DOCSLIB.ORG

Bartonellosis Meal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bartonellosis Meal BARTONELLOSIS meal. Bacteremia for Bartonella henselae is Bartonella bacteria will attach to red blood cells (2 CE Hours) intermittent, and only blood from the bacteremic and endothelial cells of capillary walls, enter phase will be infective. these cells and produce inflammatory tissue Learning objectives damage throughout the body. In particular, ! Flea feces appear as black specks, often comma List the risk factors for Bartonella infections. they will affect the mucosae of the respiratory ! shaped, on the cat fur. Eggs produced by the Explain how and where humans and animals system, including the oral cavity, the eye, the flea are white. They may fall off the cat along can become infected. skin and lymph nodes, liver and spleen. The ! with the flea feces, and the hatching larvae may Explain how to diagnose, treat and prevent incidence of seropositivity in cats is greater than consume the feces and thus become infected. cat scratch disease. the rates for bacteremia. ! List recommendations you can provide to pet When the cat scratches the fleabite area, it picks owners about treatment and prevention. up the infectious flea deposits in its claws and Even though Bartonella henselae does not appear ! List the contraindications when prescribing nail beds. It can pass on the disease and continue to be of serious concern for human health, it medications for cat scratch disease. its spread by scratching other cats. is the one most widely known. In the typical cat scratch disease of man, the initial signs of The presence of Bartonella henselae DNA in the the disease are single or multiple small bumps, Introduction saliva of the cat has been confirmed by PCR and developing to erythematous papules within about Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are demonstrated the possible infectiousness of the 3-12 days after the infection, near the cat scratch transmitted from animal to man. More than cat bite. In fact, there have been suggestions that or cat bite site, usually at hands, arms or face. 60 percent of emerging human pathogens is the organism may cause plasma cell stomatitis, a These papules may progress, become pustules zoonotic. Causative groups of agents include progressive oral disease of the cat. The transmission and ulcerate. The individual may show symptoms parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Often of of Bartonella henselae from cat to human happens of fever, headache and anorexia. minor importance and producing only minor by cat scratch or bite, although there has been symptoms, they may lead to severe disease, the occasional suggestion that the flea might Within about three weeks, the regional, usually especially in the very young and those in pass it on as well. There is one report suggesting epitrochlear, cervical, axillary lymph nodes weakened condition. transplacental transfer from mother to child. become inflamed, increase in size and become painful to the touch. In about one quarter of The diseases caused by the various members Body lice transmit Bartonella quintana, causing the cases, they may abscess and burst. In the of the group Bartonella vary from insignificant trench fever. While found in the unsanitary and immunocompetent individual, healing will take a in man to deadly: Bartonella bacilliformis crowded conditions of the trenches of World War I, few weeks, and within a few more weeks lead to (Carrion’s disease), Bartonella quintana (trench today it causes disease in the homeless, the drug- full recovery. fever), Bartonella elizabethae (endocarditis), addicted and those immunosuppressed by disease Bartonella grahamii (retinitis), Bartonella or chemotherapy. In the HIV/AIDS population About one out of 10 infected patients may exhibit vinsoni (endocarditis), Bartonella washonsis in particular, one frequently finds bacillary atypical symptoms, such as encephalitis, which (myocarditis), Bartonella clarridgiae angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis hepatis. occurs in 2-4 percent of all cases. Encephalitis (bacteremia), Bartonella rochalimae (Carrion’s is reflected by headache, confusion, altered There is some evidence of bartonellosis in dogs, diseaselike syndrome) and Bartonella henselae mental status, restlessness, combativeness, usually associated with granulomatous disease (cat scratch disease). disorientation, coma and evidence of meningitis and endocarditis in larger breed dogs. Bartonella and transient nuchal rigidity. This encephalitis There are more than 20 known species of is also found in the blood of numerous animal usually follows the natural course of the disease, bartonella. Bartonella henselae is distributed species, including gray squirrels, flying squirrels, but it can also occur without precursory evidence. worldwide. The cat scratch disease it produces is groundhog, wood rat, cattle, deer, elk, and sheep, Fortunately, it seems to be self-limiting, not the most widely recognized form of bartonellosis. each having their own species without showing requiring special treatment and rarely leaving The main host of this strain of Bartonella is the an active disease. Being able, as suggested in one lasting impairment. cat, and it is passed from cat to cat via the feces report, to pass the placental barrier in man, the of the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). impact of Bartonellosis is not well understood Other atypical events, often following and deserves further study. lymhadenopathy and generalized influenza-like Causative agent symptoms, are neuroretinitis, characterized by Many arthropods have been shown to carry Bartonella henselae is a curved, pleomorphic, unilateral vision loss; papilledema, swelling of bartonella in addition to cat fleas: sand flies, human rod shaped gram-negative, facultative the optic disk and macular exudates; Parinaud’s body lice, rodent fleas, biting flies and ticks. intracellular bacterium infecting the cat. It oculoglandular syndrome (granulomatous Whether they are actively involved in passing the is of little consequence in the cat with little conjunctivitis and regional, same side organism to mammalian hosts is not confirmed. symptamotology. Other species of Bartonella lymphadenopathy) appearing in 6 percent of the infecting domestic cats are Bartonella Pathogenesis patients; osteomyelitis (0.3 percent), prolonged clarridgeiae, Bartonella koehlerae and While Bartonella henselae may be the fever; joint pain; respiratory symptoms; and Bartonella bovis. most common species in the cat, Bartonella abdominal pain due to hepatitis (hepatic In man, it produces a self-limiting disease varying clarridgeiae and Bartonella koehlerae are granuloma 0.3 percent) and splenitis. from painful regional lymphadenopathy after sometimes compromised as well, and co- If complicated by simultaneously being scratched or bitten by a cat to bacillary infections are possible. As many as six different occurring immunosuppressive disease angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, neuroretinitis, strains of Bartonella have cohabited in the or immunosuppressive treatment of endocarditis, relapsing fever with bacteremia and same cat. Chronic recurrent bacteremia in the organ recipients or radiation and cancer central nervous system complications. cat is frequent (25-41 percent) and often long chemotherapy, the severity of the disease will lasting, even years. Bacteremic phases will be be greatly exacerbated. It will lead to systemic Transmission interspersed with a-bacteremic ones, and the generalization, involvement of visceral organs Direct transmission from cat to cat is not known; isolation of bacteria from the blood will depend and central nervous system complications, it requires an arthropod vector. The carrier is the on the presence of bacteria at the time of sample. convulsions and coma. cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), although ticks Bacteremic cats do not necessarily show antibody, have been considered possible vectors as well. Pathology and antibody does not necessarily interfere with The cat flea sucks blood from the infected cat Infected cats are usually asymptomatic, although bacteria in the bloodstream, possibly protected and deposits the digested blood in its feces onto there may be the occasional evidence of stomatitis. within erythrocytes and other host cells. the fur coat of its host while taking up its blood Rarely there are signs of uveitis and endocarditis. Elite Page 1 Even in the absence of overt signs of the disease, transplantation) the situation may become much Aside from identifying the bacterium itself or there is a high incidence of bacteremia and more serious, if not life threatening. its DNA, the presence of antibody to Bartonella antibody to the infecting agent. Bartonella is henselae antigen is additional proof of its presence, responsible for gingivitis, stomatitis, oral ulcers, Diagnosis as long as you are aware that 11 percent of cats upper respiratory disease, rhinitis, sinusitis, In cats, Bartonella henselae is usually with bacteremia do not have detectable antibody. conjunctivitis, uveitis, chorioretinitis, corneal asymptomatic. Fever of unknown origin and In the past, delayed hypersensitive skin testing ulcers, keratitis, inflammatory bowel disease, suspected heart disease suggest bartonellosis. You had been found useful in man: known antigen diarrhea and vomiting, heart disease, lymphoid may find evidence of meningitis or encephalitis is placed on a fresh skin scratch and if positive, hyperplasia, dermatitis and undefined fevers. as expressed by abnormal behavior, aggression, there will be a measurable reaction within 48 seizures, and myelopathy and neuropathy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract Pultorak, Elizabeth Lauren
    ABSTRACT PULTORAK, ELIZABETH LAUREN. The Epidemiology of Lyme Disease and Bartonellosis in Humans and Animals. (Under the direction of Edward B. Breitschwerdt). The expansion of vector borne diseases in humans, a variety of mammalian hosts, and arthropod vectors draws attention to the need for enhanced diagnostic techniques for documenting infection in hosts, effective vector control, and treatment of individuals with associated diseases. Through improved diagnosis of vector-borne disease in both humans and animals, epidemiological studies to elucidate clinical associations or spatio-temporal relationships can be assessed. Veterinarians, through the use of the C6 peptide in the SNAP DX test kit, may be able to evaluate the changing epidemiology of borreliosis through their canine population. We developed a survey to evaluate the practices and perceptions of veterinarians in North Carolina regarding borreliosis in dogs across different geographic regions of the state. We found that veterinarians’ perception of the risk of borreliosis in North Carolina was consistent with recent scientific reports pertaining to geographic expansion of borreliosis in the state. Veterinarians should promote routine screening of dogs for Borrelia burgdorferi exposure as a simple, inexpensive form of surveillance in this transitional geographic region. We next conducted two separate studies to evaluate Bartonella spp. bacteremia or presence of antibodies against B. henselae, B. koehlerae, or B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist and 192 patients with animal exposure (100%) and recent animal bites and scratches (88.0%). Among 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist, prevalence of antibodies (185 [62%]) and Bartonella spp. bacteremia (122 [41.1%]) was high.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella: Emerging Pathogen Or Emerging Awareness?
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2009) 13, 3—8 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijid PERSPECTIVE Bartonella: emerging pathogen or emerging awareness? Elin Mogollon-Pasapera, Laszlo Otvos Jr, Antonio Giordano, Marco Cassone * Sbarro Health Research Organization, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLifeScience Building suite 419, 1900 N 12th Street, 19122 Philadelphia, PA, USA Received 17 October 2007; received in revised form 26 January 2008; accepted 14 April 2008 Corresponding Editor: William Cameron, Ottawa, Canada KEYWORDS Summary The number of known Bartonella species is rapidly growing. Some of them are Bartonella; responsible for distinct infectious diseases and show different prevalence and antibiotic suscept- Carrion’s disease; ibility profiles. Not only have some vectors of Bartonella not been fully characterized, but also Epidemiology; intermediate hosts are actually much more numerous and diverse than previously thought. Among Cat-scratch disease; these, dogs differ from cats because they tend to suffer an overt disease similar to humans, thus Therapy providing the base for a useful animal indicator and research model. Among the debilitating conditions with an unclear impact on the course of these infections, specific conditions (e.g., homelessness, alcoholism) have been linked to a much higher prevalence and to high risk of unfavorable outcome. Due to the limited arsenal of antibiotics effective in vivo on this peculiar intracellular pathogen, the risk/benefit balance of antibiotic therapy is sometimes difficult to draw. In this evolving picture, the recent discoveries of new species highlights the importance of basic molecular biology resources that would bring major public health benefits if available in endemic areas, and specifically in many areas of Peru and Bolivia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonellosis Ed Breitschwerdt, DVM (Ed [email protected]) Tests Available at VBDDL: Serology (IFA) and PCR on Blood Or CSF
    Bartonellosis Ed Breitschwerdt, DVM ([email protected]) Tests available at VBDDL: Serology (IFA) and PCR on blood or CSF There are a growing number of Bartonella species associated with disease manifestations in cats, dogs, humans and other less domesticated host species including Bartonella henselae, B. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii, B.rochalimae, B.clarridgeiae, and B. koehlerae. Genetically unique strains or genotypes are being described within each species. This may affect test interpretation because most laboratories only test for a limited selection of species and serological cross reactivity is not always present. Knowledge of which species are tested for is important for both antibody and DNA testing. Risk factors: o History of flea, tick, biting fly, keds, lice, or sandfly exposure Disease: o Transient lethargy o Fever o Lymphadenopathy o Gingivitis o Stomatitis o Uveitis o Neurologic dysfunction o Endocarditis o Retinal disease Bartonella henselae – B.henselae is a flea-transmitted zoonotic pathogen with the cat identified as a major reservoir for human infection. Fever and bacteremia, endocarditis, lymphadenopathy (cat scratch disease in people), bacillary angiomatosis, neurologic dysfunction and retinal disease can be caused by B. henselae, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Following flea transmission or blood transfusion to cats, B. henselae causes a relapsing pattern of bacteremia, persisting for months to years. Bartonella koehlerae – B.koehlerae is a zoonotic bacterium that has but rarely been reported as an infectious cause of disease in dogs or human patients. Cats are considered the primary reservoir host for B. koehlerae as with B. henselae. Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea, is considered a transmission competent vector for both organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Rochalimae and B. Vinsonii Subsp. Berkhoffii in Wild Carnivores from Colorado, Usa
    DOI: 10.7589/2016-01-015 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 52(4), 2016, pp. 844–849 Ó Wildlife Disease Association 2016 BARTONELLA ROCHALIMAE AND B. VINSONII SUBSP. BERKHOFFII IN WILD CARNIVORES FROM COLORADO, USA Ying Bai,1,4 Amy Gilbert,2 Karen Fox,3 Lynn Osikowicz,1 and Michael Kosoy1 1 Bacterial Disease Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA 2 National Wildlife Research Center, USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA 3 Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 317 W Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA 4 Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article-pdf/52/4/844/2239205/2016-01-015.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 ABSTRACT: Spleen samples from 292 wild carnivores from Colorado, US were screened for Bartonella infection. Bartonella DNA was detected in coyotes (Canis latrans) (28%), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) (23%), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (27%), and raccoons (Procyon lotor) (8%) but not in black bears (Ursus americanus), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and mountain lions (Puma concolor). Two Bartonella species, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and B. rochalimae, were identified. All 10 infected striped skunks exclusively carried B. rochalimae while coyotes, red foxes, and raccoons could be infected with both Bartonella species. Five of seven infected coyotes carried B. v. berkhoffii whereas five of seven infected red foxes and 11 of 14 infected raccoons carried B. rochalimae. Further studies are needed to understand relationships between Bartonella species, wild carnivores, and their ectoparasites.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Infections in Cats and Dogs Including Zoonotic Aspects Alejandra Álvarez-Fernández1, Edward B
    Álvarez-Fernández et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018)11:624 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3152-6 REVIEW Open Access Bartonella infections in cats and dogs including zoonotic aspects Alejandra Álvarez-Fernández1, Edward B. Breitschwerdt2 and Laia Solano-Gallego1* Abstract Bartonellosis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that can infect humans and a large number of mammals including small companion animals (cats and dogs). In recent years, an increasing number of studies from around the world have reported Bartonella infections, although publications have predominantly focused on the North American perspective. Currently, clinico-pathological data from Europe are more limited, suggesting that bartonellosis may be an infrequent or underdiagnosed infectious disease in cats and dogs. Research is needed to confirm or exclude Bartonella infection as a cause of a spectrum of feline and canine diseases. Bartonella spp. can cause acute or chronic infections in cats, dogs and humans. On a comparative medical basis, different clinical manifestations, such as periods of intermittent fever, granulomatous inflammation involving the heart, liver, lymph nodes and other tissues, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, uveitis and vasoproliferative tumors have been reported in cats, dogs and humans. The purpose of this review is to provide an update and European perspective on Bartonella infections in cats and dogs, including clinical, diagnostic, epidemiological, pathological, treatment and zoonotic aspects. Keywords: Bartonella, Dog, Cat, Europe, Zoonosis Background diagnostic, epidemiological, pathological, treatment and Bartonella is a genus of Alphaproteobacteria within the zoonotic aspects. family Bartonellaceae. Bartonella spp. are small, thin, short and slightly curved, gram-negative, hemotropic Bartonella and rod-shaped bacteria [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Rochalimae” Strain with Isolates from Dogs, Gray Foxes, and a Humanᰔ Jennifer B
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 2009, p. 787–790 Vol. 47, No. 3 0095-1137/09/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/JCM.01351-08 Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Infective Endocarditis in a Dog and the Phylogenetic Relationship of the Associated “Bartonella rochalimae” Strain with Isolates from Dogs, Gray Foxes, and a Humanᰔ Jennifer B. Henn,1 Mourad W. Gabriel,2 Rickie W. Kasten,3 Richard N. Brown,4 Jane E. Koehler,5 Kristin A. MacDonald,6 Mark D. Kittleson,6 William P. Thomas,6 and Bruno B. Chomel3* Napa County Health and Human Services, Public Health Division, 2344 Old Sonoma Rd., Bldg. G, Napa, California 945591; Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 956162; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 956163; Department of Wildlife, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 955214; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 941435; and Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary, Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 956166 Received 15 July 2008/Returned for modification 11 November 2008/Accepted 15 December 2008 The first case of canine endocarditis caused by “Bartonella rochalimae” is reported. By PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses, Bartonella isolates from a dog with Downloaded from endocarditis, 22 gray foxes, and three dogs, described as B. clarridgeiae like, were confirmed to belong to the new species “B. rochalimae,” suggesting canids as the natural reservoir. The genus Bartonella comprises more than 20 species and coronary cusp of the aortic valve and severe aortic insuffi- subspecies, many of which are agents of zoonoses.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Bartonella Rochalimae in Guinea Pigs
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 101(6), 2019, pp. 1276–1281 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0517 Copyright © 2019 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Identification of Bartonella rochalimae in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) and Fleas Collected from Rural Peruvian Households Mar´ıa F. Rizzo,1 Lynn Osikowicz,1 Abraham G. Caceres, ´ 2,3 Violeta D. Luna-Caipo,4 Segundo M. Suarez-Puyen,5 Ying Bai,1* and Michael Kosoy1 1Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; 2Seccion ´ de Entomolog´ıa, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Daniel A. Carrion ´ ” y Departamento Academico ´ de Microbiolog´ıaM´edica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; 3Laboratorio de Entomolog´ıa, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru; 4Direccion ´ Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental, Sub Region ´ de Salud de Cutervo, Direccion ´ Regional de Salud Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru; 5Direccion ´ Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental y Control Vectorial, Red de Salud Utcubamba, Direccion ´ Regional de Salud Amazonas, Amazonas, Peru Abstract. In the present study, we tested 391 fleas collected from guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) (241 Pulex species, 110 Ctenocephalides felis, and 40 Tiamastus cavicola) and 194 fleas collected from human bedding and clothing (142 Pulex species, 43 C. felis, five T. cavicola, and four Ctenocephalides canis) for the presence of Bartonella DNA. We also tested 83 blood spots collected on Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards from guinea pigs inhabiting 338 Peruvian households. Bartonella DNA was detected in 81 (20.7%) of 391 guinea pig fleas, in five (2.6%) of 194 human fleas, and in 16 (19.3%) of 83 guinea pig blood spots.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Diseases: Cat-Scratch Disease and Toxoplasmosis
    ZOONOTIC DISEASES: cat, and it is passed from cat to cat via the feces each having their own species, without showing CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE AND of the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis). an active disease. Being able, as suggested in one report, to Causative agent TOXOPLASMOSIS pass the placental barrier in man, the impact Bartonella henselae is a curved, pleomorphic, (2 CE Hours) of bartonellosis is not well understood and rod-shaped gram-negative, facultative intracellular deserves further study. Many arthropods have Learning objectives: bacterium infecting the cat. It is of little ! been shown to carry Bartonella in addition to List the risk factors for Bartonella infections. consequence in the cat, with little symptomatology. ! cat fleas, including sand flies, human body lice, Explain how and where humans and animals Other species of Bartonella-infecting domestic cats rodent fleas, biting flies and ticks. Whether they can become infected. are Bartonella clarridgeiae, Bartonella koehlerae ! are actively involved in passing the organism to Explain how to diagnose, treat and prevent and Bartonella bovis. cat-scratch disease. mammalian hosts is not confirmed. ! In man, it produces a self-limiting disease varying List recommendations you can provide to pet Pathogenesis: While Bartonella henselae may be from painful regional lymphadenopathy after owners about treatment and prevention. the most common species in the cat, Bartonella ! being scratched or bitten by a cat to bacillary List the contraindications when prescribing clarridgeiae and Bartonella koehlerae are angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, neuroretinitis, medications for cat-scratch disease. sometimes compromised as well and co-infections ! endocarditis, relapsing fever with bacteremia and List the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii are possible.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights Into the Infection Strategy of Lineage 3 and Lineage 4 Bartonella Species
    New insights into the infection strategy of lineage 3 and lineage 4 Bartonella species Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel Von Clément Barbier von Frankreich Basel, 2020 Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch Genehmight von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Christoph Dehio Prof. Dr. Xavier De Bolle Basel, den 19.11.2019 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess The dean of Faculty II Statement of my Thesis This work was carried out in the group of Prof. Christoph Dehio in the focal area of Infection Biology at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Switzerland. My PhD committee consists of, ProF. Dr. Christoph Dehio Prof. Dr. Dirk Bumann Prof. Dr. Xavier De Bolle My thesis is written in a cumulative format. It consists of an introduction covering the major aspects related to my work. It is followed by two unpublished manuscripts comprising the following parts: title page, abstract, introduction, results, material and methods and discussion. Finally, I close this thesis report by a global conclusion summarizing of all major findings of this study. III Table of Contents General Introduction ................................................................................................................ - 1 - 1.1. Prevalence and epidemiology of Bartonella ......................................................................... - 1 - 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Characterization of Bartonella Species in Western Australia
    i DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BARTONELLA SPECIES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA Gunn Kaewmongkol, DVM, MSc School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Murdoch University, 2012 ii I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. ……………………………………………………. (Gunn Kaewmongkol) iii Abstract In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella species in various arthropod vectors from both wild and domestic animals in Australia were investigated using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). Previous studies on Bartonella species in Australia have been confined to mammalian hosts, including humans, cats, native rodents and eastern grey kangaroos. However, little is known about the status of bartonellae in arthropod vectors, which is essential in understanding the transmission dynamics of the organisms. To facilitate the investigation, ectoparasites (ticks and fleas) were collected from both wild and domestic animals from various locations in Australia. All ectoparasites were screened for Bartonella species using newly designed nested-PCRs targeting the gltA gene (citrate synthase) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, developed as part of the present study. Multilocus sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), citrate synthase (gltA),cell division protein (ftsZ) and RNA polymerasebeta-subunit (rpoB) genes and the ribosomal ITS region was applied to identify and confirm the status of all Bartonella species identified in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Spp
    Revisión Laura Pérez-Martínez, José R. Blanco, Tratamiento de las infecciones José A. Oteo por Bartonella spp. Área de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR). C/ Piqueras 98-7ª N.E. 26006- Logroño (La Rioja). España. RESUMEN género Rochalimaea. Si bien con anterioridad Bartonella se incluía en el orden de los Rickettsiales, los estudios Las infecciones por Bartonella spp. incluyen un amplio taxonómicos basados en el citado gen 16S de ARN ribosomal α espectro de enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y (ARNr) han incluido estas bacterias en el subgrupo 2 de las proteobacterias, más próximas al género Brucella que al género reemergentes. En este tipo de infecciones no existe una pauta 1-2 de tratamiento universalizado, por ello, se debe ajustar a cada Rickettsia . En los últimos años se han descrito nuevas situación clínica. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar los especies de Bartonella y se ha podido implicar a alguna de ellas aspectos terapéuticos de las diferentes manifestaciones clínicas en patología humana. provocadas por las bartonellas. Bartonella spp. son causantes de una serie de Palabras clave: Bartonella spp., Encodarditis, Enfermedad por arañazo de enfermedades de origen zoonótico que afectan a los humanos 1,3,4 gato, Angiomatosis bacilar, Peliosis hepática, Bacteriemia crónica. y se pueden considerar emergentes y re-emergentes . Hasta 1993 Bartonella bacilliformis era la única especie de Bartonella Treatment of human infections caused by implicada en patología humana. Desde entonces y hasta la Bartonella spp. fecha, son 13 las especies que afectan al hombre5-11 (tabla 1) y más de 20 las descritas.
    [Show full text]
  • Cat Scratch Disease, Which Is Most Infections Often a Relatively Benign and Self-Limiting Illness
    Cat Scratch Importance Members of the genus Bartonella are maintained in many domesticated and wild Disease and Other animal hosts. Bartonella henselae, the best understood species, infects housecats and other members of the Felidae. Additional species of Bartonella are found in cats, Zoonotic Bartonella dogs, livestock, rodents, rabbits and other wild and domesticated animals. In immunocompetent humans, B. henselae causes cat scratch disease, which is most Infections often a relatively benign and self-limiting illness. In contrast, B. henselae infections are often severe in immunocompromised individuals, and can be fatal without Bartonellosis, antibiotic treatment. Other species of Bartonella have also been linked occasionally to Cat Scratch Fever, Benign human illnesses, with varying levels of evidence for a causative role. The significance Inoculation Lymphoreticulosis, of Bartonella spp. as pathogens for animals is currently unclear. The vast majority of Benign Inoculation Reticulosis, infections are asymptomatic, and although these organisms have been implicated Regional Granulomatous occasionally in illnesses, proving a causative role is difficult. Lymphadenitis, Parinaud Etiology Oculoglandular Syndrome, Bartonella spp. are fastidious, pleomorphic, Gram negative rods in the family Bacillary Angiomatosis Bartonellaceae, α-2 subgroup of the Proteobacteria. More than 20 species of Bartonella have been described in animals. B. henselae (formerly Rochalimaea henselae) is the major agent of cat scratch disease, and a causative agent for bacillary Last Updated: July 2012 angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis and possibly other conditions. There is some evidence that genotypes or strains of B. henselae might vary in their zoonotic potential. Other Bartonella species suggested to be pathogens in people and/or animals include B. clarridgeiae, B.
    [Show full text]