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Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Particulate Matter (Pm) Concentration in Nepal’S Ambient Air

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Hochschule Rhein-Waal Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Communication and Environment Prof. Dr. Ute Hansen Dr. Maheswar Rupakheti IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) CONCENTRATION IN NEPAL’S AMBIENT AIR MASTER THESIS By SHIRISH MAHARJAN Hochschule Rhein-Waal Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Communication and Environment Prof. Dr. Ute Hansen Dr. Maheswar Rupakheti IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) CONCENTRATION IN NEPAL’S AMBIENT AIR A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science In Information Engineering and Computer Science by Shirish Maharjan Nohlstr. 134 46045 Oberhausen Matriculation Number: 24906 Submission Date: 24.11.2020 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my professor who has helped me analyze the data and has helped me entirely through this master thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to my professor Prof. Dr. Ute Hansen for guiding me to complete this thesis. Without her help and guidance, this thesis wouldn’t have completed. Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Maheswar Rupakheti (Ph.D.; Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)) for his precious and important guidelines through this entire thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without his timely guidance and advice. I am deeply thankful to my two supervisors for guiding me and help me complete my master thesis. Secondly, I want to thank the Government of Nepal, Department of Environment Air Quality Monitoring, and NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources for providing me meteorological data of Nepal during this particular period. Without these data, the analysis would not have been completed and I am very much thankful to them for providing these necessary data to complete this thesis. iii ABSTRACT The pandemic COVID-19 has drastically changed the lives of every human being in most of the countries in the world. Lockdown has been implemented in various countries to prevent the virus. Lockdown has prohibited people to go outside of their houses, closed industries and factories restricted the free movement of public and private vehicles, air transportation whereas emergency vehicles and flights were allowed. On the optimistic side, lockdown might have a beneficial impact on Nepal’s ambient air quality as there has been less consumption of fossil fuels during the lockdown period. This study evaluated air quality data provided by the authorities of Nepal and analyzed the monthly mean PM2.5 concentration detected in the ambient air of 7 major cities of Nepal during March, April, and May of the year 2020 and compared these with respective months of the year 2019 in order to figure out how COVID-19 lockdown has affected Nepal’s ambient air. Similarly, this study compared the monthly mean PM2.5 levels to air quality standards of no concern published by the WHO for the particulate matter. Furthermore, meteorological data were evaluated in order to investigate how meteorological conditions have affected Nepal’s ambient air quality during the lockdown period. Beside monthly averages, line charts of 24h mean values of PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological data have been plotted to visualize characteristics of the variation with time. The PM2.5 concentration during March, April, and May 2020 was found to be lower in nearly all of the 7 cities of Nepal as compared to March, April, and May 2019. The highest PM2.5 concentration decrement was found in Nepalgunj (72.78%) followed by Kathmandu (46.2%) during May 2020 as compared to May 2019. To some extent, at a given level of precipitation, the PM2.5 concentration tended to be lower in 2020 than in 2019. COVID-19 lockdown might have contributed to lower the PM2.5 concentration in some extent. In accordance with this the highest difference between 2019 and 2020 was found for the cities with the highest contribution of transport emissions of PM2.5, Kathmandu and Nepalgunj. On the other hand major source of particulate matter, biomass burning did not have any kind of effect during this lockdown period which might be the reason for the increment of particulate matter concentration during the lockdown. Keywords: COVID-19; Lockdown; Air Pollution; Nepal; PM2.5 Concentration; Meteorological Data iv Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NEPAL ....................................................................... 2 1.2 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION IN NEPAL ....................................................... 6 1.3 LOCATIONS OF CITIES AND AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS .... 16 1.3.1 KATHMANDU (Latitude: 27.73457, Longitude: 85.342576) ........................... 17 1.3.2. POKHARA (Latitude: 28.143122, Longitude: 84.08551) ................................... 18 1.3.3. CHITWAN (Latitude: 27.573483, Longitude: 84.498578) .................................. 19 1.3.4. LUMBINI (Latitude: 27.489522, Longitude: 83.279089) .................................... 20 1.3.5. NEPALGUNJ (Latitude: 28.05275, Longitude: 81.6222) .................................... 20 1.3.6. SIMARA (Latitude: 27.156708, Longitude: 84.997761) ..................................... 21 1.3.7. DHULIKHEL (Latitude: 27.608483, Longitude: 85.547803) .............................. 22 1.3.8 FURTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURROUNDING OF THE MEASURING STATIONS ............................................................................... 23 1.4 WHAT IS PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)? ...................................................... 26 1.5 HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER .. 29 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN AMBIENT AIR .................................................... 30 1.7 WHAT IS METEOROLOGY? ............................................................................. 31 1.8 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................... 31 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS ................................................................................. 34 2.1 SELECTION OF CITIES IN NEPAL ................................................................... 34 2.2 SELECTION OF DATASETS ............................................................................. 35 2.3 DATA SOURCES ................................................................................................ 35 2.3.1 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) DATA ......................................................... 35 2.3.2 METEOROLOGICAL DATA .......................................................................... 36 2.4 USED TOOLS BACKGROUND ......................................................................... 37 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................ 38 3.1 CHANGE IN MONTHLY MEAN PM2.5 CONCENTRATION .......................... 38 3.2 LINE CHARTS OF PM2.5 CONCENTRATION ................................................. 41 3.2.1 KATHMANDU ................................................................................................ 42 3.2.2 POKHARA....................................................................................................... 47 3.2.3 DHULIKHEL ................................................................................................... 51 v 3.2.4 CHITWAN ....................................................................................................... 55 3.2.5 LUMBINI ......................................................................................................... 59 3.2.6 NEPALGUNJ ................................................................................................... 62 3.2.7 SIMARA .......................................................................................................... 66 3.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND PARTICULATE MATTER ................................................................................... 70 3.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS DISCUSSIONS......................................................... 74 3.4.1 What is the level of PM2.5 concentration in major cities of Nepal during March, April, and May of 2019 and 2020? Is there an impact of COVID-19 lockdown on PM2.5 concentration in Nepal’s ambient air? ..................................... 74 3.4.2 What is the status of Nepal’s PM2.5 concentration in comparison with WHO standards for the particulate matter?........................................................................ 76 3.4.3 What are the characteristics of Meteorological conditions in major cities of Nepal and how meteorological conditions could have affected PM2.5 concentrations?........................................................................................................... 79 3.4.4 Is there a difference in PM2.5 characteristics between the mountainous regions and flatlands regions in Nepal? ..................................................................... 80 3.5 FUTURE CHALLENGES REGARDING AIR QUALITY IN NEPAL ................ 82 3.6 PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORK ........................................................................ 83 3.7 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 86 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................
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