DOCSLIB.ORG

THE FIGURE of CORNELIUS GALLUS in PROPERTIUS' MONOBIBLOS Joel Violette BA History, St. Thomas Aquinas College, 2006 Master of Ar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE FIGURE of CORNELIUS GALLUS in PROPERTIUS' MONOBIBLOS Joel Violette BA History, St. Thomas Aquinas College, 2006 Master of Ar THE FIGURE OF CORNELIUS GALLUS IN PROPERTIUS' MONOBIBLOS by Joel Violette BA History, St. Thomas Aquinas College, 2006 A Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Academic Unit of Classics Supervisor: John Geyssen, Ph.D, Classics Examining Board: William Kerr, Ph.D, Classics, Chair Demetres Tryphonopoulos, Ph.D, English This report is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK April, 2011 © Joel Violette, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91831-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-91831-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT Long has the identity of Gallus in poems 5,10,13, 20, and 21 of Propertius' Monobiblos been disputed and long have scholars hesitated to connect this figure to the elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. With the exception of 1.20, there has been little agreement over whether these Galluses should be seen as the poet. Various arguments regarding individual poems have been advanced to deny a reference to Cornelius Gallus, and very few have been willing to see the poet as having an important role in theMonobiblos. However, this general misunderstanding of Propertius' handling of Gallus has resulted in a misreading of much of Propertius' first book. This report will examine the figure of Gallus as he is presented in the first book of Propertius' poetry. After surveying the life and what can be said of Gallus' poetry by looking at the individual poems in which Gallus is addressed, we will establish that the Gallus addressed in the Monobiblos is indeed the poet. And finally, with the poet Gallus thus understood as a major figure in Propertius' book, we will explore Gallus' function within the book. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1 GAIUS CORNELIUS GALLUS: LIFE AND W O R K ................................................................................ 2 THE TWO GALLUSES OF PROPERTIUS' MONOBIBLOS................................................................17 PROPERTIUS 1 .5 ..................................................................................................................... 18 PROPERTIUS 1.10 & 1.13......................................................................................................23 PROPERTIUS 1 .2 0 ...................................................................................................................27 PROPERTIUS 1.21 & 1.22......................................................................................................32 GALLUS' POETIC PERSONA................................................................................................................40 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................... 44 CURRICULUM VITAE The Figure of Cornelius Gallus in Propertius' Monobiblos Introduction The fragmentary state of Latin poetry naturally leads to speculation. This will be espe­ cially true when confronting a figure such as Gaius Cornelius Gallus, universally regard­ ed among the ancients as both a poet of distinction and as the inventor of Latin Elegy. Quintilian ranks him as a poet of the calibre of Tibullus and Propertius, though describ­ ing his style as durior, rather harsher, than that of either.1 Ovid mentions Gallus sever­ al times throughout his works and also esteems him among Vergil, Tibullus, and Prop­ ertius.2 Gallus is rightly viewed as having had a major influence on the group of poets writing around the time of Augustus, most notably Vergil in his Eclogues, and Properti­ us in the first book of his elegies, known as the Monobiblos. Because his poetry survives in only the scantiest of remains, one certain frag­ ment of one line and one recently-found and highly-debated fragment consisting of nine lines, modern scholars have been unable to evaluate properly Gallus' contribu­ tions to Latin poetry. However, despite the paucity of remains, Gallus is still a figure who intrigues scholars of Augustan elegy. He is referenced by many of his contempo­ rary and near-contemporary poets and portrayed as a character in the works of both Vergil and Propertius. 1 Quint. 10.1.93 2 Ov., Tristia 4.10.51-54 1 This report will examine the figure of Gallus as he is presented in the first book of Propertius' poetry. After surveying the life and what can be said of Gallus' poetry, we will establish that the Gallus addressed in the Monobiblos is indeed the poet. And finally, with the poet Gallus thus understood as a major figure in Propertius' book, we will explore Gallus' function within the book. Gaius Cornelius Gallus: Life and Work The Chronicle of St. Jerome provides a synopsis of Gallus' life: "Cornelius Gallus Foroiuliensis poeta, a quo primum Aegyptum rectam supra diximus, XUII aetatis suae anno propria se manu interficit ."3 St. Jerome indicates Gallus' birthplace with Foroiuliensis, which simply means "born in a location called Forum lulii." But there are a few problems with this. First, not only are there several places named Forum lulii, but there are too few clues to help us select conclusively any of them. Second, places called "Forum lulii" generally had not been called that in the time of Gallus' birth. Third, an epigraphic inscription discovered in 1963 revealed that Cornelius Gallus him­ self established a "Forum lulii" in Egypt while prefect there. Since this both suggests confusion in St. Jerome's information and provides a plausible reason for that confu­ sion, it cannot be considered valid information on Gallus' birthplace.4 Cairns and Man- 3 Chron., 188 ol., p. 164 H. (188th Olympiad = 28-25 BC.), following Syme, p.39. Translation: "Cornelius Gallus, a Forum lulii-born poet, by whom Egypt was first governed, as mentioned above, killed himself by his own hand in the 43rd year of his life." 4 Cairns (2006), 72. 2 zoni, two of the most prolific recent contributors to Gallan scholarship, suggest he came from Gallia Cisalpina.5 In 43 BC Gallus appeared in Rome as the mutual acquaintance of Asinius Pollio and Cicero.6 In 30 BC aspraefectus fabrum he participated in Augustus' Egyptian cam­ paign. According to Cairns, Gallus played a much more important role in Octavian's triumph over Antony and Cleopatra than is generally credited to him; he believes that Gallus' role in the conquest of Egypt has been victim of a "deliberate down-grading." Having landed in Cyrenaica in 30 BC, Gallus secured the western flank of Egypt first by winning over the four legions Antony had posted there, then by capturing Paraetoni- um, foiling Antony's attempt to cause his four legions to re-defect, and finally trapping and destroying Antony's fleet in the harbour of Paraetonium. With the western flank secured, Augustus was able to invade the eastern flank. Gallus captured Alexandria and contrived the capture of Cleopatra.7 Because of this display of military prowess and loyalty to Augustus, Gallus became first praefectus of Egypt. Following several achievements in this office, such as suppressing a rebellion in the Thebaid and estab­ lishing a Roman protectorate over the Ethiopian kingdom, he erected a rather self- aggrandizing inscription at Philae, dated 15 April 29,8 and inscribed a list of his achievements upon the Pyramids. He also set up statues
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Other Face of Augustus's Aggressive Inclination to Egypt
    Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Volume 12 - June 2015 - No 1 - Pages: (35 : 56) The Other Face of Augustus’s Aggressive Inclination to Egypt Wahid Omran Lecturer in Tourist Guidance Dep., Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University Introduction The initial attitude of Octavian against Egypt is proved by his speech to his troops on the evening before the battle of Actium. Pride in his Roman birth is compared to the despicability of an Egyptian woman as an opponent, who is supported by Dio Cassius reference.1 "Alexandrians and Egyptians- what worse or what truer name could one apply to them?- who worship reptiles and beasts as gods, who embalm their own bodies to give them semblance of immortality, who are most reckless in effrontery but most feeble in courage, and worst of all are slaves to a woman and not to a man". Since The Roman poet Virgile (70- 19 B.C), 2 the Romans opposed the animal – cult of the Egyptians, and considered these gods as monsters.3 The Egyptian character of the Augustus's opponents is related to the Augustan propaganda, represented the Augustus's war against Antony and Cleopatra not only a civil war between Rome and Egypt, but like a struggle between the West and the East. Whose Mark Antony was a traitor joined the powers of the East, whereas Octavian's victory in Actium was not only for himself, but basically for Rome and the Romans. This struggle was described in literature's documents as a civil strife or a foreign war.4 Augustus also knew he had a compensated war against Antony and Cleopatra as a republican magistrate crushing Oriental despotism.5 He is supported by the Roman society ethics and the star of the sacred Caesar, on the other hand, Antony, once a great Roman commander-in-chief, but now supported by a foreign army and followed by unnamed Egyptian spouse.6 The Romans considered the battle not only a military, but either a religious one between the Roman and the Egyptian Pantheons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Roman Society Under Augustus
    THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROMAN SOCIETY UNDER AUGUSTUS Week 4 From Octavian to augustus From Octavian to Augustus I. Aftermath of Actium II. Settlement of 27 BC III. Settlement of 23 BC IV. Honours and prestige V. Man, god, primus inter pares? VI. ‘Restoring’ the Republic? Such was the naval battle in which they engaged on the second of September. I do not mention this date without a particular reason, nor am I, in fact, accustomed to do so; but Caesar now for the first time held all the power alone, and consequently the years of his reign are properly reckoned from that day. (Dio 51.1) What was Octavian’s position in the Roman world? How can we work this out? After actium -Octavian victor, unprecedented status -Not in Rome, but Egypt—needs to sort affairs there -Cornelius Gallus made prefect (d. 26 BC) After actium -Octavian victor, unprecedented status -Not in Rome, but Egypt—needs to sort affairs there -Cornelius Gallus made prefect (d. 26 BC) Caius Cornelius gallus -LACTOR P5: trilingual career inscription -Poetry: image of Octavian? (passage 1) Letter to Rhosus -Passage 2 How is Octavian cast by himself, and how is he treated by Rhosus? Honours of 29 BC Passage 3: -Arches -Actian games every 4 yrs -Auxilii latio -‘Athena’s vote’ Senate ratifies all his acts (Dio 51.20) Close doors of Janus temple Cistophorus of ephesus, 28 bc Libertatis P(opuli) Pax R(omani) Vindex Triple triumph of 29 BC - Dalmatia, Actium, Egypt From Octavian to Augustus I. Aftermath of Actium II. Settlement of 27 BC III.
    [Show full text]
  • Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) . and on the Red Sea Philip Mayerson
    Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) and on the Red Sea Mayerson, Philip Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Spring 1995; 36, 1; ProQuest pg. 17 Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) . and on the Red Sea Philip Mayerson HE MILITARY EXPEDITION of Aelius Gallus to Arabia in 26/25 B.C. 1 has attracted considerable scholarly comment T on his campaign regarding its chronology, the political and economic reasons behind it, the identification of Arabian sites mentioned in the sources, Gallus' misadventures caused by the duplicity of his Nabataean guide Syllaeus or by his own miscalculations, and his inglorious retreat to Egypt. Arabia has been the focal point of interest, understandably so since little was known of Rome's relationship with this exotic region at the end of, or prior to, the first century B.C. The mounting of the amphibious operation at Cleopatris, on the other hand, has been generally ignored, perhaps because Strabo 16.4.23 is its only source, whereas Pliny the Elder (HN 6.160ff), Josephus (AJ 15.317), Cassius Dio (53.29.3-8), and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (5.26) supplement Strabo's account of Gallus' campaign in Arabia (16.4.23f). Be that as it may, the early phase of the expedition bears upon the factors that led to Gallus' failure in Arabia. It also raises questions regarding the historicity of certain details in Strab(,)'s acc9unt, Strabo tells us that Gallus "built not less than eighty boats, biremes and triremes and light boats, at Cleopatris, which is near the old canal (1tP0C; 'tn 1taA.al~ OlOOPUYl) that extends from the Nile (to the Gulf of Suez)." When Gallus realized that Syllaeus had deceived him into thinking he was to be opposed by an Arabian navy, "he built.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing Roman Rule in Egypt: the Trilingual Stela of C
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Katja Lembke, Martina Minas-Nerpel, Stefan Pfeiffer (Hg.), Tradition and Transformation: Egypt under Roman Rule; proceedings of the International Conference, Hildesheim, Roemer- and Plizaeus-Museum, 3–6 July 2008, Leiden ; Boston 2010, S. 265-298 ESTABLISHING ROMAN RULE IN EGYPT: THE TRILINGUAL STELA OF C. CORNELIUS GALLUS FROM PHILAE Martina Minas-Nerpel Stefan Pfeiffer Introduction When Octavian departed Egypt in 30 BC, he placed C. Cornelius Gallus, an eques by rank, in charge of the new Roman province Aegyptus. Gallus, who was responsible to Octavian himself, received the newly created title of praefectus Alexandreae et Aegypti, Prefect of Alexandria and Egypt. Soon enough, not even three years after his appointment, Gallus incurred the emperor ’s utter displeasure. The prefect was dismissed by Augustus, returned to Rome, was convicted by the Senate and fore­ stalled the impending banishment by committing suicide in 26 BC, as we are informed by Cassius Dio. 1 Gallus ’ alleged hubris and his assumed damnatio memoriae have much been discussed among ancient historians, papyrologists, and Egyptologists. In this respect, the most important and crucial Egyptian document is a trilingual inscription —hieroglyphic Egyptian, Latin, and Greek—dated to 16 April 29 BC (Fig. 1-5). It was carved on a stela re-discovered in 1896 in front of Augustus ’ temple at Philae (Fig. 6),2 which the prefect Rubius Barbarus had dedicated in Augustus ’ year 18 (13/12 BC).3 Cut into two parts, the stela had been reused in the foun ­ dations, presumably of the temple ’s altar. The victory stela of pink Aswan granite, originally about 165 cm high, now 152 cm by 108 cm, is housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (CG 9295).
    [Show full text]
  • VIRGIL (70-19 BCE), LATIN POET. for a Brief Biography of Virgil and John Dryden’S 1697 Translation of ‘Eclogue 2,’ See the Print Anthology, Pp
    1 VIRGIL (70-19 BCE), LATIN POET. For a brief biography of Virgil and John Dryden’s 1697 translation of ‘Eclogue 2,’ see the print anthology, pp. 198-203. Like the biography of Virgil that prefaces Joseph Trapp’s 1731 translation of this ancient poet’s works, Dryden’s refutes any suggestion that Virgil engaged in ‘sodomitical relations’ with his beloved slave, Alexander (see print anthology, pp. 199-200). Alexander was traditionally believed the real- life ‘original’ of the male beloved Alexis in ‘Eclogue 2,’ with Virgil figuring himself as that poem’s love-sick shepherd, Corydon. ESSAYS AND CONTEXTS: For selected early modern and modern translations of Virgil’s verse, as well as an account of his reception, reputation, and translation in early modern England, see the essay ‘Virgil’ in “Classical Writers, their Early Modern Reputations and Translations” (Online Companion). SELECTIONS FROM VIRGIL’S ECLOGUES ABRAHAM FLEMING (c. 1552-1607), WRITER, TRANSLATOR, AND CHURCH OF ENGLAND MINISTER. Graduate of Cambridge, Fleming’s first works were produced while he was still technically a student: his translation of Virgil’s Bucolics [i.e., Eclogues] (1575) and John Caius’ Of English Dogs (1576). Before becoming a minister in 1588, he worked in English publishing, as an editor, translator, writer, and indexer; most famously, he served as the general editor of the second edition of Holinshed’s Chronicles (1587), a work for which he wrote a substantial amount of new material. During his career in the Church, he still found time for the classics, translating Virgil’s Georgics in 1589, a volume that also included a completely new translation of Bucolics (excerpted below) 1 THE BUCOLICS OF PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO (1575) THE ARGUMENT OR CONTENTS OF THE SECOND ECLOGUE Corydon a shepherd, being entangled with the love of the lad Alexis, doth let nothing pass without trial which might belong to the winning of the lad’s will and the getting of his love.
    [Show full text]
  • P.Oxy. 2820: Whose Preparations? Naphtali Lewis
    "P.Oxy". 2820: Whose Preparations? Lewis, Naphtali Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1975; 16, 3; ProQuest pg. 295 P.Oxy. 2820: Whose Preparations? Naphtali Lewis N Chiron 3 (1973) M. Treu offers an ingenious reconstruction of I P.Oxy. XXXVII 2820 which would make it an account of autocratic measures, one of them verging on the treasonable, taken by Cornelius Gallus as Prefect of the newly annexed province of Egypt. One reads Treu's paper with growing excitement, for it appears to throw light on the reasons for Gallus' subsequent fall from imperial favor, reasons heretofore shrouded in our sources-as with Ovid a generation later-in allusive language conformable with Augustus' puritanism.l It is hardly necessary to emphasize the self-evident historic importance of such information; what must be emphasized. unfortunately, is that no such information is at hand. Treu's interpre­ tation collapses under the weight of two objections. The first is merely logical: Gallus' disgrace and suicide occurred in 26 B.C., after his return to Rome. If treasonable or arrogant actions committed in 30-29 B.C. were the cause of his downfall, why was he kept in office for another three years? The second objection is utterly fatal: the key point in Treu's interpretation is highly dubious, and the textual reconstruction on which it rests is simply wrong, as will shortly appear. The following is the transcription of the text as it appears in the edition (P.Oxy. 2820 col. i): ] fLETa1TEfL1TOLTO[ ] "lEt. €cPpovpa[L ]C€ [ ] acPLcTac()aLKaLS,a ] TOVTO[ . ... ] . f7TAn ] 1TtT7Jcxwpac€fL [ ] WTWV .
    [Show full text]
  • Elegiac Hylas: Propertius 1.20
    Echoing Hylas : metapoetics in Hellenistic and Roman poetry Heerink, M.A.J. Citation Heerink, M. A. J. (2010, December 2). Echoing Hylas : metapoetics in Hellenistic and Roman poetry. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16194 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16194 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). CHAPTER 3 ELEGIAC HYLAS : PROPERTIUS 1.20 Non puto ullam extare Elegiam vexatiorem in toto Latio. Broukhusius 1727, 82 1. Introduction The peculiarity of Propertius 1.20 raises as many questions today as it did three centuries ago. Whereas the preceding poems in book 1 all deal with heterosexual love, and in particular the speaker’s passion for Cynthia, elegy 1.20, the longest poem in the book, is about a certain Gallus’ love for a boy. Another striking feature of the poem is the mythological exemplum, a retelling of the story of Hercules and Hylas. Although the elegiac topos of the poet as praeceptor amoris , “teacher in love”, is common enough in book 1, the story told in this poem to warn Gallus to keep an eye on his love, is much longer than any other mythological passage in Propertius’ first book. Scholars have also often commented on the language and style of the poem, which is “quite unlike anything in the rest of the book”, 348 and have been puzzled by its “conspicuous position near the end of the book”.
    [Show full text]
  • Questioning the Category of Roman Love Elegy: Ovid’S Tristia IV As a “Res Getae” and the Power of Canon Formation
    Questioning the Category of Roman Love Elegy: Ovid’s Tristia IV as a “Res Getae” and the Power of Canon Formation Tyler Rhode Thesis Submission for the Classics Major Advisor: Gareth Williams 13 April 2015 Table of Contents I: Introduction…………………………………………......………………………………………1 II: Ovid’s Tristia and the Authority of Exile Poetry………..…………………………………......2 III:Ovid’s Res Getae and Augustus’ Res Gestae……….…………………………………………7 IV: Case Study: The Infidelity Poems…………………………………………………………...12 IV(a): Tibullus I.6………………………………………………………………………………..14 IV(b): Propertius II.5…………………………………………………………………………….15 IV(c): Ovid Amores III.3………………………………….……………………………………...17 V: Allusion, Reference and Intertextuality……………………………………………………....20 VI: The Gallus Problem………………………………………………………………………….28 VII: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..33 Rhode 1 I: Introduction In this thesis paper, I will attempt to unpack and problematize the definition of Roman love elegy as we have inherited it. A standard definition for Roman love elegy, as found in Barbara Gold’s Companion to Roman Love Elegy is as follows: “Roman love elegy was a book-length collection of poems; these poems were usually written in the first person; and many of these poems were written to or about a lover who is addressed by a specific name that is a poetic pseudonym (so Gallus’ Lycoris, Tibullus’ Delia, Propertius’ Cynthia, Ovid’s Corinna). Further, most of the love affairs recounted in the poetry are fraught with difficulty or end badly. And finally, Roman elegiac poetry, while purporting to be about an external lover, in fact is wholly inward-focused, centering almost entirely on the poet himself.”1 Such a definition is both subjective and does not hold absolutely. In practice, Roman love elegy often refers to poems (and collections of poems) which most closely resemble the Amores of Ovid, the elegies of Propertius and Tibullus, and whatever we assume the elegies of Gallus to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Egypt (30 BC– AD 312)
    Above: map of the Roman Empire, AD 125; Left: map of Egypt Roman Egypt (30 BC– AD 312) Following the defeat of Marc Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian’s (later Augustus) arrival to Egypt in 30 BC officially marked the rule of the Roman empire, ending the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. The Egyptian province was ruled over by a viceroy—a ruler exercising authority on behalf of the emperor—and the first viceroy of Egypt was Gaius Cornelius Gallus (c. 70 BC–26 BC), a Roman poet and soldier. Roman influence over Egypt impacted everything from administration to art and religion. The administrative system became more extractive, and Egypt served as a source of wealth for Rome thanks to its natural resources and production, including raw materials, grain, papyrus, glass, and works of art. Artistic representation becoming more in line with Greco-Roman styles and Roman imperial fashions (as seen in E2053). Egypt, however, also influenced the Roman lifestyle, giving way to a fascination with the ancient; Egyptian-style architecture and sculpture were constructed and the cult of Isis grew in Rome. Chicago House The OI’s Epigraphic Survey is internationally recognized for its detailed, highly accurate drawings of reliefs and inscriptions in Theban temples and tombs. With a gift from John D. Rockefeller, E2053: Portrait of a Greek in Jr., the OI established its first expedition headquarters in Luxor, distemper, Roman period, second Egypt, in 1924 to serve as the home of the Epigraphic Survey. century AD, Egypt, Hawara In Egypt, some of the elite opted not Up to the present day, this flagship field project continues its to employ a traditional idealized and commitment to the preservation of Egypt’s cultural heritage by symbolic cartonnage head cover to represent the deceased, but rather non-destructive means; specifically, through the documentation they substituted a portrait that shows of inscriptions so precise that the records could stand in as the head and chest of the individual.
    [Show full text]
  • Virgil (70–19 BCE)
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Classical Studies) Classical Studies at Penn 2010 Virgil (70–19 BCE) Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) “Virgil.” In Michael Gagarin, Elaine Fantham, et. al (Eds), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2010). This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/126 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Virgil (70–19 BCE) Abstract Roman poet. The biographical tradition for Virgil is extensive, including a few fantastic elements and stories probably invented to explain specific aspects of the poet's work. But there is no reason to doubt the attested dates of the poet's birth (15 October 70 bce) or death (21 September 19 bce). He was born near Mantua in a village called Andes. His father must have had money if he had his son educated at Cremona and then at Milan, as is attested. It is possible that the family, like many Transpadani (those who lived north of the River Po), had recently acquired equestrian rank from Julius Caesar; Caesarian politics is a theme throughout Virgil's oeuvre. Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Classics This other is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/126 Virgil - Oxford Reference Oxford Reference The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome Edited by Michael Gagarin Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: 2010 Print ISBN-13: 9780195170726 Published online: 2010 Current Online Version: 2010 eISBN: 9780195388398 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, 70–19 BCE), Roman poet.
    [Show full text]
  • Augustus, Egypt, and Propaganda by Valerie Broadbent a Thesis
    Augustus, Egypt, and Propaganda by Valerie Broadbent A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2012 © Valerie Broadbent 2012 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Augustus was a master of propaganda who employed Ancient and Hellenized Egypt as a means to legitimize his newly acquired power in Rome after the Battle of Actium. This thesis examines the ways in which Augustus moulded the people, imagery and religion of Egypt to suit his political needs. This was accomplished through an examination of the modified imagery of major Egyptian political figures such as Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra VII. The symbolism of their images was altered to enhance Augustus’ standing in Rome. Augustus’ inspirations were also considered, namely Alexander the Great who became a significant influence for Augustus as was evident through the various similarities in their seal rings, family history, and the nature of both their roles as ‘restorers’ and ‘saviours’. The most predominant source for evidence of Augustus’ use of Egypt was found in his transportation of monumental obelisks from Egypt into the Circus Maximus and the Campus Martius. These monuments served to beautify the city while justifying Augustus’ authority in Rome. A close second to the transportation of the monumental architecture of Egypt was Augustus’ representation of the Battle of Actium upon his coinage.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleopatra : Last Queen of Egypt
    CLEOPATRA B ­ Z7hB 7B6 Cleopatra.indb i 6/12/07 14:50:25 also by joyce tyldesley For Adults Daughters of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt Hatchepsut: the Female Pharaoh Nefertiti: Egypt’s Sun Queen Th e Mummy Ramesses: Egypt’s Greatest Pharaoh Judgement of the Pharaoh: Crime and Punishment in Ancient Egypt Th e Private Lives of the Pharaohs Egypt’s Golden Empire Pyramids: Th e Real Story Behind Egypt’s Most Ancient Monuments Tales from Ancient Egypt Egypt: How a Lost Civilization was Rediscovered Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt Egyptian Games and Sports For children Mummy Mysteries: Th e Secret World of Tutankhamun and the Pharaohs Egypt (Insiders) Stories from Ancient Egypt Cleopatra.indb ii 6/12/07 14:50:25 CLEOPATRA LAST QUEEN OF EGYPT B ­ Z7hB 7B6 JOYCE TYLDESLEY Cleopatra.indb iii 6/12/07 14:50:25 First published in Great Britain in 2008 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3a Exmouth House Pine Street London ec1r 0jh www.profi lebooks.com Copyright © Joyce Tyldesley, 2008 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Designed by Sue Lamble Typeset in Adobe Garamond by MacGuru Ltd [email protected] Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays, Bungay, Suff olk Th e moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.
    [Show full text]