DOCSLIB.ORG

Aegyptus Et Nubia Christiana. the Włodzimierz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aegyptus Et Nubia Christiana. the Włodzimierz Cleopatra and kandake Adam Łukaszewicz Department of Papyrology, Institute of Archaeology University of Warsaw [email protected] Keywords Ptolemaic Egypt, Roman history, Cleopatra VII, Meroitic Kingdom, women rulers in antiquity Abstract The author discusses the circumstances of Cleopatra VII taking power as the sole ruler of Egypt in 49/48 BC. The queen was forced out of Alexandria by her brother and co-regent Ptolemy XIII. When she reappeared in Egypt, it was from Palestine. The author considers the possibility that she traveled from Alexandria through the Thebaid, the Meroitic Kingdom and Arabia to Palestine, where she expected to obtain financial support necessary for recruiting mercenaries. She need not have modeled her political activity on that of the Meroitic kandake, but personal contacts between the two queens are plausible. The author suggests that a woman’s head represented on the cover of a box containing a mirror, found at Faras in Nubia, may be a portrait of Cleopatra. During the reign of Cleopatra VII (51–30 BC) Alexandria was certainly the biggest commercial center of the Mediterranean. Most luxury goods from abroad reached Alexandria via harbors of the Red Sea where they arrived either from India or from the Arab peninsula, or from the East of Africa, including the mysterious land of Punt of the ancient Egyptians and the region of Adulis and Axum which was so important in the history of Ethiopia (Bowersock 2013). At the beginning of the reign of the last Ptolemaic queen, the international situation was extremely complex. The victory of the Parthians over the Roman Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana 691 MISceLLANEA Adam Łukaszewicz army at the end of the reign of Ptolemy XII brought temporary relief to the weakened Alexandrian dynasty. Direct Roman exploitation of Egypt was delayed. Ptolemy XIII, the brother and co-regent of Cleopatra VII, was not yet able to elaborate a policy of his own. Next to him stood an ominous trio of tutors: the eunuch Potheinos, the army commander Achillas and Theodotos of Chios, the educator of the young king. These Alexandrian worthies took part in a vehement conflict between Ptolemy and Cleopatra, who reigned together since March of 51 BC. According to Hölbl, Cleopatra initially succeeded in expelling her brother from joint rule for a period of about 18 months (Hölbl 2001: 231). A stele in the Louvre of the 2nd of July 51 BC (year 1) (I. Fay. 205 = I. Louvre 21; Bianchi 1988: Cat. 78) can perhaps be interpreted in favour of such a hypothesis, although the dedicatory text for Queen Cleopatra, the goddess loving her father, does not mean that year 1 refers to her sole reign and not to the joint kingship. In the autumn of 50 BC (year 3) the king is named first and the queen is mentioned after him (BGU VIII 1730 [see BL III] = C. Ord. Ptol. 73). The priority of the king shows, in Hölbl’s opinion, that the party of the young Ptolemy prevailed again. Two demotic documents of March 49 BC mentioned the joint reign of “king Ptolemy and queen Cleopatra, the gods loving their father” (P. Cair. Dem. 30616a, b). Dramatic events must have occurred in the royal palace shortly after that. Year 3 of the joint reign of Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII began on the 5th of September of 50 BC and ended on the 3rd of September 49 BC. During that year a new dating system was introduced. The new dating formula consisting of year 1 (of a new era) equal to year 3 (of a former era) is known from three papyri.1 Hölbl assumed that Ptolemy XIII introduced dating formulas based on the count of years of his own reign (Hölbl 2001: 231). However, one of these documents mentions “queen Cleopatra and …” (SB VI 9065.1). Although the petition directed to the “queen and …” and mentioning the year 1 = 3 apparently refers to the past, it seems also possible that the dating formula of 50/49 BC was a consequence of Cleopatra’s move, maybe even of an attempted coup d’état. Year 1 could be the first year of the reign of Cleopatra, also called year 3 of the joint reign. This otherwise unknown action of Cleopatra was undoubtedly a failure, and an open war between the royal siblings followed. In any case, the party of the young Ptolemy succeeded in expulsing the queen from Alexandria. This took place probably not earlier than in the summer of 49 BC. Cleopatra did not reappear until 48 BC. 1 SB VI 9065.2; VIII 9764.6–7; BGU VIII 1839.5. Nota bene, the editor of BGU 1839.5 suggested “year 1 also called [30]” and referred it to the last year of Ptolemy XII being the first year of his successors. “Year 1 also called [3]” is more convincing. 692 Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana Cleopatra and kandake The events in Egypt were undoubtedly connected with the situation in Rome. Since early 49 BC, the civil war between Caesar and Pompey introduced into Egypt’s unstable foreign policy an unavoidable choice between the conflicting parties in Rome. This was probably the main reason of a controversy between Cleopatra and the body of tutors. In the autumn of 49 BC Pompey’s Roman Senate in exile at Thessalonike recognized the legitimacy of Ptolemy XIII as the sole ruler of Egypt. Like his father before him, he was proclaimed amicus et socius populi Romani. Pompey became formally the tutor of the young king of Egypt. No mention was made of Cleopatra. The decision of Pompey’s senate meant that Cleopatra was left with no choice. She could only look for help from Julius Caesar, Pompey’s enemy (Chauveau 2002: 18). What happened then to the young queen of Egypt? Malalas, a late author who passed on some reliable information, mentions Cleopatra’s escape from Alexandria to the Thebaid (Malalas IX 279; see Hölbl 1994: 207). When she reappeared on the political scene in 48 BC, she was coming back to Egypt from Palestine. As a matter of fact Cleopatra had no other choice. To enrol a mercenary army, she had to reach the Near East. But what itinerary could she take to get to Palestine? The shortest route via the Delta and Pelusium, Rhinocolura (today’s El-Arish) and Gaza was most probably closed. The harbors enabling a direct crossing of the Red Sea (Leukos Limen, Myos Hormos and Berenike) were probably under the control of Ptolemy’s government. Passage to the Thebaid, while not entirely safe, at least opened the way to the south, which was beyond the reach of the Alexandrian government. Travel from Egypt to Syria via the Meroitic kingdom has been hypothesized by some researchers. Egypt’s southern neighbor, Nubia, was not terra incognita. Cleopatra seems to have had many reasons to choose the route upstream. From the Egyptian point of view, the dwellers of the oros situated south of Egypt, the Blemmyes and the Nubae, were wild and dangerous tribes. In his praise of Rome, the mid-2nd century AD rhetor Aelius Aristides qualified the “peoples who live along the Red Sea” as “unfortunate”.2 However, the Meroitic kingdom on the Nubian Nile was by no means a negligible place. The sojourn of Cleopatra in Nubia is entirely hypothetical, but very probable. The road from Kush to Arabia was not very difficult. There is extensive information about contacts between these regions in later periods. The 2 Aristid., Or. 26.70. See Bowersock 2013: 54, who interprets the Greek term kakodaimonia as “wickedness”. Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana 693 MISceLLANEA Adam Łukaszewicz Ptolemaic inscription on the throne of Adulis provides evidence of contacts in the early Ptolemaic period, albeit chiefly for hunting elephants (see Bowersock 2013: 36). We know from Strabo that Cleopatra’s younger sister Arsinoe was with her on the Palestinian outskirts of Egypt (Strab., Geographia 17.1.11[C 796]; Green 1997: 730, note 135). This may imply the presence of the same company already on the earlier stage of the journey. Finances were Cleopatra’s main problem in exile. She needed money for the military operation of a prospective comeback to Egypt. In Syria, she certainly received support from the city of Askalon. We have from that period coins of Askalon with the image of Cleopatra (Walker and Higgs 2001: Cat. No. 219). She could have done what her father did in exile, promising to repay her allies and creditors after gaining a victory. The ancient world knew many bankers willing to finance influential customers who could guarantee prospective payment. Also, financial support from the Nubian rulers during Cleopatra’s sojourn in their country was not unthinkable. Whatever the case, it seems that by late 49 BC or rather early 48 BC Cleopatra VII was already in Palestine or on her way there. The events that followed are much clearer than Cleopatra’s enigmatic itinerary. As we know, Cleopatra overcame and with the help of Julius Caesar succeeded in her struggle for the throne of Egypt. The romantic version of Cleopatra’s encounter with the Roman warlord may perhaps be true as far as the strange way of smuggling the queen into the palace occupied by the Romans is concerned (Plut., Vit. Caes. 49.2). However, Caesar may not have been quite that surprised. The two had corresponded before the famous meeting in Alexandria (Cass. Dio XLII 34.3– 6). Cleopatra and Caesar may even have met already during young Cleopatra’s uncertain stay in Rome with her father a few years earlier. From the time of Caesar’s victoria Alexandrina of 47 BC, Cleopatra was the sole ruler of Egypt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mediterranean: One Sea, Many Names
    The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names The Mediterranean: One sea, many names Pokoly Bela (Senior Adviser, Committee on Geographical Names, Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development, Hungary) 1.An Important Sea 1.1. The Mediterranean Sea, covering an area of 2,5 million sq. kms, holds its importance in its geographical position. Wedged between Europe, Asia and Africa, it is lined by no less than 21 independent states. Of all countries of the world at least one in ten has a coastline along its shores. Fig. 1. The Countries around the Mediterranean Sea 1.2. Indeed the sea has, over the centuries, lost some of its overwhelming position. With the expanding contacts to the Far East and with the exploration of the „new” continents, it was realized that it is no longer the centre of earth. 1.3 With the opening of the Suez Canal, with the discoveries of vastly important oil and gas deposits in the Middle East, and with expanding international contacts and tourism it has witnessed a comeback in the past two centuries. 2. It is not possible to highlight all aspects of this sea however, so I need to look some aspects of its naming. 2.1. As with all seas, local people of ancient times, unaware of other seas called it The 324 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names Sea. Similarly with other seas, it was also called Great Sea by local peoples living along its shores. 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Classics Ancient Science Fair Religion, Philosophy, and Classics Spring 2020 The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device Jacob Stickel Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ancient_science_fair Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Repository Citation Stickel , J. (2020). The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device. Dayton, Ohio. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Ancient Science Fair by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A philological examination of Eratosthenes’ calculation of Earth’s circumference Kelly Staver1 1 Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. Introduction Errors in Eratosthenes ’ Assumptions Historical Inconsistencies of Eratosthenes’ Final Result • A Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes calculated an accurate measurement Two of Eratosthene’s five assumtpions are either mistaken or questionable at • Cleomedes and John Philophus state Eratosthenes’ result was 250,000, whereas of the Earth’s circumference, that being 250,000 stades or close to Earth’s actual best: many others such as Vitruvius, Martianus Capella, Strabo, and many others state circumference of 40,120 km,¹ in Hellenistic Alexandria, Egypt circa 240 B.C.E.² • Assumption (1) is incorrect. The longitudinal difference between it was 252,000 stades.¹⁴ • To do this, Eratosthenes’ utilized the distance between Alexandria and Syene and Syene and Alexandria is about 3 degrees.⁶ • Benefits of 252,000 stades: gnomon measurements taken in Syene and Alexandria at noon on the summer • Assumption (2) is questionable since we do not know how long a • Yields a clean 700 stades per circular degree.¹⁵ solstice.³ stadion is.
    [Show full text]
  • The Athenian Agora
    Excavations of the Athenian Agora Picture Book No. 12 Prepared by Dorothy Burr Thompson Produced by The Stinehour Press, Lunenburg, Vermont American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1993 ISBN 87661-635-x EXCAVATIONS OF THE ATHENIAN AGORA PICTURE BOOKS I. Pots and Pans of Classical Athens (1959) 2. The Stoa ofAttalos II in Athens (revised 1992) 3. Miniature Sculpturefrom the Athenian Agora (1959) 4. The Athenian Citizen (revised 1987) 5. Ancient Portraitsfrom the Athenian Agora (1963) 6. Amphoras and the Ancient Wine Trade (revised 1979) 7. The Middle Ages in the Athenian Agora (1961) 8. Garden Lore of Ancient Athens (1963) 9. Lampsfrom the Athenian Agora (1964) 10. Inscriptionsfrom the Athenian Agora (1966) I I. Waterworks in the Athenian Agora (1968) 12. An Ancient Shopping Center: The Athenian Agora (revised 1993) I 3. Early Burialsfrom the Agora Cemeteries (I 973) 14. Graffiti in the Athenian Agora (revised 1988) I 5. Greek and Roman Coins in the Athenian Agora (1975) 16. The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide (revised 1986) French, German, and Greek editions 17. Socrates in the Agora (1978) 18. Mediaeval and Modern Coins in the Athenian Agora (1978) 19. Gods and Heroes in the Athenian Agora (1980) 20. Bronzeworkers in the Athenian Agora (1982) 21. Ancient Athenian Building Methods (1984) 22. Birds ofthe Athenian Agora (1985) These booklets are obtainable from the American School of Classical Studies at Athens c/o Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, U.S.A They are also available in the Agora Museum, Stoa of Attalos, Athens Cover: Slaves carrying a Spitted Cake from Market.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cartography, Volume 3
    THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Volume Three Editorial Advisors Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan Paula Findlen Martin Kemp Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke Glyndwr Williams The History of Cartography J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME THREE Cartography in the European Renaissance PART 1 Edited by DAVID WOODWARD THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2007 by the University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2007 Printed in the United States of America 1615141312111009080712345 Set ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth) Part 1 ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth) Part 2 ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth) Editorial work on The History of Cartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science and Society Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟S Center on Applied Feminism for Its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference
    Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟s Center on Applied Feminism for its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference. “Applying Feminism Globally.” Feminism from an African and Matriarchal Culture Perspective How Ancient Africa’s Gender Sensitive Laws and Institutions Can Inform Modern Africa and the World Fatou Kiné CAMARA, PhD Associate Professor of Law, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, SENEGAL “The German experience should be regarded as a lesson. Initially, after the codification of German law in 1900, academic lectures were still based on a study of private law with reference to Roman law, the Pandectists and Germanic law as the basis for comparison. Since 1918, education in law focused only on national law while the legal-historical and comparative possibilities that were available to adapt the law were largely ignored. Students were unable to critically analyse the law or to resist the German socialist-nationalism system. They had no value system against which their own legal system could be tested.” Du Plessis W. 1 Paper Abstract What explains that in patriarchal societies it is the father who passes on his name to his child while in matriarchal societies the child bears the surname of his mother? The biological reality is the same in both cases: it is the woman who bears the child and gives birth to it. Thus the answer does not lie in biological differences but in cultural ones. So far in feminist literature the analysis relies on a patriarchal background. Not many attempts have been made to consider the way gender has been used in matriarchal societies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Other Face of Augustus's Aggressive Inclination to Egypt
    Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Volume 12 - June 2015 - No 1 - Pages: (35 : 56) The Other Face of Augustus’s Aggressive Inclination to Egypt Wahid Omran Lecturer in Tourist Guidance Dep., Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University Introduction The initial attitude of Octavian against Egypt is proved by his speech to his troops on the evening before the battle of Actium. Pride in his Roman birth is compared to the despicability of an Egyptian woman as an opponent, who is supported by Dio Cassius reference.1 "Alexandrians and Egyptians- what worse or what truer name could one apply to them?- who worship reptiles and beasts as gods, who embalm their own bodies to give them semblance of immortality, who are most reckless in effrontery but most feeble in courage, and worst of all are slaves to a woman and not to a man". Since The Roman poet Virgile (70- 19 B.C), 2 the Romans opposed the animal – cult of the Egyptians, and considered these gods as monsters.3 The Egyptian character of the Augustus's opponents is related to the Augustan propaganda, represented the Augustus's war against Antony and Cleopatra not only a civil war between Rome and Egypt, but like a struggle between the West and the East. Whose Mark Antony was a traitor joined the powers of the East, whereas Octavian's victory in Actium was not only for himself, but basically for Rome and the Romans. This struggle was described in literature's documents as a civil strife or a foreign war.4 Augustus also knew he had a compensated war against Antony and Cleopatra as a republican magistrate crushing Oriental despotism.5 He is supported by the Roman society ethics and the star of the sacred Caesar, on the other hand, Antony, once a great Roman commander-in-chief, but now supported by a foreign army and followed by unnamed Egyptian spouse.6 The Romans considered the battle not only a military, but either a religious one between the Roman and the Egyptian Pantheons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Roman Society Under Augustus
    THE TRANSFORMATION OF ROMAN SOCIETY UNDER AUGUSTUS Week 4 From Octavian to augustus From Octavian to Augustus I. Aftermath of Actium II. Settlement of 27 BC III. Settlement of 23 BC IV. Honours and prestige V. Man, god, primus inter pares? VI. ‘Restoring’ the Republic? Such was the naval battle in which they engaged on the second of September. I do not mention this date without a particular reason, nor am I, in fact, accustomed to do so; but Caesar now for the first time held all the power alone, and consequently the years of his reign are properly reckoned from that day. (Dio 51.1) What was Octavian’s position in the Roman world? How can we work this out? After actium -Octavian victor, unprecedented status -Not in Rome, but Egypt—needs to sort affairs there -Cornelius Gallus made prefect (d. 26 BC) After actium -Octavian victor, unprecedented status -Not in Rome, but Egypt—needs to sort affairs there -Cornelius Gallus made prefect (d. 26 BC) Caius Cornelius gallus -LACTOR P5: trilingual career inscription -Poetry: image of Octavian? (passage 1) Letter to Rhosus -Passage 2 How is Octavian cast by himself, and how is he treated by Rhosus? Honours of 29 BC Passage 3: -Arches -Actian games every 4 yrs -Auxilii latio -‘Athena’s vote’ Senate ratifies all his acts (Dio 51.20) Close doors of Janus temple Cistophorus of ephesus, 28 bc Libertatis P(opuli) Pax R(omani) Vindex Triple triumph of 29 BC - Dalmatia, Actium, Egypt From Octavian to Augustus I. Aftermath of Actium II. Settlement of 27 BC III.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander and the 'Defeat' of the Sogdianian Revolt
    Alexander the Great and the “Defeat” of the Sogdianian Revolt* Salvatore Vacante “A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home full numbers” (W. Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act I, Scene I) (i) At the beginning of 329,1 the flight of the satrap Bessus towards the northeastern borders of the former Persian Empire gave Alexander the Great the timely opportunity for the invasion of Sogdiana.2 This ancient region was located between the Oxus (present Amu-Darya) and Iaxartes (Syr-Darya) Rivers, where we now find the modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, bordering on the South with ancient Bactria (present Afghanistan). According to literary sources, the Macedonians rapidly occupied this large area with its “capital” Maracanda3 and also built, along the Iaxartes, the famous Alexandria Eschate, “the Farthermost.”4 However, during the same year, the Sogdianian nobles Spitamenes and Catanes5 were able to create a coalition of Sogdianians, Bactrians and Scythians, who created serious problems for Macedonian power in the region, forcing Alexander to return for the winter of 329/8 to the largest city of Bactria, Zariaspa-Bactra.6 The chiefs of the revolt were those who had *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conflict Archaeology Postgraduate Conference organized by the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology of the University of Glasgow on October 7th – 9th 2011. 1 Except where differently indicated, all the dates are BCE. 2 Arr. 3.28.10-29.6. 3 Arr. 3.30.6; Curt. 7.6.10: modern Samarkand. According to Curtius, the city was surrounded by long walls (70 stades, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Contagious Faith- Talking About God Without Being Weird.Key
    Acts 8:26–30: 26 Now an angel of the Lord said to Philip, “Go south to the road—the desert road—that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza.” 27 So he started out, and on his way he met an Ethiopian eunuch, an important official in charge of all the treasury of the Kandake (which means “queen of the Ethiopians”). This man had gone to Jerusalem to worship, 28 and on his way home was sitting in his chariot reading the Book of Isaiah the prophet. 29 The Spirit told Philip, “Go to that chariot and stay near it.” 30 Then Philip ran up to the chariot and heard the man reading Isaiah the prophet. “Do you understand what you are reading?” Philip asked. Acts 8:31–35: 31 “How can I,” he said, “unless someone explains it to me?” So he invited Philip to come up and sit with him. 32 This is the passage of Scripture the eunuch was reading: “He was led like a sheep to the slaughter, and as a lamb before its shearer is silent, so he did not open his mouth. 33 In his humiliation he was deprived of justice. Who can speak of his descendants? For his life was taken from the earth.” 34 The eunuch asked Philip, “Tell me, please, who is the prophet talking about, himself or someone else?” 35 Then Philip began with that very passage of Scripture and told him the good news about Jesus. Acts 8:36–40: As they traveled along the road, they came to some water and the eunuch said, “Look, here is water.
    [Show full text]
  • As Fast As a Hare: Colonization of the Heterobranch Aplysia Dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) Into the Western Mediterranean Sea
    Cah. Biol. Mar. (2017) 58 : 341-345 DOI: 10.21411/CBM.A.97547B71 As fast as a hare: colonization of the heterobranch Aplysia dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) into the western Mediterranean Sea Juan MOLES1,2, Guillem MAS2, Irene FIGUEROA2, Robert FERNÁNDEZ-VILERT2, Xavier SALVADOR2 and Joan GIMÉNEZ2,3 (1) Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: [email protected] (2) Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group (GROC), Mas Castellar, 17773 Pontós, Catalonia, Spain (3) Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio 26 Isla Cartuja, 42092 Seville, Andalucía, Spain Abstract: The marine cryptogenic species Aplysia dactylomela was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 for the first time. Since then, this species has rapidly colonized the eastern Mediterranean, successfully establishing stable populations in the area. Aplysia dactylomela is a heterobranch mollusc found in the Atlantic Ocean, and commonly known as the spotted sea hare. This species is a voracious herbivorous with generalist feeding habits, possessing efficient chemical defence strategies. These facts probably promoted the acclimatation of this species in the Mediterranean ecosystems. Here, we report three new records of this species in the Balearic Islands and Catalan coast (NE Spain). This data was available due to the use of citizen science platforms such as GROC (Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group). These are the first records of this species in Spain and the third in the western Mediterranean Sea, thus reinforcing the efficient, fast, and progressive colonization ability of this sea hare.
    [Show full text]
  • Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) . and on the Red Sea Philip Mayerson
    Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) and on the Red Sea Mayerson, Philip Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Spring 1995; 36, 1; ProQuest pg. 17 Aelius Gallus at Cleopatris (Suez) . and on the Red Sea Philip Mayerson HE MILITARY EXPEDITION of Aelius Gallus to Arabia in 26/25 B.C. 1 has attracted considerable scholarly comment T on his campaign regarding its chronology, the political and economic reasons behind it, the identification of Arabian sites mentioned in the sources, Gallus' misadventures caused by the duplicity of his Nabataean guide Syllaeus or by his own miscalculations, and his inglorious retreat to Egypt. Arabia has been the focal point of interest, understandably so since little was known of Rome's relationship with this exotic region at the end of, or prior to, the first century B.C. The mounting of the amphibious operation at Cleopatris, on the other hand, has been generally ignored, perhaps because Strabo 16.4.23 is its only source, whereas Pliny the Elder (HN 6.160ff), Josephus (AJ 15.317), Cassius Dio (53.29.3-8), and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (5.26) supplement Strabo's account of Gallus' campaign in Arabia (16.4.23f). Be that as it may, the early phase of the expedition bears upon the factors that led to Gallus' failure in Arabia. It also raises questions regarding the historicity of certain details in Strab(,)'s acc9unt, Strabo tells us that Gallus "built not less than eighty boats, biremes and triremes and light boats, at Cleopatris, which is near the old canal (1tP0C; 'tn 1taA.al~ OlOOPUYl) that extends from the Nile (to the Gulf of Suez)." When Gallus realized that Syllaeus had deceived him into thinking he was to be opposed by an Arabian navy, "he built.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the Two Principal Characters of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra with Their Prototypes in Plutarch's Life of Marcus Antonius Robert G
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1949 A Comparison of the Two Principal Characters of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra with Their Prototypes in Plutarch's Life of Marcus Antonius Robert G. Lynch Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Lynch, Robert G., "A Comparison of the Two Principal Characters of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra with Their rP ototypes in Plutarch's Life of Marcus Antonius" (1949). Master's Theses. Paper 772. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/772 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1949 Robert G. Lynch A CON;PARISON OF THE T"<'IO PRIiWIPAL CHARACTERS OF SHAKESP:2:J.RE' S ANTONY -AND CLEOPATRA laTH THEla PROTOTYl?ES IN PLUTARCH t S ~ OF r4ARCUS ANTONIUS BY ROBERT G. LYNCH, S.J. A 'fHESIS SUBI\~ITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRl:l:;j\IENTS FOIt THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY 1949 ~ ------------------------------------------------------------~ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Illll'RODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 1 The subject---state of question--­ comparison of Shakespee.re and Plutarch ---Shakespeare's method of prime in­ terest---why characterization instead of plot or diction---why this play--­ an objection answered---the procedure. II. CLEOPAffRA, COURTESAN OR QUEEN? •••••••••••••••••• 13 Reason for treating Cleopatra first--­ importance of Cleopatra for the trag­ edy---Shakespeare's aims: specific and general---political motives in Plutarch's Queen---real love in Shakes­ peare's---Prof.
    [Show full text]