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(Hymenoptera: Apidae) En Valdivia

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Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Escuela de Agronomía Prospección de parásitos y comensales asociados a insectos adultos en Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en Valdivia. Memoria presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Enrique Felipe Vallejos Lagos Valdivia – Chile 2013 PROFESOR PATROCINANTE: ____________________________________ Miguel Neira Caamaño Ingeniero Agrónomo Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal PROFESORES INFORMANTES: ____________________________________ Roberto Carrillo Llorente Ingeniero Agrónomo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal ___________________________________ Rubén Palma Millanao Ingeniero Agrónomo, Dr. Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal i AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer ante todo a Dios, por permitir que llegara este momento tan anhelado y culminar esta gran etapa de mi vida. A mis padres Pamela y Enrique y a mis hermanos Paula y Fernando, agradecerles por su gran apoyo incondicional, cariño y preocupación durante todos estos años que estuve en Valdivia. Gracias a Don Miguel Neira, por su buena voluntad y cada palabra que me brindó de conocimiento y sabiduría en todo este trabajo. A Don Roberto Carrillo, por sus consejos y tiempo en la corrección de la tesis. A Maritza Reyes y Rubén Palma, por su ayuda al compartir sus conocimientos y críticas siempre constructivas. En especial quiero agradecer a Leticia Silvestre por estar conmigo en todas, ya que me ayudó muchísimo en el desarrollo de este trabajo, y cada vez que la necesite estuvo apoyándome y aconsejándome, he logrado además quererla mucho a través de mi estadía por la universidad. A Sonia, Erick, Francisco, Cesar, Gonzalo y Nicolás que siempre me han apoyado en los momentos alegres y difíciles y a Manuel, Álvaro, Cesar y Gabo por compartir su amistad en una larga etapa en el Hogar estudiantil. A mis amigos del laboratorio, Julio, Sebastián, Carolina, Alejandro, Gloria, Karyn, Sandy, Eniuska, Jorge y Constanza, gracias por su amistad y por haberlos conocido. Mi pasión por la Entomología, ha albergado gran parte de mi formación y de amor por la naturaleza, llenándola de alegrías. A Todas las personas que hicieron posible este gran sueño y que estuvieron presentes en cada momento. Muchísimas gracias……………. ii INDICE DE MATERIAS Capítulo Página RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY 2 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 5 2.1 Características de Bombus spp. 5 2.1.1 Biología de los abejorros 6 2.1.2 Características de Bombus spp. como agente polinizador 7 2.2 Sanidad de Bombus spp. 8 2.3 Ácaros foréticos 9 2.4 Bombacarus buchneri 9 2.5 Nosema bombi 11 3 MATERIAL Y METODOS 13 3.1 Material biológico 13 3.2 Metodología de prospección 13 3.2.1 Análisis de muestras para la determinación de ácaros foréticos 14 3.2.2 Análisis de muestras para la determinación de ácaro traqueal 14 3.2.3 Análisis de muestras para la determinación de Nosema bombi 15 iii 3.2.3.1 Recuento de esporas 16 3.2.3.2 Determinación del nivel de infección 16 3.2.4 Análisis morfológico 17 3.2.5 Análisis estadístico 17 4 PRESENTACIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 18 4.1 Presencia de ácaros foréticos en muestras analizadas 18 4.1.1 Prevalencia de muestras con P. longanalis y K. laevis por especie de abejorro 18 4.1.2 Número de ácaros foréticos por insecto en las especies de Bombus 21 4.2 Presencia de ácaro traqueal 26 4.3 Presencia de Nosema bombi 30 4.4 Posibles efectos de organismos asociados a especies de Bombus 33 5 CONCLUSIONES 35 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 36 7 ANEXOS 42 iv INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro Página 1 Especies de ácaros foréticos y traqueales reportados para Bombus spp. 10 2 Determinación del grado y nivel de infección adaptado de la escala para Nosema apis. 17 v INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura Página 1 Especies de abejorros presentes en Chile. B. dahlbomii (A), B. 5 terrestris (B) y B. ruderatus (C). 2 Ciclo de desarrollo de una colonia de Bombus. 7 3 Principales ácaros foréticos y traqueal que afectan a Bombus spp.: K. laevi (A), P. longanalis (B) y B. buchneri (C). 11 4 Esporos de N. bombi en preparación microscópica en B. terrestris. 12 5 Características de las flores de las especies muestreadas: Azara lanceolata (A) y Rhododendron spp. (B). 13 6 Muestra de corte transversal de la parte anterior del tórax de Bombus spp. vista en lupa óptica. 15 7 Vista microscópica de microsporidios de N. bombi utilizando una cámara de Neubauer. 16 8 Prevalencia del ácaros foréticos P. longanalis (A) y K. laevis (B) en reinas de especies de Bombus colectadas. Primavera 2011 (B. dahlbomii n=176, B. terrestris n=88). Letras distintas indican diferencias estadísticas significativas al 5%, según la prueba de FISHER. 21 9 Número promedio de P. longanalis (A) y K. laevis (B) (± error estándar) encontrados sobre B. dahlbomii y B. terrestris. Letras distintas indican diferencias estadísticas significativas al 5%, según prueba de Mann- Whitney. 23 10 Deutoninfas de P. longanalis (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) y K. laevis (Astigmata: Acaridae) en muestras de B. dahlbomii. 25 11 Número promedio (± error estándar) de P. longanalis y K. laevis por B. dahlbomii (A) y por B. terrestris (B) en cada fecha de colecta. 26 12 Hembra larviforme de B. buchneri (Trombidiforme: Podapolipidae) encontrada en tráqueas de B. terrestris. 29 vi 13 Prevalencia de B. buchneri en B. dahlbomii y B. terrestris. Primavera 2011. (B. dahlbomii n=176, B. terrestris n=88). Letras distintas indican diferencias estadísticas significativas al 5%, según prueba de FISHER. 29 14 Prevalencia de N. bombi en B. dahlbomii y B. terrestris. Primavera 2011. (B. dahlbomii n=176, B. terrestris n=88). Letras distintas indican diferencias estadísticas significativas al 5%, según prueba de FISHER. 31 15 Reinas de B. dahlbomii con alopecia torácica (A) y sin alopecia torácica (B). 34 vii INDICE DE ANEXOS Anexo Página 1 Fechas de colecta, horarios, número de ácaros foréticos y presencia o ausencia de parásitos internos en la especie Bombus dahlbomii en la temporada primaveral 2011. 43 2 Fechas de colecta, horarios, número de ácaros foréticos y presencia o ausencia de parásitos internos en la especie Bombus terrestris en la temporada primaveral 2011. 45 1 RESUMEN En el Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Austral de Chile en Valdivia, entre octubre y diciembre del 2011, se realizó un estudio de prospección para evaluar la presencia de parásitos y patógenos en reinas de Bombus spp., con el fin de establecer la identificación de las especies, y determinar su prevalencia. Las reinas se colectaron en dos especies de plantas (Rhododendron spp. Gray y Azara lanceolata Hook) y en cada una se delimitó una superficie de colecta correspondiente a 2 m2, realizándose esta en tres horarios: mañana (10:00 a 11:00 h), medio día (13:30 a 14:30 h) y tarde (17:00 a 18:00 h). Se colectó e identificó a las especies Bombus dahlbomii y Bombus terrestris. El análisis interno y externo de los insectos permitió identificar tres especies de ácaros y una especie de hongo microsporidio que afectan a las dos especies de Bombus. Entre los ácaros externos se determinó a Pneumolaelaps longanalis Hunter y Husband y Kuzinia laevis Dujardin, así como al ácaro interno Bombacarus buchneri Stammer. Además pudo determinarse la presencia de Nosema bombi Fantham y Porter. La prevalencia de P. longanalis y K. laevis superó el 90% y 50% en B. dahlbomii y B. terrestris respectivamente. La mayor prevalencia de ambos ácaros sobre la especie nativa B dahlbomii, pueden explicarse debido a que estas relaciones comensales son más recientes, siendo los principales mecanismos de propagación el contacto de individuos al momento de pecorear las flores y en el nido. La prevalencia de B. buchneri en ambas especies de Bombus es baja, pero más alta en B. terrestris. Esto puede deberse a que este ácaro poseía una relación parasítica con B. terrestris al momento de introducirse esta especie de insecto al país, a diferencia de B. dahlbomii que fue parasitado posteriormente. Esta situación es similar para N. bombi, siendo su prevalencia más alta en la especie B. terrestris, pero a diferencia de B. buchneri, la adquisición del parásito de una especie de abejorro a otra seria más asequible, ya que la vía de contagio es por medio de fecas infectadas en la colonia. 2 SUMMARY In the Botanical Garden of the Universidad Austral de Chile in Valdivia, between October and December 2011, an study was performed to evaluate the presence of parasites and pathogens in queens of Bombus spp. In the study was carried out species to establish the species identification, and determine their prevalence. The queens were collected in two plant species (Rhododendron spp. Gray and Azara lanceolata Hook), the area of collecting was to 2 m2 in three times a day: morning (10:00 to 11:00 h), midday (13:30 to 14:30) and afternoon (17:00 to 18:00 h). Were collected and identified two species of bumblebees, Bombus terrestris and Bombus dahlbomii. The internal and external analysis of insects identified three species of mites and fungal microsporidian species affecting the two species. Among external mites was determined Pneumolaelaps longanalis Hunter and Husband, Kuzinia laevis Dujardin and internal mite Bombacarus buchneri Stammer. However was determined the presence of Nosema bombi Fantham and Porter. The prevalence of P. longanalis and K. laevis exceeded 90% and 50% in B. dahlbomii and B. terrestris respectively. The highest prevalence of both mites on native species B. dahlbomii, can be explained because these relationships are more recent diners, the main mechanisms of propagation the individuals contact when foraging on flowers and nest. The prevalence of B. buchneri in both species of Bombus is low, but higher in B.
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  • Petition to List

    Petition to List

    PETITION TO LIST Franklin’s Bumble Bee Bombus franklini (Frison), 1921 AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Photo of Bombus franklini by Pete Schroeder Submitted by The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and Dr. Robbin W. Thorp Prepared by Dr. Robbin Thorp, Sarina Jepsen, Sarah Foltz Jordan, Elaine Evans and Scott Hoffman Black June 23, 2010 Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior Office of the Secretary Department of the Interior 18th and C Street N.W. Washington D.C., 20240 Dear Mr. Salazar: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and Dr. Robbin Thorp hereby formally petition to list the Franklin’s Bumble Bee (Bombus franklini) as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq. This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14 (1990), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Secretary of the Interior. Petitioners also request that critical habitat be designated concurrent with the listing, as required by 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(6)(C) and 50 C.F.R. § 424.12, and pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. § 553). The Franklin’s bumble bee (Bombus franklini) has a very limited geographic range and it is under significant and immediate threat. Based on almost a decade of cooperative surveys which were funded by the USDA Forest Service and the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and USDI Bureau of Land Management, we believe that the worldwide population may be limited to only a few nests.