 35 Callaway, Charles 38 topography 61 topographic map 16 Calver, Michael 189 Coniston/Ambleside map 40 Devensian 265 Cam Spout Tuff 218 Coniston Flags 18.3[). 34.36.43. 105 94 Cambrian rocks in Lake District? 130 Coniston Grits geochemical trends 215 Cambrian-Silurian boundary 19, 62 and Bannisdale Slates 36, 178 magma chamber 215 Cambridge Philosophical Society 19 and Kirkby Moor Flags 295 magmatic sequence 216 Cambridge University, and Lakeland geology 289 Ludlow fossils 43 map 193, 211 Cameron, Alan Charles Grant 40 in Mell Fell Conglomerate 82. 149. 231. 240 strata supposedly in Lakes 182 Caradoc remapping 181 dewatering structures 181 acritarchs 151 thickness 233 Dewey. John 141 stages 172-173. 180 Coniston Limestone Dicalymene marginata 173, 174 trilobites 173 Ashgill 180 Dicellograptus zones 70, 173, 174 173 and Bala Limestone 19.21.30.46.61 Dichograptus 113, 116 Caradoc Sandstone 20-25, 30 Cambrian 23 Dicranograptus 116 and Caradoc Sandstone 20 Dictyonemaspp. 109. 110. 122. 198, 199 Basement Beds 8 contacts with Borrowdale 79.90. 171 Didymograptus 113 coverage 243 see also unconformities D. bifidus zone 82. 108. 132, 136, 151,208 Carboniferous Limestone 8, 55, 56, 57, 243, 274,280 continuity 168 D. hirundo zone 116,209 Cardiola spp. 22, 30 lithological units 179 D. murchisoni zone 129, 131. I36. 208 Carlisle Plain 263 Lower Silurian 22 Diluvium 18, 255 Carrock Fell 15, 37, 46, 69, 72, 151. 243,251 overlapping Borrowdales 181 Diplograptus 110 Cary, John 7,11,14 Timley Knott 171. 209 Discina corona 65 Caryocaris 28 Coniston Limestone Series 81, 83, 105, 171 Dixon. Ernest L. 53.117 Casterton 30 Coniston Mudstones 36, 45 Dob's Lin 45, 70. 111,175 Cat Gill 12, 37, 46, 48, 52 Coniston Old Man 9.90. 256 Doe Valley 30 Catastrophism 18, 25,243, 255 Coniston Subgroup 183 Dog Crag Tufts 78 Caterpallot Formation 204 The Coombe 255 Doming 159. 204,205, 209. 243,244,246, 251,296 Causey Pike Line 200, 202, 204, 295 Cooper, Derek 200. 213 Dounreay 271. 273 Causey Pike Thrust 123,151,155,200, 204-206, 225,241,295 Cooper, Tony 119. 120, 192, 197. 198. 200. 203,205.211 Dover. Kinsey 38 Cautley Cope, John 250-251 Downie, Charles 133, 137-138 correlation with 70 copper mining Downtonian 182 stratigraphy 174 Coniston 3.9 Drag folds 86 Cautley graptolite zones 177 Ulverston 8 drainage patterns 243 Cautley-Dent inliers, 70,175 Corona Beds 66 drift deposits 259 Cautleyan 174, 180 Corries 257 drumlins 255 Formation 227, 228 Cox, Keith 251 Drygill 37.52-53.63 Caw Tufts 103 Craven Fault 12, 18, 30 fossils 52.63, 173 96, 211 Craven inliers 3, 12, 171. 235 Drygill Shales 107 caldera collapse 218, 221,222, 225,276,277,293 topography 31 Cross Fell 234 evolution 220 86. 217.221 down-faulted 105, 149.211 Liverpool team 216 Croll, James 257-258, 261,262. 269 Lapworth on 38 map 193.195 Crook Synclinorium 181 and Skiddaw Slates 244 stratigraphy 98,168 Crookley Beck 127, 129, 130, 131 Ward on 37.52-53 succession 100 Cross Fell and Grits 81.82 syncline 100 early descriptions 7 weathering 53 topography 97, 212 first description of strata 3 and Windermeres 231 see also Scafell Syncline geological map and section 29 Duddon Basin 211 Cerium anomalies 2t5 geology of 3 Duddon Bridge 78, 103 Chadwick, Andrew 251-253,271 height 244 Duddon Estuary. 9.77 chalk cover over Lakeland 243,244, 250, 296 inlier 18, 28, 29, 65. 129. 171-175. 204,234 geological map 79 Chapelhouse reservoir 151 sequence 65 Duddon Hall Formation 228 Chaplow, Robert 271,273,274. 275,281,283,285 thrust faulting 154 Duddon Hall Tufts 165 Charlesworth, John 83 topographic map of area 6 40.77. 95. 165, 211. 213.216 Charnwood Forest 148 zones 172. 178 topography 212 Cheshire Basin 250 Crummack Dale 30. 126 Dufton Shales 36. 173, 234 INDEX 323

Dunham, Kingsley streaky rocks 75 Gasgale Slide 123 at Durham 141 traps 37 Gasgale Thrust 206,225 concealed granite 100, 153 Farey, John 6. 7, 10 Geikie, Archibald 39. 73.126. 219 Duddon Estuary 55 fault accommodation 65 Geikie, James 258-259,261,262 festschrift 156 fault gouge 136 geochemistry, in Lakeland Project 164.193,200, 213 and Firman 93 fault-blocks 214. 221 geological block diagram. Ullswater region (Moseley) 135 Furness Peninsula 53 faulting see atso lag faults, thrust faulting, volcano-tectonic geological maps 40, 187,193, 29I haematite deposits 54, 282 faulting Ambleside Plate VII on Mitchell 103 Harkness and Nicholson describe 30 controversies over Ambleside map 227-228 and Old Red Sandstone 290 Hartley on 86 Cross Fell (Harkness) 29 Dunmail Raise 90 Howgills 178 Cumberland LXIV (six-inch) Plate Ill Dunmallard Hill 82 Keswick map 205-206 Derwent Water area (Nicholson) 35 Dunnerdale 165,218, 229 Mart's ideas 68 Duddon Estuary (Green) 79 Dunnerdale Fells 101,103 Phillips illustration ll, 18 Dunnerdale Fells (Mitchell) 104 geological map 104 Sedgwick on 18-19, Plate 1l Fryer 7. Plate 1 Dwerryhouse, Arthur 76 Sellafield 277,280, 283.284 Gosforth Plate VHI dykes, Tertiary 247 slates-volcanics contact 48 Greenough 8 'Transition Limestone' 10, 17, 18, Plate H Keswick Plate V Easdale Tarn 212 Ullswater 133 Lake District 5 Eastwood, Tom 53, 56 West Cumbria 55 Lakeland Project 193 Eden Valley 7 Favosites 20 Moseley 155 erratics 259, 260 felstones 46.49 north-west Lakes (Simpson) 124 gypsum 8 Fettes, Douglas 191. 196.228 Otley 10--11 l~lie de Beaumont, IAonce 19 fiamme 100, 221 Scafell area (Oliver) 99 Eller Gill 29 field slips 39-40 Sedgwick 12-13, Plate 11 Elles, Gertrude Firman, Ronald Smith 8. 12 career 107 career 93 survey maps 40.193 criticisms of 116,117,198 comments on Oliver 101 Ullswater area (Moseley) 135 difficulties faced 289 garnets 94, 98,105 Wastwater to Duddon Valley (Firman) 95 Drygill Shales 68 geological map 95 geological sections graptolite evolution 113-114 on granites 155,156.224 Aveline et aL Plate IV graptolite zonation 55, 108, 115 gravimetric work 96 Branney & Soper 219 and Green 77, 83 Harker's slides 70 Green 80. 83 identifications 198 on joints 224 Harkness 28, 29 and mapping 116 PhD 93 Hughes et aL 207 notes and drawings 114 photograph 93 -Alston Block 253 photograph 107 stratigraphy 101 Kneller & Bell 234 and Survey 293 Tarn Moor Tunnel 137 Kneller, King & Bell 238 Welsh graptolites 177 thrust faults 134 Lake District 5. Plate IV working methods 115 fission-track dating 247,248,252 Lapworth 38 Elstow 273 Fitton. Godfrey 105. 137.138. 141-142. 294 Lee 227 Elterwater Bridge 263 Fitton,William 19 Marr 60. 68 Embleton Valley 118 Fleetwood Dyke 247 Millward & Moseley 219 Emeleus, Henry 141 Fleming Hall Formation 275,276. 277. 281. 282 Millward. Moseley & Soper 168. 169 Emsian 147, 233,237, 277 flow banding 103 Mitchell 87, 89, 90.103.105 Ennerdale 3 flow brecciation 85 Moseley 136 microgranite 223 flow channels 263 Oliver 100 Ennerdale Fells 212 fluid cavities in granite 50-51 Salter 26 Ennerdale Granophyre 75, 81 fold interference 167 Sedgwick 21 age 208, 224, 225, 295 folding Smith 12 model 154 Caldew Valley 163 Soper & Lee 225.226 9 Caledonian 94 Ward 51 Eocene 243 Devonian 86, 88, 89, 100 West Cumbria 55.57 epidote 86,101 Green 80 geological styles 293 erosion, glacial 259 Harkness 28 Geological Survey 39 erosion platIorms 244, 245,246 Hartley 84, 86 field geologists 40--41 erratics 255, 259 Helm 128 Lakeland Project 119. 187-196, 290 distribution maps 260, 261 Mart 68 maps 40, 187, 193 see also glaciation Mitchell 87. 88.89 memoirs 193 Eskdale 9 Roberts 163 Newcastle office 53, 190, 195 Eskdale Granite 18, 51, 75, 76, 81, 98, 227 Simpson 123,125, 162 Newcastle office staff 191 age 94, 156, 208, 224, 225,252, 295 Sedgwick 21 nuclear waste disposal 271. 280 and Black Combe 209 stereographic analysis 121,122 progress 41.42, 187 and Borrowdale Volcanics 215 Ward 51 staff specialisms 290 and Ennerdale pluton 156,295 Webb 167 structure and management 187,271. 290 jointing/shearing 94 Ordovician 86 office 53-55, 115 linked to 155 foliation, concept 10 Whitehaven office staff 54 model 154 foreland basins 207,232. 235. 237 geomagnetic survey 154--155 pre-cleavage 223 foreland plate 235 geomorphological studies 244-246 and Ulpha Syncline 224 246 geophysical surveys 153, 155. 204, 277 wrench faults 157 formations, circumscription 183 geosyncline theory 141 Eskdale-Haweswater granite ridge 157 Forster, Westgarth 6-7 geotechnical data, Seflafield 285 eskers 263 Fortey, Nei1200, 213,233.240 geothermal studies 154.248, 253 Etheridge, Robert 36 Fortey, Richard 206 geotrack 249. 252 Evans, David 271 fossils see also graptolites and trilobites Gibb Deep Geology Group 273,278 Evans, W. D. 93, 94 absence of 11, 17 Gillbrea Nappe 289 evolution of graptolites 112-114 Drygill 52, 53, 63 Gilsland 266 exhumation 252,296 early finds 3~ Girvan 36 extensional features 215,223, 235,241 Friar's Crag 48 Girvan Limestone 110 extensional regimes 252,295 Frostiella groevalliana 182 glacial sequences 258-259,262. 264, 265.268, 269 Eycott Hill 32, 37, 46, 48, 81,162 Fryer, Joseph Harrison 7, 15, 18. 255 glacial striae 255,256, 258 Eycott Series 38 geological map Plate I glaciation Eycott Volcanics 75 funding, public 291 catastrophist 243 and Borrowdale Volcanics 133 Fusedale 133 Quaternary 255-270. 296 and Drygill Shales 63 glaciers, transport by 258 porphyritic 105 gabbros 72 glacio-marine features 266 and Skiddaw Slates 132, 137 Gala Group 36 glacio-marine (glacial submergence) theory 256-257,258 submarine origin 221 Galleny Force 69 75, 99 Surveyors 55 Ganly, Patrick 85 Glaramara Tuff 218 tholeiitic 141 garnet-bearing rocks 75 Glencoyne 135 Eycott Volcanics- contact 151 garnets 75, 77, 81.82, 94, 98 Glenderaterra Beck 76 Bampton Inlier 209 Glennie. Kenneth 121-122 Falcon Crag compositions 98 Glenridding 90 ashes and lavas 48 origin of 81,96-98, 105, 14l Glyptograpn~s persculptus 175. 178 breccia 81 Shap 94 Goat Crag 166 Geikie at 52 Garwood, Edmund 66 Golem metaphor for science 296 Nicholson at 38 Gasgale 165 Gondwana. Avalonia rifting 204 324 INDEX

Goodchild, John George 40,125,243,257,259-261,295 Hadfield, George 88 lapetus, sediments 206, 240 photograph 259 haematite deposits 54.56,282 lapetus closure Gosforth district, section 55 formation 57 and Acadian Orogeny 294 Gosforth Memoir 154, 264 Hall, James 108 basin deepening 233, 235 Gosforth Oscillation 264, 267 Hardknott 222.228 cessation of volcanism 142 Gosforth sheet 55, 276, Plate VIII Hardknott-Wrynose Fault 216 England-Scotland join 141 Gough, Thomas 24 Harker. Alfred 6%74.96,293 as explanatory device 139, 240 134 Harker variation diagrams 215 and rotation 149 Gowbarrow Park 135 Harkness, Robert 27-31.109, 258 terrane docking 144,146.149, 206, 207,224, 233, 235,241 Graham, Joseph 28 portrait 2 7 lapetus Suture Grainsgill 76,162 section 28 creation 295 granites see also Eskdale Granite, gravity anomalies, Lakeland Harrath Tufts 78, 88 evolution 238 batholith, Shap Granite, Skiddaw Granite Harrison Pike, hornstone 3 line of 144,145,146,206, 225,226 concealed 153, 154 Harrop Tarn 90 Penrose Conference 148 and deformations 18, 210 Andesites 89 uncertainties 152,226 depth of formation 50-51 Hartley, John Jerome 83-85.86.88, 90-91. 100, 102 ice dams 263 emplacement mechanisms 158.159 photograph 84 ice-barriers 259 and fold structures 156, 157 way-upness criteria used 85 ice-sheets 262 isostasy 157,158 Hassness 167 icebergs, boulder transport 256, 257 mass deficiencies 158 Haszeldine. Stuart 281. 282.287,292 ignimbrites 46.49 see also 'streaky rocks' multiple 225 Hatch, Frederick 52 Airy's Bridge Formation 69.76 origin of 93, 147 Haweswater 69.79.81,212 Battey and Oliver's recognition of in Lakes 100,103 top surface 157 magmatics 161 characteristics 99-100, 220 and uplift 250, 252 reservoir 55 chemistry 168 and volcanism 223 Haweswater 88 correlation 218 granophyres 51 Haweswater tunnel 88,161 definition 293 Carrock Fell 72 figures of 49 graphite, mining 6,10 magma chamber 215 formation 48,1130, 216 graptolite reflectance 240 magmatic sequence 216, 217 in Nirex survey 276 graptolites Hebert, E. J. 41,52 rheomorphic 220 collected by Harkness 28 Helm, Douglas 123,126-131,136,138,163, 209 in Upper Borrowdale rocks 214 collected by Sedgwick 24, 27 Heltondale 161 west Cumbria 277 evolution 112. 113, 114, 115, 118 9.47, 90. 257 Whorneyside 217,221 figured by Marr 112 Helvellyn Andesites 90 I11 Gill Head 222 Lapworth's zones 111 Henry., William 9 illite crystallinity 233,237-238, 240 'Lower Silurian' 110 Hercynian orogeny 154 imbrication 135,144, 235 migrations of, supposed 110 heterochrony 113 Ingham, Keith 173-174.180 Monograph (Elles & Wood) 107 Hicks, Henry 37, 43, 45.77 Ingleton 81,171 Monograph (Nicholson) 29 High Gate Crags 97 Institute of Geological Sciences see Geological Survey observed by Smith? 12 88, 132 interglacials 262,265.266. 267 opinions concerning 108 High Rigg lavas 89 Ipswichian 266 phylogeny 115 76 Ireleth Slates 22, 23.24, 25 Skiddaw Slates 28, 33, 109,110, 112 High Street 243. 257 Irish Sea 154. 226, 248. 251. 253 in stratigraphy 45, 59, 64 Highlands Controversy 38 Irish Sea and NW England, profile 253 studied by Elles 107, 113-116 167 Isaac Gill 221,222 studied by Nicholson 29, 33, 34,110 Hirnant Limestone 61 volcano-tectonic faulting 223 zones 59, 64,108,115,116,119, 293 Hirnantian 174 Isacks, Bryan 141 Graptolites spp. 109 Holehouse Gill 165. 169 island arc magmatism 142,169,221 Graptolithus 108 Holehouse Gill Formation 211,221,223 Isle of Man 3,122,123,295 Graptolitic Mudstones 36, 45 Holliday, Douglas 250,252,271,280,282,287 Isograptus gibberulus zone 116 Grasmere 9, 52, 212 Hollin House Tongue 228 isostasy, crustal 154. 157-158 9,163, 167 Hollingworth, Sydney 53.88,101,109.116, t.34. 244, 264, 265, lsotelus 20 Grassguards Fault 228, 229 289 Grave Gill 221 Hollows Farm 16, 32, 52,124,127.129,130,131,132, 163 Jackson, Dennis 116--118,198, 294 gravimetry 153,154 Holmes, Thomas Vincent 41 photograph 117 gravity anomalies 153,154,155 Honister Pass 200 Jamieson, Thomas 256, 262 gravity collapse 138,163 Hooper, Frederick 289 Jeans. Peter Great Cockup 81,203 Hooykaas. Reijer 18 Crummock 129 96, 222 Hope Beck 198 deformations 165 Great Sca Fell 81 Hope Beck Formation 204 Hollows Farm 131 46 Hope Beck Slates 117.199 Newlands Beck 132 Green, John Frederick N. 77-83, 97, 107, 211-212, 279 Hopkins, William 18.23.25,243,255-256 PhD 129, 163, 165 on Aveline 40 Home, John 212 and Webb 167 Black Combe 211-212 hornstone, Harrison Pike 3 Johnson, Eric career 77, 82 horst structures 180.182 Black Combe 197, 208, 209,210 Coniston Limestone 50, 79, 82 Horton-in-Ribblesdale 30, 171 career 209 difficulties faced 289 hot-spots 246, 247, 249, 251,253,254 Lakeland Project 188, 211,219, 230 Duddon paper 78 Housman. John 6 and Millward 211 Haweswater 7%81 Howell, Henry Hyatt 41 Nirex work 271 intrusions 81 Howells. Malcolm F. 194,195,291 photograph 192 on Marr 69, 77, 78, 81, 82 Tunnel 161 joint orientation 100.101,224 Mell Fell Conglomerate 82 3, 20, 70 Firman 94 photograph 77 faults in 178 Hartley 86 publication refused 79 mapping 147,177,178 Oliver 100,101 sections of eastern Lakeland 80 Ordovician inliers 173, 177 jointing, columnar 276 solfataric action 72, 82 Otley Ill 171 joints and nuclear waste disposal 280,283 on Ward 52. 81,82 Rickards' work in 177-178 Judd, John 51,73 Green, Paul 247-249 sediment logs 235 career 247 stratigraphic succession 174.17.5 Keisley 28 photograph 248 topography 71 Keisley Limestone 38.65, 174,175 Green Slates and Porphyries 18, 31, 32, 33, 43, 46 Watney & Welch's work in 177 Keld Gill 208 Greenburn Thrust 225 Howtown 133 Kendal map 40,182, 193 Greenough, George Bellas 7, 8, 14, 18 Huddart, David 265-266. 267 Kendal Natural History and Scientific Society 21 Greenscoe 56 Hughes, David 138, 141,294 Kendal Rocks 36 Greenscoe Vent 126, 127 Hughes, Richard 137, 190, 197,203,205,207, 240 Kendall, John Dixon 53, 56, 57,263 134 photograph 191 Kentmere 9.85 Greisen 72.76, 77,162 Hughes, Thomas McKenny 25, 30, 36, 42-43, 62 geological map 231 Grey Friars Tufts 211 cartoon 44 sections 87 slate 7--8,19 Hull. Edward 256 structure 165,166 Grieve, W. 127 Hungerhil1161 topography 32 Grisedale Hause 46 Huntings 154 Keswick, Sedgwick at 17 9 Hutt, Jana 178 Keswick map 40 groundwater flow, Sellafield 274, 281,283,286 Hutton, Donald 145. 146 (part) Plate V Gunn, William 41 Hutton, James 3.4, 48 faults depicted 205-206, 208 Gurnis, Michael 254 hydrogeology. Sellafield 271. 273 folding 69 gypsum, Eden Valley 8 hydrothermal alteration 86, 93.98 graptolite zones 119 INDEX 325

and Moseley 135 Lamont, Archibald 172 McCulloch. Andrew 250 Member mapped on 202 Lamplugh Fell 22 McDonald, Christopher 275, 282 and Simpson 123 Langdale, ignimbrite 48 Mclntyre, Donald 121 Skiddaw Slates 130 Langdale Fells 190, 218 McKenzie. Dan 251 thrusting 205. 206 Langdale Thrust 229 McKeown, Chris 275.281. 283,286, 292 see also Causey Pike Thrust and Watch Hill Thrust Langdale Valley 86, 212 McKerrow, Stuart 144, 145, 146 Keswick Museum 41 Langstrath 75 Mackintosh. Daniel 256-258 Keystone graben 221 lapilli tufts 165, 166, 217,233 MacLaren, Charles 262 Killas 8, 19 Lapworth, Charles 27.36. 37-38.45--46, 59, 62, 79, 111.125 McNamara, Kenneth 178-181 King, Louisa 147, 231,234-237, 289, 292,295 46 photograph 179 career 234 Latterbarrow Formation 223 Maden. James 53 photograph 235 Latterbarrow Sandstone 56, 81,123, 199 magma chambers 213,215, 216 King, W. R. B. 109, 173 Laurasia, break-up 246 magma differentiation 72-73, 98, 213,215-216 222 Laurentia 4, 149 magma plume 213, 249 Kirk Stile Slates 55 Laurentia-Baltica collision 146. 147 magmas, hybrid 213 Kirkby Lonsdale 30, 181 lavas 88, 213, 219 see also andesites magmatic layering 213 map 36, 193 Lawrence, David 231 Main Glaciation 264,265,266, 267.269 see also Devensian William Smith at 8 lead. ores 6 Maini, Tidu 283 Kirkby Moor Flags 23, 36, 181,182,237, 241 Leake. Bernard 157. 187. 188, 290 Mallerstang map 40 and Coniston Grits 295 Lee, Michael Malvern Hills 25 Kirkby Stephen 70 backthrust model 225 mantle, vertical movements 254 Kirkland Formation 204 and Bott 154 mantle plumes 249, 251. 254. 296 Kirkstile Formation 204, 205 career 154 mapping, by Geological Survey 39, 40. 294 Kirkstile Gill 135 collaboration with Soper 157.225 maps see also geological maps and Geological Survey Kirkstile Slates 115, 118 concealed batholith 223 national situation 187 Kirkstone Pass 212 granites and synclines 156, 224 topographic 244 Klippen 136, 137 gravimetric surveying 154. 155. 157. 200 Mardale 9 Kneller, Benjamin lineaments 204 Mardale Tunnel 161 Birker Fell Formation 228 photograph 155 marine transgressions, Ordovician 180.182, 224 career 211 specialisation 290 marker beds 217,218,220 Lakeland Project 190 Windermere profile 233 Mart. John Edward lithological units 183 Leggett, Jeremy 145 Ash Gill 61 Nirex Panel 283-285,292 Leptaena 20 Ashgill stage 66, 70, 174 photograph 192 Lewis, Cherry 247.248, 249 and Cambrdige 289 stratigraphic subdivisions 183-185 Liassic 244 career 59--60 Tranearth Subgroup 185 Lickle Rhyolite 103 Cross Fell 65 Westmorland Monocline 225 Lickle, River 222 faulting 68, 152 Windermere work 231-234, 240, 241 Lightfoot, George Herbert 41 Geology of Lake District 68.83,263,264 Knipe, Colin 127, 282, 283, 292 limestone see also Carboniferous Limestone and Coniston geomorphological studies 244. 263-264 career 275 Limestone on glaciations 263 Knock Beds 36 mapping by Sedgwick 17 on graptolites 111-113 The Knotts 135, 137 on Smith's map 8 and Harker 69, 72 Kokelaar, Peter Lincomb Tarn Formation 99 and igneous rocks 293 Ambleside map 228-229 lineaments 205 and Lapworth 38 and Branney 216, 218, 220 and drainage 246 Lake District/Welsh comparisons 63 career 190 lineations 122.209 later work and ideas 83 on Davis 222 Ling Mel1222 marriage 66 Holehouse Gill 211 Lingcove Formation 221,228 Mesozoic cover of Lake District area 250 Nirex inquiry 280, 292 Linnarson, Gustav 43,111 and Nicholson 29, 37.38.63 peperites 219 LISPB 144, 145 photograph 67 photograph 191 lithostratigraphic units 183 poems 69, 112 Snowdonia work 101 Little Dodd 76 Sedbergh 62 Konig, Jacques 101 225,228, 229 Stockdale Shales 64 Kuno, Hisahi 142 Little London 43 see also Stockdale Tertiary uplift 243-244 Littleboy, Anna 276 trilobites 111 laccoliths 76, 77, 86,243 Littledale 167 Marriner. Giz 215 lacustrine deposits 222 Llandeilo 29.31, 33.60, 109,110,111 Marshall. James 20.27 Lad Slack Fault 172 Llandovery 30, 43, 45--46. 61.111 Marshall. Patrick 100 lag faults 68, 69, 78, 81,152,243, 289, 293 Llandovery-Wenlock boundary 178 Martindale 9 Lake District see also geological maps, geological sections and Llansaintffraid Limestone 19.22 Maryport. map 40. 55. 194 Geological Survey Llanvirn Mathieson, Nell 190. 197. 208, 211,216 3-D model 150 acritarchs 133.138 Matterdale 137 artistic representations 3 Borrowdales 82 Matterdale Beck 48.132, 208 boundaries to area/topic 3 graptolites 137, 151 May Hill Sandstone 24 and British Caledonides 145 palaeoslope 204 megabreccias 217 comparisons with Wales 21-25, 23, 50, 63, 235,236 Llewellyn, Peter 176 melanges 199, 201,207 deep structure 225,226 loading plate 235 Mell Fell, topographic map 162 exhumation 250 Loch Lomond Stadial 264 Mell Fell Conglomerate geographic map 4 Lochkovian 233 Carboniferous 81 geological history 295-296 Lodore Falls 256-257 clasts 149 geological maps 5,124 Logan ograptus 113 Coniston Grits in 82, 149. 231,240 Gondwanan affinities 198 Long Top Tuff 221 Cross Fell 234 history according to Hopkins 243 Longlands Farm 273-274, 276 depression in 157 history according to Ward 50 Longmynd rocks 22, 110 Devonian 82 landform profile 245 Longsleddale 9, 10, 30, 32, 43, 81. 166, 179 fan-debris 82, 149 Ordovician correlation 180 Longvillian 173 Greenough's map 8 overburden 248, 250, 252 Lorton anticline 123 Otley 10 palaeogeography 157, 182 Lorton Fells 197 Sedgwick 15 plate tectonic models 142,143 Lorton map 193 truncation 204 primary mapping of 40, 42 Loughlin, Sue 195 255 research history 293-296 88, 132 Mellor. David 276 scale 290 Lower Andesites 81,86. 101 Melmerby 172 stratigraphic table 173 Loweswater Anticline 203 melt differentiation 76 tectonic evolution 125 Loweswater Fell 202 Merton. Robert K. 291 tectonostratigraphy 186 Loweswater Flags 55.56. 115, 117. 199 Mesozoic 244, 296 topographic map 6 Loweswater Formation 203.204 metamorphic minerals 48,132, 238 Lake Windermere 9, 263 Loweswater Thrust 207 metamorphic zones 48.70.76 Lakeland batholith 155, 156, 163, 223,224,241 Lowther River 126 metamorphism, regional 97 Lakeland block 252 Ludlow 36, 43, 149,231,240 metasomatism 93.94, 209,224 Lakeland Boundary Fault 56,159, 251,275,276 Lune Valley 30. 259 Michie. Uisdean 276, 278 Lakeland National Park 274 Lyell, Charles 43 microgranite 88 Lakeland Project 185, 187-196, 197, 211-212, 219 Midland Massif 146, 148, 152, 294 finances 194, 195 McCaffrey, Bill 190, 192,231,233,237. 240 Mill Beck 27 maps 193, 227 McConnell, Brian 190, 211 Mill, Hugh 263 problems 290 McConnell, Richard 244 Millman, Anthony 134 Lakes, bathymetry 263 McCoy, Frederick 22, 23 37, 78, 79, 211 326 INDEX

Millward, David Nicholson. Henry, Alleyne Penrith map 40 Bampton Conglomerate 208-209 Bannisdale Slates 36 peperites 86, 217. 219.220, 221,228 Borrowdale Volcanics 168, 169, 211,213 career 28--29 Petraia sub-duplicata 31 career 168 Coniston Flags 30 Petterson. Michael Eskdale Granite 223 Coniston Limestone 31 andesite-plateau 214 and Moseley 133, 167 Drygill Shales 63 Borrowdale Volcanics 211 Nirex work 271 faults 33 career 212 PhD work 168,190,194,195,290 graptolites 109, 110 Dunnerdale 228 photograph 191 Green Slates and Porphyries 31, 32 Lakeland Project 190 mineralization. Borrowdale Volcanic Group 283,286 Hollows Farm 124 lavas 219 Miner's Bridge 264 and Lapworth 37-38 photograph 191 mining, historical 3 and Mart 37, 113 sketch section Plate VI Mitchell, Andrew 144 photograph 30 Phacops zones 62 Mitchell. George Hoole 77, 85, 88, 96 theory of colonies 34-36 PhD research 290, 291 career 85 Ninety Fathom Fault 204 PhD students, in Lakeland Project 188 difficulties faced 289, 293 Niobina davidis 198 Phillips, John 8.9, 10, 11, 19, 22 Duddon Valley 228 Nirex 168,194. 212, 213.252.267,271-288 phreatomagmatic eruptions 218, 221 later work 101-105,165 appeal 275 221,228 Haweswater Tunnel section 88, 89 confidentiality 292 228 Kentmere sections 87 ethical issues 291. 292 Pinch. Trevor 296 Longsleddale 88 Expert Group 280 plate collisions 147 and Moseley 133 geophysical survey 279 plate tectonic models, Lake District 142,143 photograph 109 ownership 271-272 plate tectonics 133.141-152,221,294 stratigraphy/correlation of Borrowdale Volcanics 41, 86.88. potential repositories 273 Playfair, John 4, 6, 64.82 90,102,103 public inquiry 274-275,279. 280, 291 Pleurograptus linearis zone 173 in Tarn Moor Tunnel 137 site selection 273 plumbago see graphite Mitchell, Murray 85, 86, 101,109 summary view 287 plumes 213,251 see also magma plume and mantle plume Moffat geosyncline 142 North Atlantic. rifting 247, 248.296 pneumatolysis 90 Moffat Series 36 Northern Flat Belt (of Westmorland Monocline) 233 Poaka Beck 64 Moho 149 Northumberland Trough 144 polar wandering path 144. 148 Mojsisovics, Edmund 113 nuclear waste repository 55,147, 189,195 see also Nirex polyphase deformation 123, 126-131,163, 165,167, 199,204, molasse deposits 238,240 American situation 283 206, 209, 210 Molyneux, Stewart 197, 198, 205,209 containment 282 Pooley Bridge 82 photograph 199 survey 271 Porites 20 monoclinal structures 82,209 see also Westmorland Monocline Nude ardente 48, 100.103 see also ignimbrites Porphyries 19 Monograptus 108 Numan. Nazur 165-166, 169 Portinscale 205 M. atavus zone 175 Nutt, Michael Postlethwaite. John 38.69, 75, 109. 125 M. crenulata zone 178 PhD 161. 208.289 Pragian 233 M. exiguus 39 review of Lakeland Project proposal 190 Precambrian 77.81 M. ludensis zone 178 tunnels 161 pressure relations. Skiddaw Granite 50 Moore, Richard 190,192, 197,203,204 unconformities 129, 137 Pridoli 147,182, 235,240 Moorside Farm Formation 276 and Webb 167,200 primary granite 9 moraines 255 Productus 12 Morlot, Charles Adolphe 256 Old Red Sandstone 8 prograding basins 235,241,295 Morris, Simon Conway 179 Oldham. Richard 82. 149 Pull Beck 178 Mosedale Valley 86 Olistolith 201 Pus Gill 28, 172, 173 Moseley, Frank Olistostromes 167.200. 201,204. 207, 209. 294, 295 Pusgillian 173, 174 career 133 Oliver. Jack 141 pyrite 282, 286 Crookley Beck 129 Oliver, Robin 93, 96-101,217,228, 290, 294 pyroxene-andesites 89 drainage patterns 246 career 96 fault structures 134.137 photograph 96 quarrying 3 PhD students 161 one-inch maps 55 Brathay 9 photograph 133 Onnia superba 172 Quaternary 255-270 plate tectonic models 142, 143, 294 Onnian Stage 173. 174 summary 267 respect for 289 ophiolites 143 and Roberts 127 Oppel, Albert 108 radial drainage 246 Skiddaw-Borrowdale contact 132,138 Orbigny, Alcide d' 108 radiocarbon dating 267 and Soper 126 Ordovian 39 Radioactive Waste Management Advisory Committee subdivisions of Windermere Group 183 Ordovician (RWMAC) 262,271 terminologies 182-183 Cautley-Dent inliers 175 Raisin, Catherine 72 Tertiary cover 244 correlation 180 The Rake 62.66 Ullswater area work 133-137 orogeny 139 section 65 Ullswater structure 135,136 Ordovician System 38.39, 60, 62, 63.64.70. 111. 125 Ralfland Forest 88. 208 Moss Falls 201 Ordovician-Silurian boundary 66, 111,175 ramps 225.227 Mosser and Kirkstile Slates 117 Orthis 20 Ramsay, Andrew 39, 46, 47, 51 Mosser Slates 115 O. vespertilio 31 Rastall, Robert 76-77,132 Mosser Striped Slates 55 Orthoceras 108 Rastrites 110 mottled rock 12 Ostracods 182 Ravenstonedale 177 mottled tuffs 81, 88, 161,221 Otley I, II, III characterized 9 Rawthey River 70 Mountain Limestone 8, 243 Otley divisions see Skiddaw, Borrowdale, Windermere Rawtheyan 174 mud cracks 218, 221 Otley, Jonathan 6, 8-12, 17 Reade, Thomas Mellard 261 mud diapirs 200, 201,209 portrait 8 red beds 182 multi-attribute decision analysis (MADA) 273,274 and Sedgwick 15 76, 255 Murchison, Roderick Impey 19, 20, 23, 36 overburden 240,248, 249,250, 253 Red Tarn 257 graptolites 60 overwater reservoir 132.151. 152. 206. 209 Redmain Sandstone 117 publishes Siluria 24 Reedman, Tony 190, 195,211 Survey Director 39 Paddy End Rhyolite 103 Reeves, Helen 287 palaeocurrents 203-204 references 297-320 Naddle Beck 132 Windermere [Super]Group 239 research students 290 see also PhD students Naddle-Swindale Tunnel 161 palaeogeography 157, 239 research supervision 291 Nan Bield Andesites 88 palaeomagnetism 144,148 reverse faults 225 Nan Bield Anticline 156,157,165, 211 palaeotemperatures. Tertiary 249, 250, 251,252 rheomorphism 220 Nenthead 166 parochialism, in Lakeland geology 85,289-290 Rhuddanian stage 181 New Red Sandstone 8,18,19, 244, 276 Parr),, J. T. 246 Rhynchonella navicula 43 Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society 7 Passage Beds 182 Rhyodacite 97 Newer Granites 147 Patterdale 9 Rhyolites Newlands Beck 132 Patterson, Jack 189 silicification 72 Newlands Hause 199 Peach. Benjamin N. 262 90 Nicholas, Tressilian peat, interglacial 264 Ribble Valley 30 career 108 Pebidian Series 37-38 Riccarton Beds 36 collections 116 Peltocare olenoides 198 Rickards, Barrie Coniston Limestone 289 Pencilmill Beck 135 and Cambridge University 289 graptolites 108, 177 Penck. Albrecht 262 career 176 maps 179 Penck-Brtickner model 262,269 collaboration with Ingham 173,176 and Mitchell 85 peneplanation 244 Cross Fell 175 photograph 109 Pennine Fault 18, 243 graptolite zones 177 Sedgwick Club 83 Pennine faults 154 graptolites 108, 176 INDEX 327

Howgill Fells 147, 178 sediment thicknesses. Windermere [Super]Group 233 slumping, large scale 163. 167. 199-202.204 Lakeland Project 191 sedimentological features 20.3-21).1 see also olistostromes PhD 176 sedimentology. Avalonia-Laurentia 236. 241) Sm/Nd ratios 240 photograph 176 seismic surveys 225.278.279 Smart. Gordon 189. 190 Watley Gill 70 Sellafield see also Nirex and nuclear waste repository Smith. Alan 129.130 ripple marks, tufts 218,221 faulting 277.284 Smith. Bernard 53.77.79. 231. 263 river terraces 262 geophysical data 278 Smith. Denvs 190 Roberts. Brinley geotechnical data 285 Smith. William cleavage 129 hydrogeology 271. 273 maps 7.8. 12 and Helm 127, 131,136 rock quality and faults 28.5 and Otley 11 and Simpson 126 116.118 Smythe. David K. 206. 275. 278-281. 292 Roberts. David Shackteton. Edward 132 Snowdonia 291 Caldew Valley 129. 132, 161-163 Shap solfataric action 72.81.82.83.86.97 folds 127. 138 Blue Quart-)., 94 Solway Basin 151 PhD 161-163 glaciation 268 Solwav Firth 144.206 Robinson 166. 167, 201,202 rocks around 3 Solway Line 206 Robinson Member 202,205. 207 Shap Granite 20.711.72. 223 Soper. Jack Robinson. Thomas 3.123 emplacement 70. 93. 147 on Acadian Orogeny 241 rock quality and faults. Sellafield 285 Shap Wells 64.66.72 and Aveline 40 roman roads 3.15.135 limestone 20 Borrowdale Votcanics 216 Rose. Colin 53, 134, 138, 166. 188.200 Sharpe. Daniel 20.21. 183 and Brannev 216. 218. 219. 224 Rosetrees 33 shatter belts 68 career 126 Rosthwaite 52 Shaw. Richard 181-182. 237. 241 Crooklev Beck 131 75.97 shear zones, crustal 149. 151 dates of Lakeland deformations 132 Rundle, Christopher 156, 200 shearing 136 and David Roberts 162 Rushton. Adrian 108, 197. 206.209 Eskdale Granite 94 and Downey 133 photograph 198 sheerbate 31 granites 223-224 Russell. Robert 41 sheet memoirs 43 Hollows Farm 127. 129 Ruthven, John 21.22, 23.24. 27.108 shells, in glacial deposits 261 lapetus closure 207 Rutley, Frank 41, 46.51 Sherwood Sandstone 277.282 Kendal sheet 182 Rydal Park 85 Shotton. Frederick 154. 171-172 Kentmere 165. 166 Rydal Water 212,216. 221 Side Pike 217.221 and Kneller 231,232. 233 sills 213.215 on Kneller-King-Bell model 240, 295 Saddleback 9.82, 132 and lavas 219 Lakeland Project 188. 191,216. 291 see also Blencathra peperitic 217. 219. 228 Lakeland Project team 192 Saetograptus ludensis zone 178 Silurian Lakeland stratigraphy 186 sag folds 103,224, 225 correlations 45 and Lee 157.225 St Bees 264, 266-267 graptolites in 1118 map-work in southern Lakes 241 St Bees Sandstone 56 subdivision boundaries 36.42.45 on mountain fronts 234 St David's 77 Silurian-Devonian boundary 132 and Numan 165 St John's Vale Simpson. Alexander 122-124. 126-128. 138. 165. 167. 289. 294 PhD students 161. 190. 192.216. 231 lavas 46.214 Simpson. Vivien 123 photographs 192. 194 microgranite 52, 88, 223 Sinen Gill 76. 157 plate tectonic work 144-151. 204.294. 295 stone circle 3 sinistral shear 145-146.204. 205.210 Skiddaw orogeny 132 203 Skelgill 30.62.70 Windermeres 231. 237.240 Sally Brow 173 Skelgill Beck. section 37 Sops 56.57. 282 Salter, John 22, 27, 60. 108.109 Skelgill Beds 64. 175. 241 Sorbv. Henry Clifton 50.51.96 graptolite collections 28 Skevington. David 107. 108. 131. 137. 161. 208 Soudleyan 173 section 26 Skiddaw 9. 162 Sour Milk Gill 217. 221. 222 Scafell 9.190. 218.222 topographic map 162 Southern Flat Belt (of Windermere Monocline) 233 caldera 221. 222 Skiddaw Granite Southern Uplands faults 218 age 132 accretionary wedge or prism 144. 148. 166. 237 geological map 99 buoyancy 246 lapetus relic 143 palaeotemperatures 252 Caldbeck 8.9-10 Lapworth 38 Scafell Syncline 68, 100. 105, 156. 211. 218. 225 Caldew Valley 72 Nicholson on 36 Scandal Beck 266 emplacement 147 locality for source of Lakeland turbidites 145. 240 Scandale Beck Andesites 86 exposures 18.76 thrust stack 207 Scandian Orogen 240. 241 metamorphic aureole 10, 46, 55.76-77.82,132, 162 underplating 152 Scarbrow Wood 129. 130 petrogenesis 48 work of Stone 207 Scaw Gill 109, 116 post-cleavage 223 Southey. Robert 256 Schistus 3 pressure relations 50 Sowerby. J. C. 20 scientific norms 291 top surface 157 Sprint. River 179 212 Skiddaw Group 183 spurs, truncated 266 Scoat Tarn 212 collaborative research 197-210 Stables. Matthew 75 Scott, Robin 231 section 207 Stainmore 243 Scottish Readvance 264, 265, 267.268 Skiddaw Memoir 120. 204,208 Stainmore Gap 244. 255. 258. 259. 261. 268 Scout Hill Flags 181,182 Skiddaw Slates 8, 9. 19 Stanah Group 69 sea-level changes bedding 129 Starling Dodd 76. 255 Ordovician 204 and Borrowdale Volcanics 12.82. 121-140.125.138. 161 Staurocephalus clavifrons 63 Quaternary 262 and Drygill Shales 244 Staurocephalus Limestone 174 Tertiary 244. 246 event sequence 208 staurolite 77 212 fossils in 22.27.28. 109-120 Staveley 181 Seathwaite Fells 85.101 Gondwanan affinities 206 Andesites 90 Seathwaite Tarn 217, 225 graptolites 22.33. 109.114.115.116. 118. 119. 209 Steep Belt (of Westmorland Monocline) 233. 234 Seathwaite Tufts 103.222 multiple folding 123. 125. 130.167 Stenopora fibrosa 31 Seatoller 96 structures 122.125. 131.163. 295 stereographic projections 101.121.122.127. 129. 163. 167 Sedbergh 30. 43, 70. 173 subdivisions 55. 113.115.116.117. 119. 123. 199. 209 Stewart. Frederick 93 Sedgwick. Adam 13-26 trilobites 118. 198. 2116 Stile End Beds 31.33.36. 173. 179 base maps 14 Skiddaw Slates-Borrowdale Volcanics contacts stock structures 154 Cambrian-Silurian correlation 23 Cat Gill 47 Stockdale Beck 179 cartoon 14 conflicting views on 126 Stockdale Rhyolite 52.81. 171. 179. 181 on cleavage 10 Derwent Water 47. 48 see also Yarlside Rhyolite on diluvium and superficial deposits 255 Hollows Farm 125.130.131. 200 Stockdale Shales 36.43.62.63 early life 13 Keld Gill 208 stone circle. St John's Vale 3 fieldwork practices 13-14 Matterdale Beck 132 Stone. Philip 190. 194, 195. 197. 207.208 geological maps 14-15, Plate H nature of 168.20[) Stonesty Gill Fault 229 Lakeland strata 21 overwater spillway 151 Stonesty Pike 86.217 Lakeland stratigraphy 20-25 Scarbrow Wood 129.131 Stonesty Pike Tuff 218 Lakeland surveying 15,17 Tarn Moor Tunnel 136.200 Stonethwaite 99 letters to Wordsworth 20-21, 24, 27. 109 transitional rocks 129 Strahan. Aubrey 53.70 notebooks 17 Warnscale Bottom 200 strain and strain indicators 39.47.49. 166. 209. 234 petrography 17 Wicham Valley 79 streaky" rocks 75.81.82.83.90.96.99 see also ignimbrites starfish fossils 172 Skve 72.73 Strens. Roger 101 visits Fryer 7 Slates. direction of dip 10 strike-slip faults 205.206. 209 visits Otley 9, 10 slickensides 48. 136 structural geology 121. 294 Welsh-Cumbrian correlation 19, 20.22.25 slump structures, development of 203. 205 Group 76.81.86 sediment supply, Windermere [Super]Group 232. 235. 240 see also olistostromes subduction 141-143.204.226. 293. 295 328 INDEX

Suthren, Roger 214, 219 Ullswater 15. 129. 132. 133 Wenlock 149 Swarth Beck 133 block diagram 135 Wenlock Shales 23, 43 Sweden Crag 85 fault structures at 135,136,137 Wensleydale Granite 147, 154 Swinburne Park 135 inlier 204 Werner, Abraham Gottlob 4, 9 Swindale 124 sections 136 Wernerian theory 4, 9-10, 19.25 Swindale Beck 172 structural map 135 West Cumbria Memoir 193,251,254, 267, 268-269, 277,286,287 Swindale Limestone 174 topography 134 West Cumbria topography 273 syenites 51 Ullswater Thrust 133. 135, 137, 211 Westerdale Inlier 70, 174 Sykes, Lynn 141 Ulpha Andesites 165 Westmorland Geological Society 132 syn-sedimentary deformation 163,165 Ulpha Basin 223 Westmorland Monocline 209, 212, 225,226, 229,233,294 Ulpha Syncline 94,129. 156. 165-166, 211,224.225 fold envisaged by Green 82 Table Rock 276 Ulverston map 55, 103. 188, 211,241 Westnewton 252 Tailbert Tunnel 161 unconformities Wet Side Edge Member 217,227 Tarannon Shales 39, 45 slates-volcanics contact 48, 124-132,151,161 Wet Sleddale, dam 94 Tarn formation 263 volcanics-Coniston Limestone/Windermere [Super]Group Whewell, William 13, 15 Tarn Moor Formation 204 contact 78, 82.83, 85, 157,171,231 Pass 109.197 Tarn Moor Tunnel 129,131,136-137,161,208 Underbarrow Anticlinorium 181 Whinneybank Quarry 221 Tarr, Ralph Stockman 263-264 Underbarrow Flags 182 White Hall Knott 128 Teall, J. Jethro H. 72 underplating 251,252, 254 White, Nicky 251 tear faults 68, 205 uplift Whitefield Cottage 132 Temple, John 175 and erosion 244 Whitehaven map 40, 55. 193 terminological problems 182 regional 224.295 163 terrane accretion 139,144,146,147,148,149, 205,294 and underplating 251 Whiteside 163, 165 terrane boundaries 205 Upper Andesites 89 Whiteside, H. C. M. 88 Tarranon Shales 43, 45, 64 Upper Greensand 243 Whitfield Cottage 81 Tertiary 243-254 Whittard, Walter Frederick 173 igneous province 247 vacuoles in granite 50-51 Whittington, Harry 178. 180 palaeotemperatures 249, 250, 251 Vale of Eden 19, t54 see also Eden Valley Whorneyside Formation 211,214.223, 227,228 uplift 243 Vale of Threlkeld 266 Whorneyside Tuff 96, 217, 218. 221 Tetragraptus 113 Variscan Orogeny 149 Wicham valley 81 Thack Moor Fault 204 vesicles, in sediments 219 Willis, Bailey 81 Thackray, John 116 vibroseis surveys 278 Wilson, Harold E. 83 Thirlmere 47, 90, 217,244 vitrinite reflectance 24% 252 Wilson, Tuzo 141,142, 246 Thistleton Fault 276, 277 volcanic rocks, altered 47 Wilton 126 tholeiitic magmatism 141,142 volcano-tectonic faulting 214, 221. 222,280, 292,295 Winch, Nathaniel 7 Thomas, H. H. 56 Isaac Gill 222.22.t Windermere, limestone quarry 3 Thomson, Kenneth 250-251 Windermere Series 20 Threlkeld 208, 223 wad see graphite Windermere [Super]Group Threlkeld Common 266 Wadge, Tony Ambleside map 227 Throstle Garth 215,216 career 136 basin models 148, 231,232 thrust faulting Cross Fell mapping 129, 175. 290 Bell & Kneller 208 Black Combe 209,212 on Hartley 86. 102 and Borrowdale Volcanics 159, 224, 225,231 Causey Pike 123,205 Matterdale Beck 132 Lakeland Project 231-242 Cross Fell 154,172 and Nutt 161 lower members 295 Devoke Water 94 review of Lakeland Project proposal 190 Moseley 141 Hollows Farm 136 Skiddaw-Borrowdale contact 132 Otley 9 Keswick map 205 Tarn Moor Tunnel 129, t31.136-137 overburden 238,240 Lapworth 125 Wager. Lawrence 187 palaeocurrents and facies 239 mapped by Nutt 161 Walker, Edward 69, 75-76 profiles 232, 2.t8 Marr's views 68, 69,243 16. 17.33 sediment source 145 Northern Fells 199 Wallace, William 28 sediment supply 235 northern Lakes 225 Pike 64 sediment thickness 233 in tills 268 Ward. James Clifton Sharpe 20,183 Ullswater 126, 132, 134 and Aveline 45 slate belt 152 Watch Hill 82, 118, 207, 225,241 Borrowdale Volcanics 37, 46-48 subdivisions 18.t, 184,185,186 thrust stacks 207 Carboniferous 243 tectonics 149 thrust tills 268 career 41 unconformity 157 Tiddeman, Richard Hill 41,258 Cat Gill section 37, 46, 47 Windermere Monocline 295 Tilberthwaite Formation 165 comparison of Lakeland and Welsh rocks 50 Wollaston, George Hyde 41 Tilberthwaite Slates 225 Drygil137. 52-53 Wolstonian 266 Tilberthwaite Tufts 103,223 Eycott Hill 37 women, in Lakeland geology 289 till see boulder clay on glaciation 257, 258 Wood, Ethel Mary 68, 107 Tilley, Cecil 96 Hollows Farm 124 Woodcock, Nigel 3,147, 178,183, 191,231 tillite 266 mapping 46. 52-53.79 Woodhall, Derek 119, 213 Timley Knott 171,209,231 on Mell Fell Conglomerate 82 Woolacott, David 265 TiO2/SiO2 diagram 89 metamorphic zonation 77 Woolstonian 172 Tornquist Sea 146,204 models of Lake District 41 Woolstonian Trust 6 Torver 62, 68,178 photograph 41 Wordsworth Trust 6 tourmalinization 200 specimen of 'streaky rock' collected by 49 Wordsworth, William 7, 15, 20 Tranearth Group 185, 186 Warnscale Bottom 132.167.200 Wrae Limestone 36 Tremadoc 109,118,122,198, 204 Wasdale 9.155.212 Wray Castle Formation 183 Tremadoc-Arenig transition 199 Wasdale Head 10, 258 Wren Gill 166 Tretaspis kjaeri 173 Wastwater 3.94, 97, 214 Wren Gill Andesite 168 trilobites 29,174 Watch Hill 76, 81 Wren Gill Formation 165 Gondwanan 206 Watch Hill Formation 204 wrench faults, Eskdale Granite 157 Tremadoc 198 Watch Hill Grits 81, 82, 83, 115, 118 Wrengill Andesites 81, 86, 89 Trimmer, Joshua 256,258 age 198, 199 Wright, Charles 27 Trinity College synthesis 144 pataeocurrents 203 Wrynose Anticline 165.211 Trinucleus 66 Watch Hill Thrust 82.118. 207.225,241 228 Trotter, Frederick 53, 56, 264 Watley Gill 70 Wu, Kejian 287 Troutbeck 9,205 Wamey, Gwendoline 107, 177 Trusmadoor 198-199 waves of translation 256 Yarlside Rhyolite 52, 171 tufts see also ignimbrites way-up evidence 85. 122. 165. 289. 293 see also Stockdale Rhyolite bedded 86 Weardale 153,155.159 222 Bird's eye 166 Webb, Barry Yewdale 85 in correlation 218 career 166 Yewdale Beck 178 ponded 218 and Lakeland Project 190, 194.195. 200 Young. Brian 194,195,211,213, 293 structures in 88 PhD work 166-167.290 photograph 192 welded 98, 103 photograph 192 turbidites 144,145,231,237,295 and slumping 201. 202.203. ?" " .. Zieger, Peter 146,147 turbidity currents 176, 204 and Soper 147, 166, 29 zones see biozones Turner, J. Selwyn 146 Windermere work " Wedden, David 123 Uldale 151 Welch, Eleanor G. 177 Uldale Fells 81 welded tufts see ignimbrites