„Filmtitelgestaltung. Bewegte Typografie Und Grafikdesign Im Film an Beispielen Saul Bass’“

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„Filmtitelgestaltung. Bewegte Typografie Und Grafikdesign Im Film an Beispielen Saul Bass’“ DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Filmtitelgestaltung. Bewegte Typografie und Grafikdesign im Film an Beispielen Saul Bass’“ Verfasserin Verena Blöchl angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Mag. Dr. Otto Mörth Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Ort, Datum Unterschrift 3 Danksagung Mein äußerster Dank gilt Herrn Mag. Dr. Otto Mörth für die wertvolle Unterstützung und Zusammenarbeit. Ich bedanke mich herzlich bei meiner Familie, die mir während des Studiums unterstützend zur Seite stand. Besonderen Dank an Lena Huber-Huber für ihre kompetente Beratung bei grammatikalischen und stilistischen Fragen. Ein großes Dankeschön auch an Adrian Hügel für die moralische Unterstützung während der Erstellung dieser Arbeit. Des Weiteren bedanke ich mich bei Anselm Tröster für das große Interesse an meinem Thema und die motivierenden Worte. 5 Abstract / deutsch Diese Arbeit behandelt das Zusammenspiel von Typografie und Grafikdesign in Film- titelsequenzen und die Qualitäten, die daraus für die Filmerfahrung entstehen. Mit der vielfältigen Formensprache im Vorspann entstehen unterschiedliche Funktionen für die Filmrezeption, die ich exemplarisch an neun ausgewählten Werken von Saul Bass untersuche. Der Grafikdesigner und Regisseur leistete ab den 50er-Jahren einen bemerkenswerten Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Vorspanns. Er trug dazu bei, dass Filmtiteldesign als integraler Bestandteil der Filmstruktur aufgefasst wird. Mit Bass entwickelte es sich zu einem eigenen Metier, das heute ein breites Berufsfeld für Motion-DesignerInnen darstellt. Als Paratext zum Film wird der Vorspann mit seinen emotionalen, narrativen und informativen Aspekten in den Mittelpunkt gerückt. Die Disziplinen der Filmtheorie und des (bewegten) Grafikdesigns werden hierzu in Beziehung zueinander gestellt. Abstract / englisch The objective of this thesis is to analyse the interaction of typography and graphic design in film title sequences, and to investigate the effects which this has on the quality of the film experience itself. Various approaches for the design lead to a broad range of functions for the perception of movies, which I will explore exemplarily by nine works by Saul Bass. As a graphic designer and director, he made notable contributions from the fifties onwards to the development and history of credit titles. He pionieered the concept of the film title design being viewed as an integral part of the film structure itself. Through Bass the metier of designing titles was developing into a higher profession for motion designers. Emotional, narrative and informative aspects of the title sequence as a paratext is the main topic of this analysis, and in addition, the relation between film theory and animated graphic design will also be explored. Die neun ausgewählten Filmtitelsequenzen von Saul Bass sind dieser Diplomarbeit in Form einer DVD zur visuellen Unterstützung für den Leser bzw. für die Leserin beigelegt. Filmtitel mit Abbildungsnummer (Abb.) verweisen auf Screenshots im Bildteil (Kapitel 9). Alle Filmbeispiele werden in dieser Arbeit im Originaltitel angeführt. 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 15 1.1 Forschungsfeld – Der Filmvorspann als Paratext des Films 16 1.2 Vergleich von Begriffen 19 1.3 Anmerkung zu ausgewählten Beispielen 23 2 Methode – Begrifflichkeiten für eine formale Analyse 25 2.1 Zeichentheorie 25 2.1.1 Triadische Zeichenstruktur nach Morris 26 2.1.2 Zeichensystem nach Peirce und Semiotik des Kinos 27 2.1.3 Zeichensystem nach Otl Aicher in der Disziplin der Gebrauchsgrafik 29 2.2 Schrift und Typografie 31 2.3 Motion Design 32 3 Zur Geschichte des Filmtiteldesigns 33 3.1 Kurzer Abriss zur Entstehung 33 3.1.1 Schrifttypen im Stummfilm 36 3.2 Filmtitelgestaltung ab den 50er-Jahren 38 3.2.1 Cinéma pur 40 3.2.2 Betonung des Herstellungsprozesses 41 3.2.3 Zweiteilung der Titelsequenz 43 4 Funktionen und Formen von Titelsequenzen 45 4.1 Funktionen 45 4.1.1 Nachweis der Filmproduktion 45 4.1.2 Steuerung der Rezeption 47 4.1.3 Setzen der Tonalität 48 4.1.4 Eine Geschichte über die Geschichte erzählen 49 4.1.5 Zur Funktion des Abspanns 50 4.2 Funktion von Filmtiteldesign bei Saul Bass 54 4.3 Formen 55 4.3.1 „Ökonomie motiviert Ästhetik“ 55 4.3.2 Gegenseitige Bedingung von Schrift und Filmbild 56 9 5 Zur Person Saul Bass 59 5.1 Ausbildung 59 5.2 Einflüsse 60 5.3 Tätigkeitsfeld 60 5.4 Formen und Themen bei Bass 61 6 Kollaborationen 63 6.1 Kreative Partnerschaft mit Elaine Bass 63 6.2 Kollaboration mit Alfred Hitchcock 64 6.3 Kollaboration mit Otto Preminger 69 6.4 Kollaboration mit Martin Scorsese 71 7 Analyse ausgewählter Arbeiten 73 7.1 Vertigo 73 7.1.1 Formale Analyse 73 7.1.2 Blickstrategie 75 7.1.3 Vergleiche 78 7.2 North by Northwest 79 7.2.1 Formale Analyse 79 7.2.2 Spiel mit der Zuschauererwartung und narrative Konstruktion 80 7.2.3 Exkurs: Schrift als Teil der Diegese 82 7.2.4 Vergleiche 83 7.3 Psycho 84 7.3.1 Formale Analyse 84 7.3.2 Saul Bass’ Funktion als „Pictorial Consultant“ 86 7.3.3 Konzeption der Duschszene vor dem Hintergrund der Filmtheorien 87 7.3.4 Vergleiche 90 7.4 The Man with the Golden Arm 91 7.4.1 Formale Analyse 91 7.4.2 Film und Corporate Design 92 7.4.3 Vergleiche 93 7.5 Bonjour Tristesse 94 7.5.1 Formale Analyse 94 7.5.2 Farbige Darstellung von Erinnerung 95 7.5.3 Vergleiche 96 10 7.6 Bunny Lake is Missing 97 7.6.1 Formale Analyse 97 7.6.2 Fokus auf Materialität 98 7.6.3 Vergleiche 99 7.7 GoodFellas 100 7.7.1 Formale Analyse 100 7.7.2 Pre-Credit Sequence 101 7.7.3 Vergleiche 102 7.8 Cape Fear 103 7.8.1 Formale Analyse 103 7.8.2 Stilmittel „Farbblende“ als Markierung der Schwelle 104 7.8.3 Schrift als bedrohliches Element 106 7.8.4 Vergleiche 107 7.9 Casino 108 7.9.1 Formale Analyse 108 7.9.2 Gewalt- und Actiondarstellung im Film versus im Vorspann 109 7.9.3 Vergleiche 110 8 Resümee und Ausblick 113 9 Bildteil 117 10 Quellen 129 10.1 Bibliografie 129 10.2 Filmografie 136 10.3 Audiokommentare 142 10.4 Bildverzeichnis 143 11 Anhang 145 11.1 Werkübersicht 145 11.2 Vita 147 11 „If it’s simple simple, it’s boring. We try for the idea that is so simple that it will make you think – and rethink.“ Saul Bass Saul Bass. A Life in Film and Design „Cinema did not only develop technically out of the magic lantern, the daguerreotype, the phenakistoscope and similar devices – its history of Realism – but also out of strip-cartoons, Wild West shows, automata, pulp novels, barnstorming melodramas, magic – its history of the narrative and the marvellous.“ Peter Wollen Signs and Meaning in the Cinema 13 1 Einleitung „Saul brought a Modernist design sensibility to film titles and revolutionized not only what they looked like, but also how they were thought about.“1 Was ich am „Phänomen“ Filmtiteldesign besonders spannend finde, ist eine Entwicklung zu einer Art „Subgenre“ des Films, dessen oftmals verdichtete, auf Prägnanz hin angelegte Form- und Filmsprache eine eigene Tradition mit sich bringt. Die eigens gegründeten Produktionsfirmen, die sich bewegter Grafik und Typografie im Film – dem Motion- Design – verschrieben haben, beweisen, welche Bedeutung der Titelgestaltung mittlerweile beigemessen wird. Ich denke, die Herausforderung für TiteldesignerInnen besteht einerseits darin, ein Ergebnis zu erreichen, das trotz Arbeitsteilung im Sinne des Films funktioniert. Andererseits bietet das Metier aber auch einen Spielraum, mit einer gestalteten Titelsequenz eine neue Perspektive auf die Filmerzählung zu werfen, die ihr zugrunde liegt, oder mit anderen Konzeptideen an ein solches Projekt heranzutreten, als es beispielsweise der Regisseur tun würde. Deborah Allison bezeichnet diese Aufgabe als „problematische Beziehung zwischen dem Exhibitionismus des Vorspanns und dem Bedürfnis, eine geschlossene Diegese herzustellen“.2 Methoden einer Verzahnung zwischen Filmtiteldesign und Film sollen hier exemplarisch anhand von Saul Bass’ Arbeiten untersucht werden. Im Zuge dieser Fallbeispiele zeichnen sich unterschiedliche Funktionen für die Filmrezeption ab, die ich zu katalogisieren versuche. Mit seiner fast 50-jährigen intensiven Tätigkeit im Bereich der visuellen Kommunikation lässt sich die Fülle und Vielfalt in den Arbeiten von Saul Bass (1920-1996) erklären. Für mich stellt sein Werk ein außerordentliches Ergebnis schöpferischer Kraft dar, das ich mir nur durch unaufhörliche Freude und Interesse am Design erklären kann. So sehr ich auch Bass’ Arbeit im Bereich des Posterdesigns, der Logogestaltung oder des Produktdesigns schätze, werde ich mich aufgrund des limitierten Platzes auf seine Titelgestaltungen konzentrieren. Ich habe eine Auswahl an Titelsequenzen getroffen, die aus unterschiedlichen Jahrzehnten stammen. Diese Arbeit möchte weniger das private Individuum als den Gestalter innovativer Titelsequenzen ins Blickfeld rücken. Nichtsdestotrotz wird ein kurzer Einblick in die Biografie hilfreich sein, um den Werdegang des Kreativen und seine Hinwendung zu künstlerischen Vorbildern nachvollziehen zu können. Eine genauere Betrachtung der Umstände, unter denen die vom Film „semi-autonom“3 abgegrenzten Titelgestaltungen entstanden sind, gibt Auskunft über Entstehungsprozess und Austausch zwischen Auftraggeber und Designer. 1 Bass, Jennifer/Pat Kirkham, Saul Bass. A Life in Film & Design, London: King 2011, S. 106. 2 Allison, Deborah, „Innovative Vorspanne und Reflexivität im klassischen Hollywoodkino“, in: Das Buch zum Vorspann. ‘The Title is a Shot’, Hg. Alexander Böhnke/Rembert Hüser/Georg Stanitzek, Berlin: Vorwerk 8 2006, S. 90-101, hier S. 91. 3 Stanitzek, Georg, „Vorspann (titles/credits, générique)“ in: Das Buch zum Vorspann. ‘The Title is a Shot’, Hg.
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