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Distribution and Nature of Phosphorus in a Geo-Chrono-Sequence of Loess-Derived Soils " (1951)

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Distribution and Nature of Phosphorus in a Geo-Chrono-Sequence of Loess-Derived Soils Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1951 Distribution and nature of phosphorus in a geo- chrono-sequence of loess-derived soils Curtis Loveing Godfrey Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Godfrey, Curtis Loveing, "Distribution and nature of phosphorus in a geo-chrono-sequence of loess-derived soils " (1951). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13807. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13807 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality Illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artsr, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0000 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is tlie best copy available. UMI DISTRIBUTION AliD NATURE 01'' PHOSPHORUfi IN A GEO-CHROHO- SEQUI NCE OF LOFSfi-D'RIVED SOILS by Curtis Loveing Godfrey A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Soil Morphology and Genesis Approved? Signatures have been redacted for privacy. lo^ira State College 1951 UMI Number: DPI3239 UMI UMI Microform DP13239 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauihorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii TABLE OF COKTEKTS INTRODUCTION 1 HIVIETv/ OF LITITIATURE 3 Loess-Derived Soils 3 Phosphorus Distribution in Soils 8 Forms of Inorganic Soil Phosphorus 15 MATERIALS AND I#;THODS 26 Soils Studied 26 Soil Moisture 37 Soil Reaction (pH) 37 "Available" Phosphorus 38 Total Phosphorus 38 Organic Phosphorus 39 Organic Carbon 39 Total Ifitrogen W Soil Phosphorus Soluble at Varied pH Values .. ^ Free Iron Oxides ^2 Hydrochloric Acid (• Magnesium Ribbon) Extractable Iron and Phosphorus ^-3 RESULTS ^5 Soil Moisture ^5 Soil Reaction (pH) ^7 "Available" Phosphorus h8 Total Phosphorus ^8 Organic Phosphorus 5^ Total Inorganic Phosphorus 59 Organic Carbon 59 Organic Matter 62 Total Nitrogen 62 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios 63 Carbon to Organic Phosphorus Ratios 6h Total Nitrogen to Organic Phosphorus Ratios .. 6U- Soil Phosphorus Soluble at Varied pH Values .. 65 Free Iron Oxides 75 Hydrochloric Acid (* Magnesium Ribbon) Fxtractable Iron ^d Phosphorus 75 T/OOi^O iii Discussion 89 Distribution of Phosphorus in the Profiles ... 91 Soil Phosphorus-Soil VJeathering Trends Along the Traverse 105 Concepts of Soil Phosphorus-Soil V/eathering Trends Along the Traverse IO7 SU14MARY Ill CONCLUSIONS 11^ LITFRATURE CITED II6 ACKKOV/LEDGMENTS 123 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Depth of Samples, Horizon Designations, k6 Percentage of Moisture, Reaction, and the "Available" Phosphorus in the Pro­ files. TABLE 2 Total, Inorganic, and Organic Phosphorus ^9 in Profiles, and Percentage Total Phos­ phorus in Organic Form. TABLE 3 Total Phosphorus, Total Inorganic Phos- 53 phorus, Total Organic Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, and Total Carbon in the Pro­ files Calculated as Pounds per Acre, TABLE h Total Nitrogen, Total Carbon, and Total 6l Organic Phosphorus in the Profiles vith Interrelated Ratios. TABIoE 5 Phosphorus Fxtracted at Various pH 66 Values and at Different Depths in the Profiles with Calculated Maximum Per­ centage of Total Phosphorus Extracted by HCl and by KaOH. TABLE 6 Fxtractable Iron in the Profiles, 76 TABLE 7 Extractable Iron and Phosphorus by 79 HCl and by HCl •.Magnesiiun Ribbon as a Reducing Agent: Percentage of Total Phosphorus Extracted, and Calculated Differences Betiireen the Two Methods of Extraction. TABLE 8 Phosphorus Extracted at Different pH 101 Values from Various Phosphate Minerals. V LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 Loess Distribution Along Traverses No, 1 6 and Wo, 3 and Maximurii Percentage Less Than 2 Micron Clay in Profiles Along Traverse No. 3« FIGURE 2 Area of Southern lox^a and Northern 27 Missouri Shov/ing Sample Sites Along Traverse No. 3. FIGURE 3 Distribution of Total Phosphorus in the 50 Profiles• FIGURE h Distribution of Organic Phosphorus in 55 the Profiles, FIGURE 5 Percentage of Total Phosphorus in 57 Organic Forms in Portions of the A Hori­ zons in Relation to Distance from Loess Source, FIGURE 6 Relative Pounds per Acre of Organic and 58 Inorganic Phosphorus in 0 to 2^ Inch Layers of Profiles in Relation to Dis­ tance from Loess Source, FIGURE 7 Inorganic Phosphorus Removed from Soils 71 by Varying the Amount of HCl and KaOH Contained in 100 ml of Extractant and the Calculated Maximum Percentage of Total Phosphorus Extracted, FIGURE 8 Distribution of Iron in Profiles Ex- 77 tracted by Removal of Free Iron Oxides from Soils. FIGURE 9 Increase in Amounts of Iron and of Phos- 80 phorus Removed from the Minden Profile in the Presence of Magnesium as a Re­ ducing Agent in the ^-N HCl used an an Fxtractant, " vi FiGimr 10 Increase in Amounts of Iron and of 8l Phosphorus Removed from the V/interset Profile in the PreF;ence of Magnesium as a Reducing Agent in the IfW HCl used as an Fjctractant. FIGURE 11 Increase in Amounts of Iron and of 82 Phosphorus Removed from the Haig Pro­ file in the Presence of Magnesium as a Reducing Agent in the Wn HCl used as an Ixtractant, "" I^TGURE 12 Increase in Amounts of Iron and of 83 Phosphorus Removed from the Edina Profile in the Presence of Magnesium as a Reducing Agent in the HCl used as an xtractant* FIGURE 13 Increase in Amounts of Iron and of 8^ Phosphorus Removed from the Putnam Profile in the Presence of Magnesium as a Reducing Agent in the HCl used as an Fxtractant. FIGURE. 1^ Associated Differences in VN HCl Ex- 86 tractable Iron and Phosphorus in Pro­ files Produced by Magnerium Ribbon as a Reducing Agent in the Ilxtractant. -1- INTRODUCTION Numerous investigations have been made during the last several decades on the ability of soils to supply phosphorus to growing plants, but few studies have been made concerning the distribution and nature of soil phosphorus throughout genetically derived soil profiles. There are certain inher­ ent limitations in making genetic comparisons between soil profiles insofar as the soil phosphorus is concerned. One of the first obstacles is the procurement of profile samples derived from a uniform parent material "but which are strongly contrasting in their genetic properties. Another difficulty is that the techniques which have been worked out to identify the forms of soil phosphorus leave much to be desired. How­ ever, these techniques have given some very useful indica­ tions concerning soil phosphorus, and it was thought that, even with their limitations, much might be learned vrith chemical methods about the effect of the cycle of weathering on soil phosphorus during soil formation, providing suitable soil profile samples -were available. It was considered that certain loess-derived soils in southvrestern Iowa and northern Missouri would possibly meet the profile sample requirements. By selecting nearly level to level sites -2- along a traverse extending frora western lovm southeasterly to northern Missouri, profiles could be obtained that varied widely in genetic characteristics, but which had formed under relatively f^iriilar conditions as to slope of site, vegetation, nature of parent material, and climate. Time of soil forma­ tion vras assumed to be the important but variable soil forming factor inost stronpiily reflected along the traverse. It was assumed that by using this approach some of the var­ iables of soil formation could be kept to a minimum. The objectives of this study were to determine, insofar as possible by some of the accepted methods, the distribution of the total, inorganic, and organic phosphorus in the pro­ files chorsen, and to determine the nature of the inorganic phosphorus compounds present as reflected by chemical extractions. It was hoped that these studies v/ould establish or refute the existence of a functional interprofile rela­ tionship with renpect to phosphorus in the several soil profiles selected. Since time of soil formation v/as con­ sidered to be the important variable soil forming factor causing genetic morphological differences among the soil profiles studied, it was hoped that the study would add quantitative information regarding the cycle of phosphorus in soil formation, especially ln;;3fu^j^ (Prairie), V.'iesen- boden, and Planosol soils. -3- REVIH'/ OF LITERATURE Loess-Derived Soils The soils of the miducstern United States are to a large degree derived from materials which v/ere associated with glacial phenomena. One of these materials, loess, has been studied extensively both from the geologic and soils standpoints.
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