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9-1-1990 The lB ack Perspective September 1990 University of Dayton. Black Action Through Unity

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This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Produced Media at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The lB ack Perspective by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. New Students Find Satisfaction at UD LaChante Norman

Sixty-one new students were added to the African-American population to give us about of two-hundred and fifty blacks attending the University of Dayton. Of that total, fifty-two are freshmen and nine are transfer students. The bulk of the students are from Ohio, with Dayton and Cincinnati sending the most representatives. When asked about her educational and social expectations of the university, Tasha Matthews, a freshman marketing major said, "In my experiences at a predominantly black school in Cincinnati, Ohio, I met a lot of black people who would only speak if spoken to or who were too arrogant, and I expected it to be the same way here. " To my surprise, it was different. The James Greene, Attorney-at-Law blacks stick together at UD and they participate in a lot of activities together." Smart Work Not Hard Work Photo by However, Tasha did feel that there was a Sonia Eubanks lack of black support during her orientation Valerie A. Clark process. Educationally, she imagined a large class room of students, but she found some Hard work and a job well done can achieve, identifying risks involved, identify­ assurance and encouragement with her usually be associated together. However, ing resistance that may be encountered and teachers. "Often times I would ask my smart work not hard work and a job well how to decrease it, and identifying support teachers questions and they will stop their done will be the new slogan for UD's that may be encountered and how to lectures and repeat or explain their ideas minority leaders. "Working Smarter Not increase it. The Office of Minority Affairs better. Some students' teachers have even Harder." this 1990-91 school year will be served as facilitators for the retreat. walked around the classrooms and provided the key to success for all organizations in Inspirational speakers attending the personal attention." UD's African-American community. Leadership Retreat were Father Heft, Other opinions were found from a The annual leadership conference held Provost; Dr. William Scheurman, Dean of transfer student's point of view. Chantris August 19 and 20 took on a new twist this Students; James Green of Concerned Tucker transferred from Wright State year. Rather than cramming pertinent Christian Men and an Attorney for Dayton University as a junior in finance. Most of leadership information into a one day work­ Power and Light Company. All the special her observations were comparative in shop, it was spread out over a two day guests provided stories of encouragement nature. She found UD's curriculum a little retreat at Bergamo Center. Officers repre­ and helpful hints to the leaders. easier, but with much more assistance from senting BATU, Black Greek Council, Black With all the thought provoking ideas and her teachers and peers. "Here, the teachers care!" She also remarked, "The relationship Perspective, Gospel Choir, NSBE and the helpful hints from facilitators and special among the black students is like that of a Advisory Council were in attendance. guests, the 1990-91 leaders are prepared to family. I have never been in any place Several strategic leadership suggestions "Work Smarter" in order to make this school where three black people would walk up to were given to the 1990-91 leaders of the year a success. me and greet me while introducing various organizations. Some of these themselves with smiles and compliments suggestions were: identifying goals to like at UD." He says that the biggest part of learning Black Perspective comes when students take responsibility for themselves and, "become the captain of talks to... their own ship." This happens when students set goals for themselves ans pay the price for meeting these goals successfully. He tries to ensure that students have a chance to do this while at UD. While there are many parts of Brother Fitz's vision which have clearly been adopted into life at UD, there are still some The Black Perspective is a University which have not. Brother Fitz believes his biggest challenge is to "increase and of Dayton student-run and operated celebrate diversity without losing a sense of publication. This paper aims to be the community." When asked how well he felt eyes, ears, and voice of the UD Afro- UD was accomplishing this he graded it a American community. The general C+. He is working at increasing the number editors urge the student body to use this of African-American students and faculty paper to publicize their upcoming which will ensure racial diversity. He also events and to express their thoughts on hopes to create socio-economic diversity issues/events (national, state, local etc.) and geographic diversity. He is also that affect the African-American concentrating on enhancing the role of community. This paper should reflect women in facuty and administration for he the intelligence and determination that realizes that this is a white male dominated exist within the African-American institution. But Brother says that these and community on this campus. The paper other areas will not diminish his and the solicits student writings in all forms: University's committment to African- editorials, feature articles, commentar­ Americans here atUD. ies, poetry, or any other forms that When asked if he felt UD was a racist address relevant issues. The editors do institution, he replied no. He says that we reserve the right to edit material and to all have grown up with prejudices or "a lack choose material that will be published; of understanding" of those who have Brother Raymond Fitz however, only material that is presented different experiences from us. He feels that Angela Lovett in a foul, derogatory manner will be UD is not as bad as other campuses, but that all of us, including himself, "need to rejected. The paper accepts writings We have all seen him. He always has a grow...to expand our appreciation of from all UD students. Anyone inter­ smile ready for whoever he meets, he culture diversity and of different peoples' ested in writing for The Black Perspec­ always seems to be on the go, but he is experiences." He attempts to integrate this tive should contact either Valerie Clark never to busy to stop and speak. He is into the educational experience at UD. (x5O5O) or Angie Lovett (461 -6114). Brother Raymond Fitz, the president of the Brother also feels that there are things that University of Dayton. It is this man who has we as African-American students can do to General Editors: Angie Lovett developed the vision and the mission of UD help this appreciation. He feels that first we Valerie Clark for the past eleven years. We talked to him should have a sense of pride about our­ Staff Writers: Bernard Caldwell to see how well he thinks he is doing in selves. We should realize that we are Valerie Colbert seeing his dreams and visions become a worthy individuals regardless of what others Kevine Greene reality at UD. may think. He feels that with this strong Che Jansen Brother Fitz believes that before anything sense of pride we can develop constructive Greta Jordan can be accomplished with a group of ways to deal with issues of race with our Julia Longstreet people, you must have a sense of commu­ peers and with our professors. He believes Andrian Morgan nity among those who are responsible for that we should have a sense of responsibil­ Lachante Norman accomplishing the task. He has stressed this ity for ourselves and for each other. And Jackie Rice most importantly, "we should leave in his eleven years of presidency. He says Russ Robinson someone behind with the committment that that a sense of community does not mean Cartoonist: Rodney Taylor we have" to making things better. By doing that everyone loves each other. But it does Publication Dates: Oct. 15 this, he feels that we can raise the sensitivity mean that they share "a common vision of Nov. 19 of others around us to the problems of race what education should be and they work here at UD, and elsewhere. Deadline Dates: Oct. 3 together to make things happen." He feels While he feels that there is still much Nov. 7 that UD has a very strong sense of commu­ work to be done at UD, Brother says that Nov. 26 nity and is one of the many things he is things have changed. He also admits that attracts many students and faculty members change is slow and he realizes that many to the school. students are impatient to see things happen. Another positive aspect of UD that he But he feels that it is students impatience for tries to encourage is the development of the change "that creates an agenda and makes student. Brother Fitz believes that students things happen." So while we are here at UD should experience moral, spiritual, and it will be interesting to see if UD can raise intellectual development at UD. He also its grade from C+ to an A+. If anyone can hopes that students can develop socially. do the job, Brother Fitz can. From our Students r LJ Black Action Thru Unity Trina Frazier

As president of Black Action Through Since membership in BATU is automati­ Unity, I would like to take this opportunity cally given to all Afro-American students on to introduce you to one of the most exciting campus, my main thrust is not to build a organizations on UD's campus. Black large membership. Membership is not only Action Through Unity (BATU) is UD's Black the key to a successful organization; active Student Government. It is the organization membership is. Active membership through which the Black student population includes: coming to meetings, volunteering can become socially, politically and for committees and participating in BATU Freshman Corner culturally active and aware. BATU is one of sponsored activities. I hope that you find Valerie Lynn Colbert the most exciting organizations because the that you want to be actively involved in activities and programs are planned and im­ BATU. "Is this Spanish 202?", I asked hesitantly. plemented by the student membership. BATU not only sponsors events, but also "No.", the guy flatly replied. Therefore, each member has an opportunity co-sponsors activities with Minority Student Not only was I in the wrong classroom, I to share and develop organizational and Affairs and other Black organizations. And was in the wrong building too. I left the leadership skills, while having fun at the BATU also participates in other campus­ room quickly, quite embarrassed. I thought same time. wide events. Through involvement in to myself, "I bet they all knew I was a fresh­ BATU was created in the 1970's as a tool BATU, many important contacts and man." to raise Black awareness and create unity on friendships can be formed. This is one of the common situations UD's predominantly White campus. Even To the freshmen, I welcome you to the freshmen face when they enter the scattered though it has been almost twenty years UD family. And to the entire Afro-American maze known as a university. Upperclass­ since its conception, BATU's general campus community, I welcome you to a men can spot us immediately. We look purpose has been the same. We are an new BATU. Meeting will be held the 1st confused, our clothes are all wrong, and we organization designed to enhance academic and 3rd Wednesdays of the month at 6:00 are desperately trying to find our niche the achievement, political awareness and PM. If you have any questions about BATU, minute we arrive. Somehow we expected it cultural and social involvement. BATU pro­ feel free to cal£me at 461 -6114. And re­ to be a lot easier than this. vides a means for UD's students to commit member Through Unity Positive Change is But cheer up, it does get a lot easier. I themselves to these areas. Inevitable. should know. I have already familiarized myself with the entire campus in less than a A First Step month. An incredible feat when you Angela Lovett consider I am a commuter. By the second semester we will fit in with the rest of The University of Dayton. It just takes time. Homecoming Week for the University of Roses either!). Regardless of what I do, I As African-American students, however, Dayton is October 9-13. I have been named cannot meet my objective if I do not have finding our niche may be a little more Co-Chair of Homecoming for this year. I your support. I need you to share your difficult. One of the best ways to alleviate have many responsibilities in this position, ideas with me, I need you to actively this problem is to become involved in the one is a very personal one. My main support our candidates if they are selected black student organizations. Also try to keep for the court, and I would like for you to objective is to get the African-American in touch with the Office of Minority Affairs. attend the dance (which will be Friday, students at UD involved in Homecoming, They can keep you informed on the many and possibly even excited about it. I plan October 12, at the Fieldhouse). Just because activities concerning African-American on doing this by trying to inform all the or­ I am co-chair and I may get your participa­ students. ganizations of that weeks activities and tion does not mean that Homecoming is Finally if a problem should arise, whether letting them know of any way in which they going to be everything we want it to be. academic or personal, do not hesitate to can actively participate. I also am encourag­ Until we make the effort to be a part of the visit the Guidance Counseling Center or the ing that we support a Homecoming Queen total UD experience, things will never be Learning Assistance Center. They are there and King Candidate. I am also going to do the way we would like them to be. We have to help you. Have a great year! everything in my power to make sure a to start somewhere. I hope you will help me band that plays a variety of music will be in making this years Homecoming our first P.S. Keep in mind that in less than a year chosen for the dance. (They may not play step. we will join the ranks of UD's upperclass­ Public Enemy but it won't be all Guns & men. Campus Profiles, Nelson Mandela Freed Adrian Morgan American life. He attends many conferences and seminars each year dealing with the After being imprisoned for 27 years African-American family, culture and Nelson Mandela was released on February experience. He is an avid reader of Black 11,1990. With his release people around history and attributes this great thirst for the world have been increasingly assured of knowledge to the fact that although he the eminent end of Apartheid in South attended a predominantly black high Africa accompanied by the termination of school, he was not exposed to his own white minority rule. history until college. In his efforts to accomplish this, Mandela Becton is commited to teaching himself a has advised against the discontinuation of much as he can about the African-American sanctions against South Africa and hopes to struggle. He hopes to attend Temple see them maintained until South Africa is a University to begin work on his doctorate in free country. Mandela has also made an African-American studies. If he pursues his international tour of the world, including Ph.D. with the same effort and desire that the United States, in order to remind people have become synonymus with his name, he of the world that even though he is free, Eddie Becton is sure to be successful. South Africa is not. However, Mandela does Che Jansen feel that South Africa is most certainly at a "turning point" in their political policies. As the Residence Director of Founders What Ever Happened to... In more recent political developments, Hall, Eddie Becton is required to be Mona Cuerrier people are able to lessen previous concerns receptive, patient and knowledgeable. His of the affiliation of the African Nation personal life demands these same traits His speed and flexibility dazzled Flyer Congress with the South African Communist among others. football fans for four years. They admired Party and possible bents toward a commu­ For the last two years, Becton has his skill, cheered his determination, and nist state upon the dissolution of Apartheid. combined school, a career and volunteer loved just to be around him. On and off the Although Mandela is in favor of nationaliz­ work with Big Brothers/Big Sisters to field Jack Green left his mark here at UD ing certain industries, namely banking and become one of the busiest people on and is still making great strides in his life. mining, in order to redistribute the wealth; Jack attended UD September 1983 to campus. he is not a communist and neither is the Becton graduated from the University of April 1987. He was a star running back for leader of the ANC, Oliver Tamboo. Dayton in 1985 with a bachelors degree in four years and a Communication Manage­ In addition to this, backing of the ANC by Psychology. He stayed on at UD to achieve ment major. He had a very successful communist Eastern European countries and his masters degree in Counseling after football career and also managed to do well the USSR is no longer communist in even a which he returned to his hometown to Saint academically. loose definition of the word and is becom­ Louis, Missouri to accept a position with the These days, Jack is using his spectacular Boy Scouts of America. Becton's job title moves to climb the corporate ladder. After ing even less so with each passing day. The was "exploring executive." He worked with he graduated in April, he got a job as assis­ ANC is also associated with the Mass coed high school students helping to tant manager of Hills Department store in Democratic Movement as well as a number acquaint them with possible future careers Toledo, Ohio. He stayed there for two years of unions which will surely mitigate the and hobbies. before moving on and up to his current influences of the SACP. After two years with the Boys Scouts of position as assistant manager of State Mandela envisions a "non-racial country" America, Becton returned to UD to work as Savings Bank in Columbus. Jack is in charge in the near future and the recent develop­ a graduate assistant on residence life staff. In of running the branch and handles such ment of South African President F.W. de 1988 he began his volunteer work with Big duties as hiring personnel, scheduling, and Klerk calling for the acceptance of non­ Brothers. Becton says he had been inter­ payroll. He also originates mortgage and whites in the national political party is ested in such a program since his youth. He consumer loans. another step towards the freedom of South was raised by his mother and had to rely on His free time is spent with his wife, Africa. coaches, teachers and relatives for a male Stephanie. She is an assistant manager of a authority figure. His appreciation for these Columbus branch of Fifth

Pandemonium Mo' Better Blues One of the highlights of the film is its Russell Robinson Greta Jordan soundtrack. Music from the likes of Wynton and Branford Marsalis, Miles Davis, and What time is it? It's reunion time! This is "Mo' Better Blues" is the fourth motion John Coltrane is featured along with a an excellent album by the original members picture from the creative and innovative recently discovered piece by W.C. Handy of The Time. Not only does this album mind of writer, director, and actor Spike entitled "Harlem Blues," which is beauti­ contain the same style that attracted us to Lee. fully sung by Cynda Williams. Standout hits like 777-9311, The Walk, and Cool; Denzel Washington, fresh from his Oscar- performances by Washington, Joie Lee, and this album also reaches to new horizons for winning performance in Glory, portrays the Williams also highlight the picture. Mo' The Time. lead character "Bleek Gilliam," a popular Better Blues also features comedian Robin The highlights of the album are "Pande­ jazz trumpeter. His world revolves around Harris' final performance as nightclub monium," "Jerk Out," "Blondie," "Choco­ his two loves: music and women. There is emcee "Butterbean." The film is dedicated late," "Sometimes I Get Lonely," and "My not one, but two women in his life, to his memory. Summer Time Thang." "Blonde" is more of "Indigo," played by Spike Lee's sister Joie Although some parts of the film move at a a hard rock song that features the guitar Lee, and "Clarke," played by Cynda Wil­ slow pace, there are many elements that talens of Jesse Johnson. Another new twist liams in her screen debut. "Bleek" must also will absolutely keep the viewer's interest. on the album, is "It's Your World," which is contend with his manager, portrayed by The film's climax is one that proves to be the first social-conscious song done by the Spike Lee himself. His gambling problem as enthralling with a very touching conclusion. band. well as his ineptitude at being a manager This picture is smooth and delightfully No one knows how long the reunion will only further complicate "Bleek's" life and stylish. Spike Lee has definitely carved a last because all of the artists are doing so career. To make matters somewhat worse, niche for himself in filmaking for the 1990's well financially on their own. Jimmy Jam, there is dissention among the members of and for many years to come. Terry Lewis, and Monte Moir are hot his band, one of whom is played by producers. Morris Day is acting and can be Giancarlo Esposito, a "veteran" of Lee's seen on the ABC show "New Attitude," and films. Despite his problems, music is the Jesse Johnson is starting to produce of his clear winner above everything else in own groups. "Bleek's" life. However, it is his failure to Overall, this is an excellent album, and get his life in order for the sake of his music it's a "must have." Besides, you never know that leads to his eventual downfall. Fortu­ if this is the last album from The Time. nately, through some soul-searching and some key events, he manages to pick up the pieces of his life.

Book Review this age old question. I, as an avid follower (169). This statement, along with other of these frequently updated ideas, take on preposterous ones like it concerning the The the task of comparing one writers proposi­ "unnecessary fidelity" of the black male as Blackman's tion to another. To date, I have yet to find well sexual, familial and communicatory Guide any one person so far off base as author actions and relations of the black male to Shahrazad Ali in her book The Black Man's make for almost humorous reading. For Understanding Guide to Understanding the Black Woman. those who are not humored by Ms. Ali's the Not only does Ms. Ali provide us with what misunderstanding of black womanhood as Blackwoman she considers the black woman's place in well as black male/female relations, they Shahrazad All society, but also she clearly and decisively will definitely be rendered disgusted or links HER (the black woman) to the demise ashamed by the ignorance that a highly mis­ The Black Man's Guide of Black America because of HER blatant informed sister attempts to pass as truth. If to Understanding deviation from this proposed role. Ms. Ali's there is anything positive to be said about entire theory arises from the idea that the Shahrazad Ali's book The Black Man's The Black Woman black man is superior to the black woman Guide to Understanding the Black Woman, and that black women must act accordingly. it has been lost in the muttle of mess that Kevine Greene Ms. Ali even suggest a penalty for those Ms. Ali has provided for reading pleasure. who do not realize the black make as their Please do not misunderstand, the BP The concept of trying to define the black superior, or rather, "brace up to their men reporter is all for respect of the black man, woman's place in Afro-American society is toe to toe and eye to eye" (169). In order to but it MUST be a mutual respect between far from a new one. Over the years many an put a black woman in ther place, she him and the black woman in order to have author and/ or interpreter have attempted to should be "soundly slapped in her mouth" a positive on our Black America. contrive their own theories or answers to Sports

BLACK ACTION

THRU FOOTBALL you should keep your eyes on as well. These Flyers make up the few black athletes With the start of another school year, on the football team this year. Let us give brings the start of another football season. them some support by attending home Photos by As defending NCAA Division III champions, games or introducing yourself to them and Bernard Caldwell many eyes will be on the Flyers to see what letting them know we are in their corner! So they will do this year. There are a few Flyers here they are: ft, 4R, 1 !,.W Jl

£ FuYS^ -Jf| Name: WILLIAM PETERSON #1 5 Name: DEVIN PINKLETON #34 Name: ALVIN WILSON #10 Pos: RB yr: Jr. maj: MKT Pos: RB yr: So maj: PRE-LAW Pos: DB yr: SO maj: Undeclared Hometown: TOLEDO, OH Hometown: ERLANGER, KY Hometown: DAYTON, OH HS: TOLEDO CENTRAL CATHOLIC HS: LLOYD HS HS: WAYNE HS Why did you pick UD? Why did you pick UD? Why did you pick UD? "I could have attended an all Black College. "Because UD has a prestigious reputation." "Football and academics. ” But in life as it is here at UD you must learn to interact with white people. This is why I chose UD.

Name: SEAN TAYLOR #1 Name: JEFF WATKINS #26 Pos: WR yr: SO maj: Undeclared Pos. RB yr: Fr maj: Undeclared Hometown: LOUISVILLE, KY Hometown: HAMILTON, OH Name: PAUL SAUNDERS #27 HS: LOUISVILLE TRINITY HS HS: HAMILTON BADIN Pos: WR yr: JR maj: CET Why did you pick UD? Why did you pick UD? Hometown: FAIRBORN, OH "Good education, knew I could play, and "Campus not too big or not too small and it is HS: FAIRBORN HS small but fulfills all my needs." a good school." Why did you pick UD? "It's close to home, friends, and UD has a good engineering program."

FOOTBALL SCHEDULES

SEPT 8 @ John Carroll NOV 3 URBANA 15 ANDERSON 10 FERRUM 22 BUTLER *AII games at 1:00 p.m. except John Carroll 29 @ Mercyhurst @ 1:30 p.m.

OCT 6 IONA Good luck fellas on a successful season!! Name: BRUCE MOXLEY #3 13 DRAKE (Homecoming) Pos: DB yr: JR maj: Undeclared 20 GANNON Hometown: DAYTON, OH 27 @ Northwood HS: DUNBAR HS Why did you pick UD? "It's close to home, plus a good education and I can get a good job when I get out." Coming Attractions Photos by Calendar Dates .... —...... Sonia Eubanks

RA UN NEFER AMEN SEPTEMBER Coming October 4, 1990 18 7:30-9:30 p.m. NSBE Study Table KL 19 6:00 p.m. BATU Meeting (TBA) 20 6:00 p.m. Omega Interest Mtg. KU Ra Un Nefer Amen, the Shekhem Ur 21 3:00 p.m. NSBE Meeting (TBA) 22 8:00-12:30 a.m. Zeta Party Shekhem of the Ausar Auset Society (a Pan- McGCtr African religiou society), was bornin 1944 23 1:30 p.m. BATU: Afro-American Museum in the Republic of Panama, Central Amer­ 23 TBA p.m. Black Perspective Mtg. (TBA) 25 7:30-9:30 p.m. NSBE Study Table KL ica. It was there that he was first most 26 7:30 p.m. BGC Meeting (TBA) profoundly exposed to African culture 29 9:00-1:00 a.m. Delta Step Show McGennis through visits to the island of San Miguel. MP Although he trained as a concert pianist, OCTOBER composer and music theoretician for 24 2 7:30-9:30 p.m. Delta Political Awareness VWK years, he side-stepped many lucrative 3 6:00 p.m. BATU MEETING (TBA) opportunities in the music field in order to 4 6:30-8:00 p.m. MSA: Egyptian Book discus.MSA LG devote his energy to the spiritial education 4 8:00-10:00 p.m. ZETA Rush KU Odds and Ends 5 3:00 p.m. NSBE Meeting (TBA) andupliftment of Africans. To this end, he 5 8:00-12:00 a.m. MSA: Roof Top Romp VWK has written and published, during the past —Thanks to Douglas Edwards for donating 6 8:00 p.m. BATU Bowling Night KU 20 years, 16 books, a play, which was 8 COLUMBUS DAY NO DAY CLASSES the following books for student use: 9 7:30-9:30 p.m. NSBE Study Table KL performed off-Broadway, and is the Black Women In Antiquity 10 10:00 p.m. BGC Meeting (TBA) publisher of the Metu Neter Magazine HOMECOMING WEEKEND Dr. Ivan Van Sertima 12 6:00-7:00 p.m. MSA Open House O'Reilly (formerly the Oracle of Tehuti, and the 12 7:00-9:00 p.m. MSA Reception KU Oracle of Thoth). Presently, he is the African Origins of Civilization: Myth or 12 9:00-until Open House: all Black Greek Houses leading Black writer an publisher of works 16 7:30-9:30 p.m. NSBE Study Tables KL Reality—Cheikh Anta Diop 17 6:00 p.m. BATU Meeting (TBA) dealing with African cosmology and rituals. The books will be available for loan after the third week of September. Also thanks to Mr. Edwards for his financial contribution to the MSA book fund.

—Anyone interested in joining an African- American literary club to discuss works of fiction, non-fiction, and poetry on and by African-Americans please sign the sheet in MSA or contact Angela Lovett at 461-6114.

—Anyone interested in submitting letters to the editor, editorials, or poetry please leave them in the Black Perspective box by the deadline date for each issue. All tFCOES® writings should be typed. Thank You. /5!..IS©W FREEDOM’S JOURNAL

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I he blai k pi ess in America goes buck to 1827 when F recdont sJournal was published by Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm.

Trivia A Look at Our History 1. Who was named the first African- American all-American football player in 1916 and later played professional ball for blacks, and voice the hopes and IT ONLY TAKES ONE TO for the Akron Indians who went to the concerns of the people. This paper received Rose Bowl in 1919? MAKE A DIFFERENCE tremendous support from the public. It established a national movement among the HISTORY OF THE PRESS 2. Name the first African-American woman people and introduced the Negro Renais­ Jackie Rice lawyer to appear before the U.S. sance. It also promoted racial unity and Supreme court in 1923? pride. Throughout history Blacks have used the Eventually the first black journal encoun­ press to communicate about the prevalent 3. In 1935, Mrs. Gertude Elise Ayer became tered problems and later ceased circulation. issues in our society. But do you have any the first African-American woman to do The paper's demise was not due to lack of idea where black newspapers like the what? Dayton Defender, the Suspension Press, and support from the people, but Russwurm's editorship. Russwurm lacked originality, even the Black Perspective originated? It all 4. What was one of Bejamin O. Davis' Sr. deviated from the paper's intent, and failed began with the first black newspaper, the greatest accomplishments? Freedom's Journal. to speak out clearly on issues. Due to these causes and others, the readers began to The Freedom's Journal's first issue was 5. When were the first postage stamps complain, protest, and later forced published March 16, 1827 in New York by issued honoring an African-American? Russwurm to resign. Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm. Who was the first African-American to Today, Blacks continue to build upon the Samuel E. Cornish, senior editor, was a appear on these stamps? poet, teacher, eloquent orator, and a fighter foundation which these two men and others like them have laid for us. It is our responsi­ for black people's rights. Also he was a Answers leading agent for the establishment of the bility to utilize our black newspapers to express our thoughts, hopes, and dreams Negro College. John B. Russwurm, junior 1. Fitz Pollard of Brown University about the world around us. editor, was the first black college graduate 2. Violette M. Anderson of Chicago in America. He received his undergraduate 3. Gertude was the first African-American Sources: The Journal of Negro History. Vol. degree in 1826 andhis M.A. degree in 1829 woman to serve as a school principal in XVII, No. 3. July, 1932. pp. 241-286. from Bowdoin College. He became the sole New York City Public school system editor of the paper in September 1827 after 4. In 1940, Benjamin Davis was promoted The Negro Almanac: A Reference Work on Cornish resigned. Also he was governor of to brigadier general thus becoming the the African American. Edited by Harry A. the Maryland Colony at Cape Palmas in first African-American to hold this post in Polski and James Williams. 5th ed. Gale 1836 and held this position until his death the U.S. Army. Research Inc. Detroit, 1989. pp. 1254- in 1851. 5. Booker T. Washington was the first 1255. The purpose of the Freedom's Journal was African-American to appear on postage to fight slavery, establish citizenship rights stamps in 1940.