• جامعة املنيا- لكية الس ياحة والفنادق • قسم ا إلرشاد الس يايح- الفرقة الثانية • مقرر: اترخي مرص يف العرصيني اليوانين والروماين • عنوان احملارضة: مرص حتت حمك الرومان )القرن ا ألول امليالدي( • أس تاذ املادة: د/ يرسي النشار •الربيد الالكرتوين لالس تفسارات: [email protected] ROMAN RULE IN THE FIRST CENTURY AD Octavian/ (30 BC-AD 14) • The death of VII and the assassination of Ptolemy XV Cesarion put an end to the Ptolemaic rule and paved the way for the recognition of Octavian as the new “Roman” ruler of Egypt.

• On arrival in Egypt, Augustus is said to have set his soldiers to work on the canals, clearing them out and repairing them, to improve the economy of Egypt. However, the canals were constructed and maintained by corvée levied on the local population and not by soldiers. • While Octavian deprived the Alexandrians of their boule, he granted to the Jews all the rights and privileges which they had enjoyed under the Ptolemies. For instance, they were allowed to choose their ethnarch (ethnic leader) and gerousia (the council of elders) to regulate their affairs.

• Octavian founded Nikopolis to the east of as a sign of his victory over VII.

• Under Augustus the country was garrisoned with an army of three legions to keep it quiet. Both Egyptians and Greeks were treated as part of the spoils of war. • The priests’ properties were confiscated and they had to exist on a fixed allowance from the State, thereby losing not only money, but position.

• Octavian’s mission to secure his position in Egypt was not easy. Heroonpolis was the first city in the Delta to rise against the Roman conquest. The first duty of Cornelius Gallus, the first prefect of Egypt, was to suppress the uprising at Heroonpolis in 29 BC.

• The arrival of the Roman tax-collectors caused a more spread revolt in the Thebaid, but the Upper Egyptians could not withstand the Roman legions, which were sent to suppress the uprising.

• The prefect moved on to Syene and , where he met the ambassadors of the king of the Ethiopians.

• Gallus came to terms with the Ethiopian ambassadors, by which the Triaknotaschoinos was declared as a Roman protectorate.

• The suppression of the Upper Egyptian uprising and the settlement with the Ethiopians encouraged Gallus to set up statues in his honour. This aroused the anger of his master, Octavian, who recalled him from Egypt and appointed Petronius as the prefect of Egypt. • Architecturally, the reign of Augustus was the most productive in the Dodekaschoinos. The Emperor’s building activities in this southern region can be understood in terms of his desire to maintain control on such important commercial regions, but also to restore order and establish tranquillity in this insurgent area. Tiberius (AD 14-37)

• Egypt remained in a state of comparative tranquillity during the remainder of the reign of Augustus and that of Tiberius.

• Under Tiberius, the three Roman legions, which had formed the original garrison of the province, had been reduced to two in the tenth year of Tiberius.

• Tiberius kept a strict watch upon his officials in Egypt to keep this tranquillity. Thus, he blamed the prefect Rectus, who sent to a larger amount of tribute than that which had been fixed. This procedure was not welcomed by Tiberius, whose policy was meant to shear the sheep rather than flay them. • The Emperor also rebuked Germanicus, who, when sent out as governor of the East, took the opportunity of visiting Egypt on an antiquarian tour, ascending the Nile as far south as Syene in AD 18.

• Germanicus did not obtain the Emperor’s permission to visit Egypt, and he thus broke the law laid down by Augustus, which forbade any Roman citizen of senatorial rank to enter Egypt without such permission.

• Although Tiberius was not a patron of Egyptian cults in , closing the Iseum Campense in Rome, several building projects were fulfilled in Egypt under his reign, all of which are in the Thebaid. Gaius = Caligula (AD 37-41)

• On the death of Tiberius the rule of the Roman Empire passed into the weaker hands of Caligula.

• The Emperor Caligula is generally believed to have been a madman. The ancient historians laid the cause of his tyrannical actions to insanity.

• In AD 38, ethnic conflicts broke out in Alexandria between the Jewish and Greek communities. The signal for the outbreak was the arrival of Agrippa, the king of Judaea, at Alexandria on his return journey from Rome. The Jewish community welcomed him by processing through the streets of the city. The Alexandrians staged a mock procession with an idiot, Karabas, taking the place of the king.

Claudius (AD 41-54)

• Ethnic conflicts between the Jews and Greeks broke out again after the death of Caligula in AD 41. Although the Jews were the aggressors on this occasion, they tried to use the influence of Agrippa at Rome to restore the rights of citizenship and self- government, which had been conferred upon them by Augustus.

• As Claudius accepted their claims, Agrippa went so far as to appear in public at Alexandria, and read aloud the imperial edict for the protection of the Jews. Such measures could not settle the hatred of Jews and Greeks.

• When the younger Agrippa was made king of Khalkis by Claudius in AD 53, he tried to play the same role at Alexandria as his father. But the Greeks, resenting his interference in their affairs, sent an embassy under Isidoros the gymnasiarch to Rome to make formal complaint of his behaviour. Nero (AD 54-68)

 Before the death of Caligula in AD 41, Nero lost his mother by exile and his father by death.

 When Messalina, the wife of Claudius, died in AD 48, Agrippina, the mother of Nero, married Claudius in AD 49.

 In AD 50, when Nero was twelve years old, he was adopted by his step-father, receiving the name Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus.

 In AD 51, the senate with the approval of Claudius decreed Nero the long list of honours, which marked him as the heir apparent.

• Several construction works on traditional temples were achieved under Nero. The Emperor’s benefactions concerning the province were recognized by the decree of the inhabitants of Busiris in the Leontopolite nome during the prefecture of Balbillus, which styled Nero the Agathos Daimon of the World. Thanks for the attention