DOCSLIB.ORG

Zoonotic Diseases: Cat-Scratch Disease and Toxoplasmosis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zoonotic Diseases: Cat-Scratch Disease and Toxoplasmosis ZOONOTIC DISEASES: cat, and it is passed from cat to cat via the feces each having their own species, without showing CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE AND of the cat flea (ctenocephalides felis). an active disease. Being able, as suggested in one report, to Causative agent TOXOPLASMOSIS pass the placental barrier in man, the impact Bartonella henselae is a curved, pleomorphic, (2 CE Hours) of bartonellosis is not well understood and rod-shaped gram-negative, facultative intracellular deserves further study. Many arthropods have Learning objectives: bacterium infecting the cat. It is of little ! been shown to carry Bartonella in addition to List the risk factors for Bartonella infections. consequence in the cat, with little symptomatology. ! cat fleas, including sand flies, human body lice, Explain how and where humans and animals Other species of Bartonella-infecting domestic cats rodent fleas, biting flies and ticks. Whether they can become infected. are Bartonella clarridgeiae, Bartonella koehlerae ! are actively involved in passing the organism to Explain how to diagnose, treat and prevent and Bartonella bovis. cat-scratch disease. mammalian hosts is not confirmed. ! In man, it produces a self-limiting disease varying List recommendations you can provide to pet Pathogenesis: While Bartonella henselae may be from painful regional lymphadenopathy after owners about treatment and prevention. the most common species in the cat, Bartonella ! being scratched or bitten by a cat to bacillary List the contraindications when prescribing clarridgeiae and Bartonella koehlerae are angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, neuroretinitis, medications for cat-scratch disease. sometimes compromised as well and co-infections ! endocarditis, relapsing fever with bacteremia and List the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii are possible. As many as six different strains of central nervous system complications. infections. Bartonella have co-habited in the same cat. ! Explain how and where humans and animals can become infected. Transmission Chronic recurrent bacteremia in the cat is ! Explain how to diagnose, treat and prevent Direct transmission from cat to cat is not known. frequent (25-41 percent) and often long toxoplasmosis. It requires an arthropod vector, with the carrier lasting, even years. Bacteremic phases will ! Describe the life cycle of these parasites. being the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), be interspersed with a-bacteremic ones, and ! List recommendations you can provide to pet although ticks have been considered possible the isolation of bacteria from the blood will owners about treatment and prevention. vectors as well. The cat flea sucks blood from the depend on the presence of bacteria at the time ! List the contraindications when prescribing infected cat and deposits the digested blood in of sample. Bacteremic cats do not necessarily medications for Toxoplasma gondii. its feces onto the fur coat of its host while taking show antibody, and antibody does not necessarily up its blood meal. Bacteremia for Bartonella interfere with bacteria in the blood stream, Introduction henselae is intermittent, and only blood from the possibly protected within erythrocytes and other Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are transmitted bacteremic phase will be infective. host cells. from animal to man. More than 60 percent of Flea feces appear as black specks, often comma Bartonella bacteria will attach to red blood cells emerging human pathogens are zoonotic. Causative shaped, on the cat fur. Eggs produced by the and endothelial cells of capillary walls, enter these groups of agents include parasites, fungi, bacteria flea are white. They may fall off the cat along cells and produce inflammatory tissue damage and viruses. Often of minor importance and with the flea feces, and the hatching larvae may throughout the body. In particular, they will affect producing only minor symptoms, they can lead to consume the feces and thus become infected. the mucosae of the respiratory system, including severe disease, especially in the very young and When the cat scratches the fleabite area, it picks the oral cavity, the eye, the skin and lymph nodes, those in weakened condition. up the infectious flea deposits in its claws and liver and spleen. The incidence of seropositivity in This course looks at two common diseases found nail beds. It can pass on the disease and continue cats is greater than the rates for bacteremia. mainly in cats that can be transmitted to man: its spread by scratching other cats. Even though Bartonella henselae does not appear cat-scratch disease, caused by the Bartonella The presence of Bartonella henselae DNA in to be of serious concern for human health, it is hensalae bacterium, and toxoplasmosis, caused the saliva of the cat has been confirmed by the one most widely known. by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. While polymerase chain reaction and demonstrated the In the typical cat-scratch disease of man, the initial symptoms for both illnesses in many cases possible infectiousness of the cat bite. In fact, signs of the disease are single or multiple small are not serious, in others they can indeed be there have been suggestions that the organism bumps, developing to erythematous papules within dangerous or even fatal for humans. Veterinarians may cause plasma cell stomatitis, a progressive about 3-12 days after the infection near the cat need to understand both of these diseases and oral disease of the cat. The transmission of scratch or cat bite site, usually at hands, arms or help educate animal owners about them and the Bartonella henselae from cat to human happens face. These papules may progress, become pustules precautions they need to take. by cat scratch or bite, although there has been and ulcerate. The individual may show symptoms the occasional suggestion that the flea might Part I: Bartonellosis: Cat-scratch of fever, headache and anorexia. Within about three pass it on as well. There is one report suggesting weeks the regional, usually epitrochlear, cervical, disease transplacental transfer from mother to child. and axillary lymph nodes become inflamed, The diseases caused by the various members Bartonella quintana, causing trench fever, increase in size and become painful to the touch. In of the group Bartonella vary from insignificant is transmitted by body lice. While found in about one quarter of the cases, they may abscess and in man to deadly: Bartonella bacilliformis the unsanitary and crowded conditions of the burst. In the immunocompetent individual, healing (Carrion’s disease), Bartonella quintana (trench trenches of World War I, today it causes disease will take a few weeks, and within a few more weeks fever), Bartonella elizabethae (endocarditis), in the homeless, the drug addicted and those lead to full recovery. Bartonella grahamii (retinitis), Bartonella immunosuppressed by disease or chemotherapy. About one of 10 infected patients may exhibit vinsoni (endocarditis), Bartonella washonsis In the HIV/AIDS population in particular, one (myocarditis), Bartonella clarridgiae atypical symptoms, such as encephalitis, which frequently finds bacillary angiomatosis and occurs in 2-4 percent of all cases. Encephalitis is (bacteremia), Bartonella rochalimae (Carrion’s bacillary peliosis hepatis. diseaselike syndrome) and Bartonella henselae reflected by headache, confusion, altered mental (cat-scratch disease). There is some evidence of bartonellosis in dogs, status, restlessness, combativeness, disorientation, usually associated with granulomatous disease coma and evidence of meningitis and transient There are more than 20 known species of and endocarditis in larger-breed dogs. Bartonella nuchal rigidity. This encephalitis usually follows Bartonella. Bartonella henselae is distributed is also found in the blood of numerous animal the natural course of the disease, but it can also worldwide. The cat-scratch disease it produces is species, including gray squirrels, flying squirrels, occur without precursory evidence. Fortunately, the most widely recognized form of bartonellosis. groundhog, wood rat, cattle, deer, elk and sheep, it seems to be self-limiting, not requiring special The main host of this strain of Bartonella is the treatment and rarely leaving lasting impairment. Elite Page 1 Other atypical events, often following may be an enlarged spleen, typically an exaggerated fluid may show general elevated protein levels and lymhadenopathy and generalized influenza-like cutaneous and subcutaneous proliferation of blood mild pleocytosis. An EEG (electroencephalogram) symptoms, are: vessels and growthlike masses in visceral organs, will not bring much more. ■ Neuroretinitis, characterized by unilateral peliosis hepatis, fever, bacteremia, granulomatous There are no general laboratory tests with a vision loss, papilledema, swelling of the optic conjunctiva, optical neuritis, neuropathy, retinitis, quick answer. Minor rises in leukocyte count disk and macular exudates. keratitis, meningoencephalitis, osteomyelitis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates ■ Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome arthritis, arthralgia, myositis, inflammatory bowel are unlikely to be useful. Histopathology in (granulomatous conjunctivitis and regional, disease, lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltrates the swollen lymph nodes includes lymphocytic same side lymphadenopathy) appearing in 6 and heart valve infection. infiltrates, granuloma and stellate abscess percent of patients. The cutaneous lesions may take the form of formation. Warthin-Starry
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Diversity of Bartonella Species in Small Mammals in the Qaidam
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic diversity of Bartonella species in small mammals in the Qaidam Basin, western China Huaxiang Rao1, Shoujiang Li3, Liang Lu4, Rong Wang3, Xiuping Song4, Kai Sun5, Yan Shi3, Dongmei Li4* & Juan Yu2* Investigation of the prevalence and diversity of Bartonella infections in small mammals in the Qaidam Basin, western China, could provide a scientifc basis for the control and prevention of Bartonella infections in humans. Accordingly, in this study, small mammals were captured using snap traps in Wulan County and Ge’ermu City, Qaidam Basin, China. Spleen and brain tissues were collected and cultured to isolate Bartonella strains. The suspected positive colonies were detected with polymerase chain reaction amplifcation and sequencing of gltA, ftsZ, RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) and ribC genes. Among 101 small mammals, 39 were positive for Bartonella, with the infection rate of 38.61%. The infection rate in diferent tissues (spleens and brains) (χ2 = 0.112, P = 0.738) and gender (χ2 = 1.927, P = 0.165) of small mammals did not have statistical diference, but that in diferent habitats had statistical diference (χ2 = 10.361, P = 0.016). Through genetic evolution analysis, 40 Bartonella strains were identifed (two diferent Bartonella species were detected in one small mammal), including B. grahamii (30), B. jaculi (3), B. krasnovii (3) and Candidatus B. gerbillinarum (4), which showed rodent-specifc characteristics. B. grahamii was the dominant epidemic strain (accounted for 75.0%). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that B. grahamii in the Qaidam Basin, might be close to the strains isolated from Japan and China.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Small Rnas Expressed by Bartonella Bacilliformis Under Multiple Conditions 2 Reveal Potential Mechanisms for Persistence in the Sand Fly Vector and Human 3 Host
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.04.235903; this version posted August 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Novel small RNAs expressed by Bartonella bacilliformis under multiple conditions 2 reveal potential mechanisms for persistence in the sand fly vector and human 3 host 4 5 6 Shaun Wachter1, Linda D. Hicks1, Rahul Raghavan2 and Michael F. Minnick1* 7 8 9 10 1 Program in Cellular, Molecular & Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 11 University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America 12 2 Department of Biology and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State 13 University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America 14 15 16 17 * Corresponding author 18 E-mail: [email protected] (MFM) 19 20 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.04.235903; this version posted August 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 21 Abstract 22 Bartonella bacilliformis, the etiological agent of Carrión’s disease, is a Gram-negative, 23 facultative intracellular alphaproteobacterium. Carrión’s disease is an emerging but neglected 24 tropical illness endemic to Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. B. bacilliformis is spread between 25 humans through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies.
    [Show full text]
  • 09 Piqueras.Qxp
    PERSPECTIVES INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2007) 10:217-226 DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.30 ISSN: 1139-6709 www.im.microbios.org Microbiology: a dangerous profession? Mercè Piqueras President, Catalan Association for Science Communication (ACCC), Barcelona, Spain The history of science contains many cases of researchers eases in Minorca from the year 1744 to 1749 to which is pre- who have died because of their professional activity. In the fixed, a short account of the climate, productions, inhabi- field of microbiology, some have died or have come close to tants, and endemical distempers of that island (T. Cadell, D. death from infection by agents that were the subject of their Wilson and G. Nicol, London, 1751), which he dedicated to research (Table 1). Infections that had a lethal outcome were the Society of Surgeons of His Majesty’s Royal Navy. usually accidental. Sometimes, however, researchers inocu- Minorcan historian of science Josep M. Vidal Hernández has lated themselves with the pathogen or did not take preventive described and carefully analyzed Cleghorn’s work in measures against the potential pathogen because they wanted Minorca and his report [43]. According to Vidal, what to prove their hypotheses—or disprove someone else’s— Cleghorn describes is “tertian” fever, which was the name regarding the origin of the infection. Here is an overview of given at the time to fever caused by malaria parasites with a several episodes in the history of microbiology since the mid periodicity of 48 hours. In fact, Cleghorn used quinine to nineteenth century involving researchers or workers in fields treat tertian fever (i.e, malaria), which was not eradicated related to microbiology who have become infected.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Pultorak, Elizabeth Lauren
    ABSTRACT PULTORAK, ELIZABETH LAUREN. The Epidemiology of Lyme Disease and Bartonellosis in Humans and Animals. (Under the direction of Edward B. Breitschwerdt). The expansion of vector borne diseases in humans, a variety of mammalian hosts, and arthropod vectors draws attention to the need for enhanced diagnostic techniques for documenting infection in hosts, effective vector control, and treatment of individuals with associated diseases. Through improved diagnosis of vector-borne disease in both humans and animals, epidemiological studies to elucidate clinical associations or spatio-temporal relationships can be assessed. Veterinarians, through the use of the C6 peptide in the SNAP DX test kit, may be able to evaluate the changing epidemiology of borreliosis through their canine population. We developed a survey to evaluate the practices and perceptions of veterinarians in North Carolina regarding borreliosis in dogs across different geographic regions of the state. We found that veterinarians’ perception of the risk of borreliosis in North Carolina was consistent with recent scientific reports pertaining to geographic expansion of borreliosis in the state. Veterinarians should promote routine screening of dogs for Borrelia burgdorferi exposure as a simple, inexpensive form of surveillance in this transitional geographic region. We next conducted two separate studies to evaluate Bartonella spp. bacteremia or presence of antibodies against B. henselae, B. koehlerae, or B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist and 192 patients with animal exposure (100%) and recent animal bites and scratches (88.0%). Among 296 patients examined by a rheumatologist, prevalence of antibodies (185 [62%]) and Bartonella spp. bacteremia (122 [41.1%]) was high.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella: Emerging Pathogen Or Emerging Awareness?
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2009) 13, 3—8 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijid PERSPECTIVE Bartonella: emerging pathogen or emerging awareness? Elin Mogollon-Pasapera, Laszlo Otvos Jr, Antonio Giordano, Marco Cassone * Sbarro Health Research Organization, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLifeScience Building suite 419, 1900 N 12th Street, 19122 Philadelphia, PA, USA Received 17 October 2007; received in revised form 26 January 2008; accepted 14 April 2008 Corresponding Editor: William Cameron, Ottawa, Canada KEYWORDS Summary The number of known Bartonella species is rapidly growing. Some of them are Bartonella; responsible for distinct infectious diseases and show different prevalence and antibiotic suscept- Carrion’s disease; ibility profiles. Not only have some vectors of Bartonella not been fully characterized, but also Epidemiology; intermediate hosts are actually much more numerous and diverse than previously thought. Among Cat-scratch disease; these, dogs differ from cats because they tend to suffer an overt disease similar to humans, thus Therapy providing the base for a useful animal indicator and research model. Among the debilitating conditions with an unclear impact on the course of these infections, specific conditions (e.g., homelessness, alcoholism) have been linked to a much higher prevalence and to high risk of unfavorable outcome. Due to the limited arsenal of antibiotics effective in vivo on this peculiar intracellular pathogen, the risk/benefit balance of antibiotic therapy is sometimes difficult to draw. In this evolving picture, the recent discoveries of new species highlights the importance of basic molecular biology resources that would bring major public health benefits if available in endemic areas, and specifically in many areas of Peru and Bolivia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Henselae Detected in Malignant Melanoma, a Preliminary Study
    pathogens Article Bartonella henselae Detected in Malignant Melanoma, a Preliminary Study Marna E. Ericson 1, Edward B. Breitschwerdt 2 , Paul Reicherter 3, Cole Maxwell 4, Ricardo G. Maggi 2, Richard G. Melvin 5 , Azar H. Maluki 4,6 , Julie M. Bradley 2, Jennifer C. Miller 7, Glenn E. Simmons, Jr. 5 , Jamie Dencklau 4, Keaton Joppru 5, Jack Peterson 4, Will Bae 4, Janet Scanlon 4 and Lynne T. Bemis 5,* 1 T Lab Inc., 910 Clopper Road, Suite 220S, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; [email protected] 2 Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; [email protected] (E.B.B.); [email protected] (R.G.M.); [email protected] (J.M.B.) 3 Dermatology Clinic, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (A.H.M.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (W.B.); [email protected] (J.S.) 5 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Duluth Campus, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; [email protected] (R.G.M.); [email protected] (G.E.S.J.); [email protected] (K.J.) 6 Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa 54003, Iraq 7 Galaxy Diagnostics Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; [email protected] Citation: Ericson, M.E.; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-720-560-0278; Fax: +1-218-726-7906 Breitschwerdt, E.B.; Reicherter, P.; Maxwell, C.; Maggi, R.G.; Melvin, Abstract: Bartonella bacilliformis (B.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • Endocarditis Due to Bartonella Quintana, the Etiological Agent of Trench Fever
    PRACTICE | CASES CPD VULNERABLE POPULATIONS Endocarditis due to Bartonella quintana, the etiological agent of trench fever Carl Boodman MD, Terence Wuerz MD MSc (Epi), Philippe Lagacé-Wiens MD n Cite as: CMAJ 2020 December 7;192:E1723-6. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.201170 CMAJ Podcasts: author interview at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.201170/tab-related-content 48-year-old man presented to the emergency depart- ment with a 2-day history of pleuritic chest pain and KEY POINTS shortness of breath. His medical history included HIV • Bartonella quintana, the causal agent of trench fever, is infection,A diagnosed 14 years earlier in the context of intraven- transmitted by body lice (Pediculus humanus var. corporis). ous drug use. Three months previously, he had an undetectable • Although B. quintana is notorious for causing disease in the First viral load and a CD4 count of 94 cells/mm3 (normal range: 500– World War, outbreaks of trench fever have recently occurred in 1400 cells/mm3) or 0.09 (normal range 0.50–1.40) × 109/L. The urban populations experiencing homelessness. patient adhered to his prescribed antiretroviral regimen (darunavir, • B. quintana causes culture-negative endocarditis and may be ritonavir and abacavir-lamivudine) and prophylaxis against oppor- fatal without antimicrobial and surgical treatment, despite mild tunistic infections (valacyclovir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole symptomatology during chronic bacteremia. Consultation with infectious disease specialists is encouraged. and fluconazole). In addition, the patient had a congenital soli- Because B. quintana evades identification in routine blood tary kidney with normal baseline renal function, alcohol expos- • cultures, diagnosis of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Organisms Which Are Risk Group 2 Can Be Particularly Hazardous To
    Risk Groups of Microorganisms Note: Some organisms which are risk group 2 can be particularly hazardous to certain individuals and so a thorough understanding of the routes/ risk of infection, diseases caused is essential before any work is conducted with any microorganism. For example Rubella, Toxoplasma gondii and cytomegalovirus are all RG2 but are known to be teratogenic, so pregnant women or women that may be pregnant should not work with or be exposed to these organisms. Careful consideration of whether individuals that are immunosuppressed or on chemotherapy and or radiotherapy should be undertaken as these individuals may be at increased risk of infection. This list is not fully inclusive and is a modified from that in the Curtin University Biosafety manual. Bacteria Scientific name Risk Group Acinetobacter spp. 2 Aeromonas hydrophila 2 Bacillus anthracis 3 2 Bacillus cereus Bartonella henselae, quintana, vinsonii, elizabethiae, 2 weisii 3 Bartonella bacilliformis Bordetella pertussis 2 Borrelia spp. 2 Brucella ovis 2 3 Brucella spp. Burkholderia pseudomallei 2 3 Burkholderia mallei Campylobacter coli, fetus, jejuni 2 Chlamydia spp. 2 3 Chlamydia psittaci (avian) Clostridium botulinum 2 Clostridium tetani 2 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2 2 Corynebacterium renale, pseudotuberculosis Coxiella burnetii (smears and serum samples) 2 3 Coxiella burnetii (cultures and concentrates) Edwardsiella tarda 2 Eikenella tarda 2 Enterococcus spp. (Vancomycin-resistant strains) 2 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 2 Escherichia coli (pathogenic strains) 2 2 Escherichia coli VTEC strains (O157, O111) Francisella tularensis type A 3 Scientific name Risk Group Fusobacterium spp. 2 Gardnerella vaginalis 2 Haemophilus influenzae, ducreyi 2 Helicobacter pylori 2 Klebsiella spp. 2 Legionella spp. 2 Leptospira interrogans 2 Listeria monocytogenes 2 2 Listeria spp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Approved List of Biological Agents Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Health and Safety Executive
    The Approved List of biological agents Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Health and Safety Executive © Crown copyright 2021 First published 2000 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2013 Fourth edition 2021 You may reuse this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view the licence visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/, write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email [email protected]. Some images and illustrations may not be owned by the Crown so cannot be reproduced without permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be sent to [email protected]. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 refer to an ‘approved classification of a biological agent’, which means the classification of that agent approved by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). This list is approved by HSE for that purpose. This edition of the Approved List has effect from 12 July 2021. On that date the previous edition of the list approved by the Health and Safety Executive on the 1 July 2013 will cease to have effect. This list will be reviewed periodically, the next review is due in February 2022. The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) prepares the Approved List included in this publication. ACDP advises HSE, and Ministers for the Department of Health and Social Care and the Department for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and their counterparts under devolution in Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland, as required, on all aspects of hazards and risks to workers and others from exposure to pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella: Feline Diseases and Emerging Zoonosis
    BARTONELLA: FELINE DISEASES AND EMERGING ZOONOSIS WILLIAM D. HARDY, JR., V.M.D. Director National Veterinary Laboratory, Inc. P.O Box 239 Franklin Lakes, New Jersey 07417 201-891-2992 www.natvetlab.com or .net Gingivitis Proliferative Gingivitis Conjunctivitis/Blepharitis Uveitis & Conjunctivitis URI Oral Ulcers Stomatitis Lymphadenopathy TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………... i INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………… 1 MICROBIOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………... 1 METHODS OF DETECTION OF BARTONELLA INFECTION.………………………….. 1 Isolation from Blood…………………………………………………………………….. 2 Serologic Tests…………………………………………………………………………… 2 SEROLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………… 3 CATS: PREVALENCE OF BARTONELLA INFECTIONS…………………………………… 4 Geographic Risk factors for Infection……………………………………………………. 5 Risk Factors for Infection………………………………………………………………… 5 FELINE BARTONELLA DISEASES………………………………………………………….… 6 Bartonella Pathogenesis………………………………………………………………… 7 Therapy of Feline Bartonella Diseases…………………………………………………… 14 Clinical Therapy Results…………………………………………………………………. 15 DOGS: PREVALENCE OF BARTONELLA INFECTIONS…………………………………. 17 CANINE BARTONELLA DISEASES…………………………………………………………... 17 HUMAN BARTONELLA DISEASES…………………………………………………………… 18 Zoonotic Case Study……………………………………………………………………... 21 FELINE BLOOD DONORS……………………………………………………………………. 21 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 This work was initiated while Dr. Hardy was: Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York and Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Bartonella Bacilliformis by Electroporation
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 Transformation of Bartonella bacilliformis by electroporation Helen A. Grasseschi The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Grasseschi, Helen A., "Transformation of Bartonella bacilliformis by electroporation" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7287. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7287 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY TheMontana University of Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * P lease check **Yes ” o r **No ” and provide signature*"^ Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission /\ Author’s Signature Date: TG~ f^ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author’s explicit consent. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Transformation of Bartonella bacilliformis by Electroporation by Helen A. Grasseschi B. S., The University of Montana— Missoula, 1992 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology The University of Montana 1994 Approved by Chairman, Board of Examiners Daam, Graduate School £2, / 0 9 -/ Date ' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]