Knowing That Nothing Is More Universally Recognizable Than

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Knowing That Nothing Is More Universally Recognizable Than T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ GÜZEL SANATLAR ENSTİTÜSÜ GRAFİK ANASANAT DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BİR GÖRSEL İLETİŞİM ALANI OLARAK FİLM JENERİKLERİ VE GRAFİK TASARIMCI SAUL BASS’İN YAKLAŞIMI Hazırlayan Ayşegül Pınar TUĞAN Danışman Yrd. Doç. Tuğcan GÜLER İZMİR - 2012 YEMİN METNİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sunduğum “Bir Görsel İletişim Alanı Olarak Film Jenerikleri ve Grafik Tasarımcı Saul Bass’in Yaklaşımı” adlı çalışmanın, tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin bibliyografyada gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla doğrularım. … /… / 2012 Ayşegül Pınar TUĞAN ii iii YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURULU DOKÜMANTASYON MERKEZİ TEZ/PROJE VERİ FORMU Tez/Proje No: Konu Kodu: Üniv. Kodu: · Not: Bu bölüm merkezimiz tarafından doldurulacaktır. Tez/Proje Yazarının Soyadı: TUĞAN Adı: Ayşegül Pınar Tezin/Projenin Türkçe Adı: Bir Görsel İletişim Alanı Olarak Film Jenerikleri ve Grafik Tasarımcı Saul Bass’in Yaklaşımı Tezin/Projenin Yabancı Dildeki Adı: Film Title Sequence as a Field of Visual Communication and Graphic Designer Saul Bass’s Approach Tezin/Projenin Yapıldığı Üniversitesi: D.E.Ü. Enstitü: G.S.E. Yıl: 2012 Tezin/Projenin Türü: Yüksek Lisans: X Dili: Türkçe Doktora: Sayfa Sayısı: 149 Tıpta Uzmanlık: Referans Sayısı: 56 Sanatta Yeterlilik: Tez/Proje Danışmanlarının Ünvanı: Yrd. Doç. Adı: Tuğcan Soyadı: GÜLER Türkçe Anahtar Kelimeler: İngilizce Anahtar Kelimeler: 1- Grafik Tasarım 1- Graphic Design 2- Görsel İletişim 2- Visual Communication 3- Film Jeneriği Tasarımı 3- Film Title Design 4- Saul Bass 4- Saul Bass Tarih: …. / … / 2012 İmza: Tezimin Erişim Sayfasında Yayınlanmasını İstiyorum Evet X Hayır iv ÖZET Grafik tasarım ve sinemanın kesişim noktası olan film jenerikleri, bugün görsel iletişim prensiplerinin sinema diliyle bütünleşerek sinema sanatının içinde kendine yer bulduğu başlı başına bir alan haline gelmiştir. Açılış jenerikleri, başlangıçta yalnızca sinema sanatını icra eden yönetmen ve oyuncuların isimlerini duyurmak için sıralanan başlık kartları halindeyken, günümüzde hikayesel anlatıya katkıları paralelinde sinemanın ayrılmaz bir parçası durumundadır. “Bir Görsel İletişim Alanı Olarak Film Jenerikleri ve Grafik Tasarımcı Saul Bass’in Yaklaşımı” başlıklı tez çalışması, sinema sanatının içinde grafik tasarımın varoluş sürecini konu almaktadır. İncelemenin ilk bölümünde film jenerik tasarımına dair tanımlamalar ve sınıflandırmalara gidilmiştir. Jenerik tasarımının işlevsel özellikleri, sinema sanatı içinde gereklilik seviyesinde sorgulanmış, izleyici algısını şekillendirme konusunda mecranın yeterliliklerine değinilmiştir. Sonrasında inceleme, jenerik tasarımının film tarihiyle paralel serüvenini, sektörel ve teknolojik gelişmeler bağlamında ortaya koyarak devam etmektedir. Bu süreçte jenerik tasarımını medya olarak şekillendiren, öncü üç tasarımcı, Saul Bass, Pablo Ferro ve Kyle Cooper’ın tasarımlarına odaklanılmış, sektöre kazandırdıkları yenilikler çerçevesinde özgün üretimlerine yer verilmiştir. Jenerik tasarımında sıklıkla kullanılan anlatım türleri ve üretime dair spesifik bilgiler yine bu bölümde okuyucuya sunulmaktadır. İkinci bölümde grafik tasarımcı Saul Bass’in biyografisi, tasarım anlayışının karakteristik özellikleri ve jenerik tasarımına getirdiği yeni anlayış, literatür incelemelerinden yararlanılarak aktarılmaktadır. Devamında tasarımcının üretimlerinden öne çıkan beş film jeneriği, film müziği seçiminden, tasarımı oluşturan plastik öğeler ve gösterge kurgusuna kadar analiz edilmiş, tasarımcının profesyonel gelişimi kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü ise, inceleme sonucunda edindiğim bilgiler ve bakış açısıyla oluşturduğum uygulama çalışmalarına ayrılmıştır. v ABSTRACT Film title sequence, as the junction point of graphic design and cinema, became a field stands on its own today with the principles of communication integrates to the language of cinema. At the first beginning, Opening credits were kind of title cards for announcing the names of director and actors who performs in the movie, but today they became an integral part of the movie by contributing to it in the narative layer. The present study, titled “Film Title Sequence as a Field of Visual Communication and Graphic Designer Saul Bass’s Approach”, focuses on the existence process of graphic design in cinema art. The first chapter of study comprise some definitions and classifications on the subject of title sequence design. Functional features of title sequences will be examined at the level of requirement for the cinema art and media will be discussed as the capability on shaping the perception of audience. On the process, approach has been improved on examining the development of title sequence design, parallels to the history of movies by the context of sectoral and technological developments. Near that the unique works of three featured designers Saul Bass, Pablo Ferro and Kyle Cooper, who shapes the credit design as a media at the process, had been analysed under the spotlight. The Second chapter contains the study about graphic designer Saul Bass; his biography, characteristics of his design attitude and his unique approach to the title sequence design had been scrutinized by using literature reviews. And it follows with five of his distinct title designs; they had been analysed semantically through plastic items to the choice of score and the professional progress of the designer had been scrutinized chronologically. The third part of the thesis had been allocated to the practical projects which is composed through my knowlage and perspective that I created as a result of the research. vi ÖNSÖZ Film jenerik tasarımının sinema anlatısına katkıları paralelinde öne çıkan işlevsel özelliklerini vurgulamak, ortaya konan ürünler üzerinden tasarım üretimine dair doğrular ve yanlışları saptamak, objektif değerlendirmelerle semantik analizler yapmak ve edinilen sonuca göre önerilerde bulunmak bu incelemenin hedefidir. Bu sayfa aracılığıyla akademik eğitim hayatım boyunca ve bu çalışma için araştırma yaparken destek gördüğüm birkaç isime teşekkürlerimi iletmek isterim. Başlangıçta araştırmamın temel kaynaklarından biri olan, ancak internet ortamında yayında olmayan doktora tezini (elektronik posta yoluyla ulaşarak ettiğim ricayı kırmayıp) yararlanabilmem için bana ulaştıran akademisyen Deborah Allison’a teşekkür etmek isterim; desteği ile konuya yaklaşım anlamında izlemem gereken yolu sistemli şekilde planlayabildim. Öte yandan Yüksek Lisans eğitimim boyunca tasarım ürününe analitik bakış açısıyla yaklaşma, çok yönlü eleştiri alışkanlığı geliştirmeme yardımcı olan Prof. Dr. Yakup Öztuna’ya ve yaratıcı proje önerileri ve eşsiz rasyonel eleştirileriyle yolumu aydınlattığı için değerli danışman hocam Yrd. Doç. Tuğcan Güler’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca görev yaptığım Çukurova Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Öğretim elemanları Yrd. Doç. Oya Aygün ve Metin Aygün’e anlayışları ve sundukları sağlıklı çalışma ortamı için teşekkür ederim. Yoğun çalışma koşullarımda sabırla beni destekledikleri, koşulsuz sevgilerini ve maddi manevi her türlü desteği ihtiyacım olan her an bana sundukları için sevgili annem ve babam Günay - Turan TUĞAN’a duyduğum minneti iletmek isterim. Sağduyulu bir insan ve düşünebilen bir birey olmamı sağlayan ebeveynler olarak onlara sunacağım teşekkür yetersiz kalır. Çalışmamın bu alanda üretim sağlayacak genç tasarımcılara yeni bir bakış açısı ve akıl yürütme pratiği sağlaması dileğiyle… Ayşegül Pınar TUĞAN vii İÇİNDEKİLER BİR GÖRSEL İLETİŞİM ALANI OLARAK FİLM JENERİKLERİ VE TASARIMCI SAUL BASS’İN YAKLAŞIMI YEMİN METNİ .........................................................................................................ii TUTANAK …............................................................................................................iii YÖK DÖKÜMANTASYON FORMU ......................................................................iv ÖZET............................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT................................................................................................................vi ÖNSÖZ ......................................................................................................................vii İÇİNDEKİLER .........................................................................................................viii RESİM LİSTESİ ………………………………………………………………… …xi GİRİŞ........................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: FİLM JENERİK TASARIMI ÖZELLİKLERİ VE GELİŞİMİ 1.1. FİLM JENERİK TASARIMI . 5 1.1.1. Film Jeneriğinin Tanımı . .5 1.1.2. Film Jeneriğinin İşlevi . 7 1.2. FİLM JENERİK TASARIMININ TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ . 11 1.2.1. Sessiz Sinema Dönemi (1900-1930) . 11 1.2.2. Hollywood Stüdyo Devri (1930-1955) . 14 1.2.3. Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Amerikan Sineması(1955-1980) . 18 1.2.4. Tüketim Kültürü ve Dijital Teknolojinin Etkileri(1980- ..) . 30 viii 1.3. FİLM JENERİĞİ TÜRLERİ . 35 1.3.1. Boş arkaplan Üzerine Süperimpoze . 36 1.3.2. Kitap Sayfası Kurgusu . .36 1.3.3. Gerçek Görüntü Üzerine Süperimpoze . 37 1.3.4. Karakter Tanıtımı Kurgusu . 38 1.3.5. Tipografik Kurgu . 39 1.3.6. Animasyon ve Hareketli Grafik kurgusu . 40 1.4. JENERİKLERİN FİLM İÇİNDE KONUMLANDIRILMASI . 43 1.4.1. Filmin Başında Yer Alan . 44 1.4.2. Kısa Bir Başlangıcın Ardından Gösterilen . 48 1.4.3.Filmin Sonuna
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