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Abdul Salam Muhammad Shukri Phd Thesis <1/ 9/4,<276;128 -/<>//6 245 ,6. 31,-,9 26 <1/ >793 70 ,4!;1,022 ,@BQI ;?I?J 5QF?JJ?B ;FQHNG , <FCOGO ;Q@JGPPCB DLN PFC .CENCC LD 8F. ?P PFC =KGRCNOGPU LD ;P" ,KBNCSO %))) 0QII JCP?B?P? DLN PFGO GPCJ GO ?R?GI?@IC GK 9COC?NAF+;P,KBNCSO*0QII<CTP ?P* FPPM*##NCOC?NAF!NCMLOGPLNU"OP!?KBNCSO"?A"QH# 8IC?OC QOC PFGO GBCKPGDGCN PL AGPC LN IGKH PL PFGO GPCJ* FPPM*##FBI"F?KBIC"KCP#%$$&'#&)&( <FGO GPCJ GO MNLPCAPCB @U LNGEGK?I ALMUNGEFP THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN `EMAND KHABAR IN THE WORK OF AL-SHAFI`I ABDUL SALAM MUHAMAD SHUKRI THESIS PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH. D JANUARY 1999 GCA l1^jtý! . ýr Cý Lý ii DECLARATIONS This thesis has been composedby me, Abdul Salam Muhamad Shukri. It is a record done by me and has not been accepted in any previous application for any degree. 4w- 9. date t signature of candidate ... Date of candidate's admission as a research student: December 1993 Mr. Abdul Salam Muhamad Shukri has fulfilled the regulations applying to candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews. date ......... ........... signature of supervisor Access to this thesis in the University Library, if it is accepted, shall be unrestricted. iii Dedicated to My Family and the Muslim umma iv ABSTRACT This study examines in detail the basis of al-Shäfi`i's arguments for the supremacy of oral tradition over communal legal practice. It concentrates on one broad issue, the definition of 71m (knowledge) and one technical issue, the problem of authenticating a particular khabar (oral tradition or report, plural akhbär,) and its binding nature, especially a report of the category known as the specialists' report (khabar al-khä sa). On the first issue, this study examines the concept of knowledge based on reports (71m al-khabar because it had an important influence on al-Shäfi`i. This is followed by a detailed account of al-Shäfi`i's own discussion of `ilm. It brings out clearly that al-Shäfi`i means religious law when discussing 71m. It also shows how knowledge of religious law can be obtained. Al-Shäfi`i's approach is to restrict the argument to knowledge of specialised and debatable points, rather than what is generally accepted. He seeks to prove the indispensability in this area of specialists' knowledge of reliable documentation external to the law itself. The following chapter deals with the question of authenticating a khabarfrom the Prophet (a hadith), not as purely technical question but within a polemical context in which the practical difficulty of authenticating a khabar was used by those opposed to the intellectual dominance of oral tradition as a reason not to use the khabar. In the final chapter al- i's Shäf arguments with two identifiable schools of opposing thought, ahl al-kaläm and ahl al-figh, are examined in detail. The thesis as a whole gives a significant insight into the efficacy and durability of al-Shäfi`i's arguments, not so much by defeating his opponents' arguments but by buttressing those of the defenders and advocates of oral tradition. V CONTENTS Declarations ii ................................................................................... Dedication iii .................................................................................... Abstract iv ....................................................................................... Contents V ....................................................................................... Transliteration Table Viii Note the Qur'an ix on the translation of ...................................................... Abbreviations ................................................................................. x Acknowledgement ............................................................................ xi INTRODUCTION 1 ............................................................................ 1. The Original Sources 4 ................................................................... 2. Review Previous Studies 7 of ............................................................ CHAPTER 1: The Life Imäm (150-204/767-820) 20 of al-Shäfi`i ..................... 1.1 His Full Name 20 ....................................................................... 1.2 Date Birth 20 of .................................................. .................... 1.3 Birthplace 21 ............................................................................ 1.4 Family Background 21 ................................................................. 1.5 Al-Shäfi`i's Immediate Family 23 .............................. ..................... 1.6 Al-Shäfi`1's Education Scholarly Life 24 and ..................................... 1.6.1Early Life Education in Mecca 24 and ....................................... 1.6.2 Al-Shäfi`i in Medina 27 ......................................................... 1.6.3 Al-Shafi`i in Yemen 29 ......................................................... 1.6.4 Al-Shäfi`i in Iraq 30 ............................................................. 1.6.5 Al-Shäfi`i's Return Mecca 31 to .............................................. 1.6.6 Al-Shäfi`i's Alleged Early Arrival in Egypt ............................. 32 Return Baghdad 1.6.7 Al-Shäfi`i's to ........................................... 33 vi 1.6.8 Al-Shäf! in Egypt 34 ................................................................ 1.7 Date Death 36 of ........................................................................ 1.8 Al-Shäfi`I's Works 36 .................................................................. (Knowledge based 41 CHAPTER 2: The Concept of `Ilm al-khabar on reports) ...... 2.1 What is `Rm? 41 .......................................................................... What is Khabar? 45 2.2 ..................................................................... is Wm ' 55 2.3 What alkhaba ............................................................ `Ilm 57 2.4 The Debateon al-khabar ..................................................... kalim Khabar 58 2.5 The View of Ah] al on ............................................ Khabar 63 2.6 The Views of Ah] al-figb on ............................................. Abu Hanifa his School 63 2.6.1 The Views of and ............................... Malik Khabaral-w4hid 65 2.5.2 The Views of on .................................. CHAPETR Discussion 71m(Knowledge) 69 3: Al-Shäfi`1's of ......................... 3.1 `]m in Terminalogy 69 al-Shäfi`i's .................................................... 3.2 A1-Shäfi`i's Classification `Jim 70 of ................................................. 3.3 `Jim `ämma Jim 71 al- and al-khä sa ................................................... 3.4 Sources Derivation 'Em 77 of the of al-din ........................................... 3.4.1 The Book God (The Qur'an) 78 of ........................................... 3.4.2 The Surma Prophet 81 of the .................................................. 3.4.3 Jima'(Consensus) 86 .......................................................... 3.4.4 Ijtihäd and Qiyäs (The Effort to form a Right Opinion and Analogical Reasoning) 89 ......................................................................... 3.5 Other Features Discussion Wm 92 of al-Shfifi`i's of ............................... 3.5.1 The Limits 11m 93 of .......................................................... 3.5.2 Against the Sceptics (ahl al-kaläm) and the Conservatives (ahl al- figh) 96 .................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 4: Al-Shäfi`i's Discussion Khabar Source `I1m 100 of al-wähid as a of ... 4.1 A1-Shäfi`i's Concept Khabar 100 of ............................................... ..... 4.2 Two types Khabarin 101 of al-Shäfi`i ............................................ .... 4.3 View Khabara1-wüiid 102 Al-Shäfi`i's of .......................................... 4.4 Criteria for the Acceptance Khabar 103 of al-walhid .......................... .... 4.5 Comparisonbetween Accepting Khabaral-wähidand Accepting Shahäda (Testimony) 107 .............................................................. .... 4.6 Khabar Expert Reports 111 al- wähid as ......................................... ..... 4.7 The Basis the Acceptance Khabar Source 71m 115 of of al-wähid as a of ...... 4.7.1 The Qur'an 116 .................................................................. 4.7.2 The Sunna 117 ......................................................................... 4.7.3 The Practice the Companions 121 of ............................................... 4.7.4 The Practice the Successors 128 of ................................................ 4.7.5 The 7jma ` Muslim Scholars 130 of ................................................ 4.8 Concluding Remarks 130 ................................. ............................. CHAPTER 5: Al-Shäffi's Critique of the Views of AN al-kaläm and AN al-figh on Akhbär (Hadith) Special Reference to his Jima' 71rn 136 with al- ........................ 5.1 The Response Ahl to Khabar 137 of al-kaläm .................................... 5.2 The Response AN to Akhbär 143 of al-figh al-khässa ............................ 5.3 A1-Shäfi`i's Objection to Ahl kalam 146 al ......................... ................ 5.4 A1-Shäfi`i's Arguments Ah] 154 against al-figh .................................... 5.5 The Opinion Companion 162 of a ................................................... Conclusion .................................................................................... 164 Bibliography ................................................................................
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