Soil Classification Is Here Explained, and the Characteristics and Uses of the Great Groups of Soils Throughout the World Are Given
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Appendix D Soil Series Descriptions
Appendix D Soil Series Descriptions Soil Series Descriptions Soil Orders Mollisols — This order covers a considerable land area of western and southern Minnesota and is the basis for the state's productive agricultural base. The formative syllable, oll, is derived from the Latin word mollis, or soft. Its most distinguishing feature is a thick, dark-colored surface layer that is high in nutrients. It occurs throughout the former prairie areas of Minnesota. The Latin term for soft in its name is descriptive in that most of these soils usually have a rather loose, low-density surface. Three suborders of mollisols occur in Minnesota: Aquolls, Udolls, and Ustolls. Alfisols — This order covers a large land area in Minnesota, part of which is now cultivated and part forested. Alf is the formative element and is coined from a soil term, pedalfer. Pedalfers were identified in the 1930s as soils of the eastern part of the United States with an accumulation of aluminum and iron. The alf refers to the chemical symbols for aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). Alfisols are primarily fertile soils of the forest, formed in loamy or clayey material. The surface layer of soil, usually light gray or brown, has less clay in it than does the subsoil. These soils are usually moist during the summer, although they may dry during occasional droughts. Two suborders of alfisols occur in Minnesota: Aqualfs and Udalfs. Histosols — The formative element in the name is ist and comes from the Greek word histos, which means tissue. This is an appropriate association because these soils are formed from plant remains in wet environments like marshes and bogs. -
Age and Pedogenic Reconstruction of a Paleo–Relict Chernozem Soil from Central Transylvanian Basin
AGE AND PEDOGENIC RECONSTRUCTION OF A PALEO–RELICT CHERNOZEM SOIL FROM CENTRAL TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN F. PENDEA1, Z. SZÁNTÓ2, A. S. BADARAU1 and S. DEZSI1 1Babes–Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Cluj–Napoca Clinicilor street no 5–7, 3400 Cluj–Napoca, Romania 2Institute of Nuclear Research, Laboratory of Environmental Studies, H 4001 Debrecen P.O Box 51, Hungary Abstract: The “chernozem” area of Transylvanian Lowland has been of much debate in the last two centuries. The paper presents pedological and geochronological evidence that the chernozem soils of the Central Transylvania have relict Late Glacial–Early Holocene features and at least partially must be clasiffied as paleo–relict in the sense of Reuter (2000). Key words: radiocarbon dating, pedogenic carbonates, paleo–relict features, Central Transylvania During the last century a much debated issue for Romanian pedological and botanical scientific communities was the age and origin of the Central Transylvanian Mollisol cover in conjunction with the associated forest–steppe vegetation. In this study we have found at least partial evidence that the chernozem soil cover in Central Transylvanian was a stable feature long before the ascent of human activities and that, in the Late Holocene, they have suffered a degradation process to the present state of Haplic and Luvic chernozem. The process is somewhat similar with that inferred for Central and Southern Germany, where chernozems formed in the dry steppe or forest–steppe conditions were degraded to brown earths, the resulting polygenetic cover being named Braunerde (Parabraunerde)–Tschernozem (Catt 1989). Because the nature and properties of different soil horizons can hold information with respect to the time pedogenic factor an investigation was undertaken to determine if the typical chernozem features were indeed Late Holocene (Post–Neolithic) as it has been accepted before. -
Chernozems Kastanozems Phaeozems
Chernozems Kastanozems Phaeozems Peter Schad Soil Science Department of Ecology Technische Universität München Steppes dry, open grasslands in the mid-latitudes seasons: - humid spring and early summer - dry late summer - cold winter occurrence: - Eurasia - North America: prairies - South America: pampas Steppe soils Chernozems: mostly in steppes Kastanozems: steppes and other types of dry vegetation Phaeozems: steppes and other types of medium-dry vegetation (till 1998: Greyzems, now merged to the Phaeozems) all steppe soils: mollic horizon Definition of the mollic horizon (1) The requirements for a mollic horizon must be met after the first 20 cm are mixed, as in ploughing 1. a soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry. Very coarse prisms (prisms larger than 30 cm in diameter) are included in the meaning of massive if there is no secondary structure within the prisms; and Definition of the mollic horizon (2) 2. both broken and crushed samples have a Munsell chroma of less than 3.5 when moist, a value darker than 3.5 when moist and 5.5 when dry (shortened); and 3. an organic carbon content of 0.6% (1% organic matter) or more throughout the thickness of the mixed horizon (shortened); and Definition of the mollic horizon (3) 4. a base saturation (by 1 M NH4OAc) of 50% or more on a weighted average throughout the depth of the horizon; and Definition of the mollic horizon (4) 5. the following thickness: a. 10 cm or more if resting directly on hard rock, a petrocalcic, petroduric or petrogypsic horizon, or overlying a cryic horizon; b. -
DE LA SCIENCE DES SOLS Anglais - Frangais Franiais - Anglais
GLOSSAIRE DE LA SCIENCE DES SOLS Anglais - Frangais Franiais - Anglais Compild par CARL E. FERGUSON Ph. D. Conseiller en Pddologie de I'A.I.D. Publidt par REGIONAL TECHNICAL AIDS CENTER American Embassy - Paris-France qui relive du DEPARTMENT OF STATE Agency for International Development Washington D.C. -- m . ILo INTRODUCTION TM.7,JE DES MATIERES L'auteur a pr~par6 le present glossaire durant une p6riode de deux ans, au cours de laquelle il a servi en qualit de conseiller p~dologue de i'Agency for International Development (AID) L Rabat, Maroc. INTRODUCTION .............................. 3 L'auteurLe glossaire, bien qu'assez iiche, n'est pas exhaustif. s'est efforc6 de choisir le ou les termes GLOSSAIRE ANGLAIS-FRANAIS ................ 5 6quivalents les plus couramment empl.cy~s et acceptes GLOSSAIRE FRANAIS-ANCLAIS ................ 81 par ies p~dologues et les sp~cialistes de la science du sol. Certains termes 61mentaires y ont 6t6 incorpor6s LISTE DE 200 VERBES ANGLAIS FRAQUEMMENT A l'iniention des 6tudiants peu vers6s dans l'une des EMPLOYtS EN P&DOLOGIE ...................... 157 deux Jangues. LISTE DE 200 Vf.PBES FRAN9AIS FROQUEMMENT L'auteur tient A remercier les personnalit6s ci-apr~s EMPLOYfS EN P DOLOGM ....................... 165 des suggestions et observations formuler au cours de qu'elles ont bien voulu BIBLIOGRAPHIE ]a preparation du glossaire : .............................. 173 M. Georges Bryssine, Chef de Ia Station d'eclogie, Service des recherches agronomiques, Ministare de 'Agriculture; M. J. Wilber , p~dologue et M. Claude Michel, agronome du mame service ; et M. Paul Avril, Conseiller p~dologue de la FAO au Maroc. L'auteur exprime 6galement sa gratitude au Service de traduction de !a Mission de I'AID ARabat, qui a bien voulu reviser le manuscrit et formiler des suggestions utiles concer nant la disposition du xat~riel. -
Culman-2009-AGEE-Inpress.Pdf
G Model AGEE-3535; No of Pages 12 Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/agee Long-term impacts of high-input annual cropping and unfertilized perennial grass production on soil properties and belowground food webs in Kansas, USA S.W. Culman a,*, S.T. DuPont b,1, J.D. Glover c, D.H. Buckley a, G.W. Fick a, H. Ferris b, T.E. Crews d a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States b Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States c The Land Institute, 2440 E. Water Well Road, Salina, KS 67401, United States d Environmental Studies, Prescott College, Prescott, AZ 86301, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Soil ecosystem properties and processes which simultaneously maintain native fertility and sustain Received 10 May 2009 plant yields are of principal interest in sustainable agriculture. Native prairies in Kansas are relevant in Received in revised form 2 November 2009 this context, as some have been annually harvested for hay for over 75 years with no fertilization or Accepted 5 November 2009 detectable decline in yield or soil fertility. In contrast, annual crop production has resulted in significant Available online xxx reductions in soil fertility and now requires intensive inputs to maintain yields. Soil food webs were compared between hayed native grasslands and adjacent annual croplands in order to determine the Keywords: long-term effects of these two production systems on soil ecosystem properties. -
Use of Agricultural Soil Maps in Making Soil Surveys
108 USE OF AGRICULTURAL SOIL MAPS IN MAKING SOIL SURVEYS L. D HICKS, Chief Soils Engineer North Oil 'lina State Highway and Pubi Works Commission SYNOPSIS Soil surveys are made to obtain information relative to the type, extent of occurrence, and characteristics of the soils in a given area. The use of the pedological system of classification permits easy identification of the soils as to type, and knowledge of the characteristics of various soil types and previous experience with them can be utilized in planning and design. A large portion of many states has been surveyed by the Department of Agri• culture and maps are available showing the location of the various soil types. These maps may be used as guides in making soil surveys, and in many instances they contain all of the information desired. When agricultural soil maps are not available or when extreme accuracy is necessary, a soil survey must be made. The pedological system of classification can be used in making the survey by anyone with some knowledge of the system, assisted by a soil identification "key". This paper describes the use of agricultural soil maps by the North Carolina State Highway Department and a soil identification key used in making soil sur• veys IS included. The use of the key is described. The first soil surveys in the United suitability for various crops given. In• States were made m 1899 by the Depart• cluded in each report is a map of the ment of Agriculture for agricultural pur• area surveyed, usually a county, showing poses. -
Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology
'1 ■ I VJ 1 ■ ’ »■ " ' . ... !■ 1|Щ 11 ■ Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow State University, Soil Science Institute V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute Institute of History and Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences Kursk State University Upetsk State University W. Alekhin Centrul-Chemozemic State Biospheric Reserve Natural Architectural-Archaeological Museum-Resort "Dhmogorid' Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology ‘Paleosols, pedosediments and landscape morphology as archives of environmental evolution” 10 -15 August, 2013, Kursk, Russia Moscow 2013 ■ ....... ... - Guidebook for Field Excursions Xllth International Symposium and Field Seminar on Paleopedology CONTENTS Introduction (S.A. Sycheva) 5 1. General characterization of the environment and soils of the Central Russian Upland (S.A. Sycheva, I. V. Kovda, A. V.Kashkin) 9 1.1. Geology and relief 9 1.2. Climate 10 1.3. Hydrology 11 1.4. Vegetation 11 1.5. Soils 12 1.6. Human history and agricultural development of landscapes 12 KURSK SITE 14 2. Aleksandrov Quarry (S.A. Sycheva, E. D. Sheremetskaya, T.M. Grigorieva, M.A. Bronnikova, S.N. Sedov, V.S. Gunova, A.N. Siniakova, P.R.Pushkina) 14 2.1. General characteristics, geochronology and stratigraphy 14 2.2. Description of the composite generalized stratigraphic section 15 2.2.1. Morphology 15 2.2.2. Analytical data 20 2.3. Ryshkov (Mikulino) paleosols and paleocatena (MIS 5e) 23 2.3.1. Ryshkov paleosol on the paleoslope (section 15): interpretation of properties 23 2.3.2. Ryshkov pedolithocomplex in the bottom 27 2.4. Early Valdai Kukuev and Streletsk paleosols (MIS 5 & MIS 5a) 28 2.4.1. -
Structural State of Chernozem After Long-Term Post-Agrogenic Transformation Demydenko O
UDC 631.434 © 2019 Structural state of chernozem after long-term post-agrogenic transformation Demydenko O. Cherkasy State Agricultural Research Station of the National Institute of Agriculture of NAAS, 13 Dokuchaieva Str., Holodnianske village, Smilianskyi district, Cherkasy oblast, Ukraine, 20731; e-mail: [email protected] The purpose. To determine the main laws of transformation and regulatory parameters of the structural state change of chernozems of the forest-steppe zone in conditions of long-term post-agrogenic transformation according to the results of dry sieving of soil samples and statistical analysis of the data using the method of principal components, factor and non-parametric analysis. Methods. Laboratory analytical, experimental field, statistical. Results. The performed statistical processing of results of the analysis of dry sieving of the structure of chernozems in the long-term post-agrogenic state demonstrates the promise of using factor, cluster and non-parametric analysis methods. An important role in the restoration of the structure of chernozems is played by a combination of structural units 3.0—0.5 mm in size, with which the additional density in the humus horizon is inversely proportional, and with the humus content, it is directly proportional. The carried out clustering indicates that the content of the presented chernozems in the state of virgin soil and long-term deposits is the separated and not similar state of soil objects. But there is a general pattern of formation of a set of structural units of 3.0-0.5 mm similar to chernozems in the state of virgin soil, which content exceeds 40-50% of the content of parts in the agronomically valuable interval. -
Patterns and Trends of Soil Climate Regimes and Drought Events in the Northern Great Plains
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Computer Science and Engineering, Department CSE Conference and Workshop Papers of 2003 PATTERNS AND TRENDS OF SOIL CLIMATE REGIMES AND DROUGHT EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS William J. Waltman University of Nebraska – Lincoln, [email protected] Stephen M. Goddard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] S. E. Reichenbach University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Mark Svoboda University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Michael Hayes University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Waltman, William J.; Goddard, Stephen M.; Reichenbach, S. E.; Svoboda, Mark; Hayes, Michael; and Peake, J. S., "PATTERNS AND TRENDS OF SOIL CLIMATE REGIMES AND DROUGHT EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS" (2003). CSE Conference and Workshop Papers. 158. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork/158 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Conference and Workshop Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors William J. Waltman, Stephen M. Goddard, S. E. Reichenbach, Mark Svoboda, Michael Hayes, and J. S. Peake This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ cseconfwork/158 Presented at Applied Geography Conference, 2003. PATTERNS AND TRENDS OF SOIL CLIMATE REGIMES AND DROUGHT EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS W.J. Waltman, S. -
History of East European Chernozem Soil Degradation; Protection and Restoration by Tree Windbreaks in the Russian Steppe
Sustainability 2015, 7, 705-724; doi:10.3390/su7010705 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article History of East European Chernozem Soil Degradation; Protection and Restoration by Tree Windbreaks in the Russian Steppe Yury G. Chendev 1, Thomas J. Sauer 2,*, Guillermo Hernandez Ramirez 3 and Charles Lee Burras 4 1 Department of Natural Resources Management and Land Cadastre, Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA 3 Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-515-294-3416; Fax: +1-515-294-8125. Academic Editor: Marc A. Rosen Received: 30 October 2014 / Accepted: 29 December 2014 / Published: 8 January 2015 Abstract: The physiographic region of the Central Russian Upland, situated in the Central part of Eastern Europe, is characterized by very fertile grassland soils—Chernozems (Mollisols in the USDA taxonomy). However, over the last several centuries this region has experienced intense land-use conversion. The most widespread and significant land-use change is the extensive cultivation of these soils. As a result, Chernozems of the region that were some of the most naturally fertile soils in the world with thick A horizons had become, by the second half of the 19th century, weakly productive, with decreased stocks of organic matter. -
For Part Ii Hons. Geography Module 6
FOR PART II HONS. GEOGRAPHY MODULE 6; UNIT : 1 ; TOPIC : 1.2 Prepared by Dr. Rajashree Dasgupta Asst. Professor, Dept. of Geography Government Girls’ General Degree College, Kolkata -23 4/3/2020 1 INTRODUCTION ZONAL SOILS : Zonal soils are those soils formed along broad zones of the earth. They are very much in conformity with climate and natural vegetation such as Podzol, Chernozem and Laterite soils. They are mature soils i.e. have fully developed soil profiles with distinct horizons (A, B & C). They are very much in equilibrium with environmental conditions. INTRAZONAL SOILS : Intrazonal soils are developed within the zonal soils. Because of certain local factors the type of soil is different from zonal soils eg. Alkali soils, peat soils i.e. hydromorphic soils. Because of heavy deposition of salt, the soil has been different. AZONAL SOILS : Those soils which fail to develop mature soil profiles. These soils develop over flood plains, aeolian deserts, loessic areas, alluvial soils , sketletal soils at the foot of the mountains. They are immatured soils due to lack of time in their soil forming process. 4/3/2020 Dept. of Geography, GGGDC, Kolkata 2 According to Dokuchaev, the classification of soils is as follows Class A : Normal Soils (Zonal Soils ) ZONES SOILS 1. Boreal Tundra 2. Taiga Light Grey podzolised soils 3. Forest Steppe Grey & dark grey soils 4. Steppe Chernozem 5. Desert Steppe Chestnut & Brown Soil 6. Desert Zone Yellow soils and white soils. 7. Subtropical Zones or Laterite & Red Soils Tropical Forest Class B : Transitional Soils (Intrazonal Soils ) Name of the Soils 1. -
Chernozems (Ch)
CHERNOZEMS (CH) The Reference Soil Group of the Chernozems accommodates soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter. Russian soil scientist Dokuchaev coined the name “Chernozems” in 1883 to denote the typical “zonal” soil of the tall grass steppes in continental Russia. Some international syno- nyms: ‘Calcareous Black Soils’, ‘Eluviated Black Soils’ (Canada), and (several suborders of) ‘Mol- lisols’ (USDA Soil Taxonomy). Definition of Chernozems Soils having 1 a mollic horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less if the texture is finer than sandy loam, or less than 3.5 if the texture is sandy loam or coarser, both to a depth of at least 20 cm, or a mollic horizon which has these chromas directly below a plough layer; and 2 concentrations of secondary carbonates starting within 200 cm from the soil surface; and 3 no petrocalcic horizon between 25 and 100 cm from the soil surface; and 4 no secondary gypsum; and 5 no uncoated silt and sand grains on structural ped surfaces. Common soil units: Chernic, Vertic, Gleyic, Calcic, Luvic, Glossic, Siltic, Vermic, Haplic. Summary description of Chernozems Connotation: black soils rich in organic matter; from R. chern, black, and zemlja, earth or land. Parent material: mostly eolian and re-washed eolian sediments (loess). Environment: regions with a continental climate with cold winters and hot summers; in flat to undulat- ing plains with tall-grass vegetation (forest in the northern transitional zone). Profile development: AhBC-profiles with a dark brown to black mollic surface horizon over a cambic or argic subsurface horizon; commonly with redistribution of calcium carbonate to a calcic horizon or pockets of secondary carbonates in the subsurface soil.