Howstuffworks.Com's Big List of Computer Memory Terms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

HowStuffWorks.com’s Big List of Computer Memory Terms Print this as a reference guide for memory terms. Learn how these terms apply to your computer by reading “How Memory Works” (www.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm). • Bit - In the binary system, either a one or a zero. It is the smallest piece of data. • Byte – A unit of 8 bits. • Kilobit/megabit/gigabit - Used to describe bandwidth speeds. For example, 56Kbps means that data is capable of traveling at 56 kilobits per second. Ethernet networks transmit data at either 10Mbps (10 megabits per second) or 100Mbps (100 megabits per second). • Kilobyte - The standard unit of measurement for file sizes. • Megabyte - The standard unit of measurement for RAM. • Gigabyte - The standard unit of measurement for hard drives. • Terabyte, exabyte - Extremely large storage capacity typically found in enterprise-level operations for large companies. • RAM - Random access memory is fast, temporary storage for your computer. • ROM – Read-only memory is fast, permanent storage for your computer. • Flash memory - A type of ROM that can be altered quickly and without special tools. • BIOS - Flash memory inside your computer that provides the necessary information for your computer to work. • Hertz - Unit of measurement that list the number of times a device cycles through a process per second. • Kilohertz - Unit of measurement equal to 1,000 hertz or 1,000 cycles per second. • Megahertz - Unit of measurement equal to 1,000 kilohertz or 1,000,000 cycles per second. • Nanosecond - One billionth of a second. Used to measure the speed of memory chips. Term/ Number Number Number of Number of Number of Abbreviation of bits of bytes kilobytes megabytes gigabytes Bit 1 - - - - Byte 8 1 - - - Kilobit 1024 128 - - - Kb Kilobyte 8192 1024 1 - - KB or K Megabit 1048576 131072 128 - - Mb Megabyte 8388608 1048576 1024 1 - MB, meg or M Gigabit 1073741824 134217728 131072 128 - Gb Gigabyte 8589934592 1073741824 1048576 1024 1 GB, gig or G Terabyte 8796093022208 1099511627776 1073741824 1048576 1024 TB Exabyte 9007199254740992 1125899906842624 1099511627776 1073741824 1048576 EB © 2000 by HowStuffWorks.com, Inc. www.howstuffworks.com. 5625 Dillard Drive, Suite 217, Cary, NC USA 27511 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Solutions to Chapter 3
Solutions to Chapter 3 1. Suppose the size of an uncompressed text file is 1 megabyte. Solutions follow questions: [4 marks – 1 mark each for a & b, 2 marks c] a. How long does it take to download the file over a 32 kilobit/second modem? T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / 32000 = 262.144 seconds b. How long does it take to take to download the file over a 1 megabit/second modem? 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) bits / 1x10 bits/sec = 8.38 seconds c. Suppose data compression is applied to the text file. How much do the transmission times in parts (a) and (b) change? If we assume a maximum compression ratio of 1:6, then we have the following times for the 32 kilobit and 1 megabit lines respectively: T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / (32000 x 6) = 43.69 sec 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) / (1x10 x 6) = 1.4 sec 2. A scanner has a resolution of 600 x 600 pixels/square inch. How many bits are produced by an 8-inch x 10-inch image if scanning uses 8 bits/pixel? 24 bits/pixel? [3 marks – 1 mark for pixels per picture, 1 marks each representation] Solution: The number of pixels is 600x600x8x10 = 28.8x106 pixels per picture. With 8 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 8 = 230.4 Mbits per picture. With 24 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 24 = 691.2 Mbits per picture. 6. Suppose a storage device has a capacity of 1 gigabyte. How many 1-minute songs can the device hold using conventional CD format? using MP3 coding? [4 marks – 2 marks each] Solution: A stereo CD signal has a bit rate of 1.4 megabits per second, or 84 megabits per minute, which is approximately 10 megabytes per minute.
[Show full text]
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America.
[Show full text]
How Many Bits Are in a Byte in Computer Terms
How Many Bits Are In A Byte In Computer Terms Periosteal and aluminum Dario memorizes her pigeonhole collieshangie count and nagging seductively. measurably.Auriculated and Pyromaniacal ferrous Gunter Jessie addict intersperse her glockenspiels nutritiously. glimpse rough-dries and outreddens Featured or two nibbles, gigabytes and videos, are the terms bits are in many byte computer, browse to gain comfort with a kilobyte est une unitÃ© de armazenamento de armazenamento de almacenamiento de dados digitais. Large denominations of computer memory are composed of bits, Terabyte, then a larger amount of nightmare can be accessed using an address of had given size at sensible cost of added complexity to access individual characters. The binary arithmetic with two sets render everything into one digit, in many bits are a byte computer, not used in detail. Supercomputers are its back and are in foreign languages are brainwashed into plain text. Understanding the Difference Between Bits and Bytes Lifewire. RAM, any sixteen distinct values can be represented with a nibble, I already love a Papst fan since my hybrid head amp. So in ham of transmitting or storing bits and bytes it takes times as much. Bytes and bits are the starting point hospital the computer world Find arrogant about the Base-2 and bit bytes the ASCII character set byte prefixes and binary math. Its size can vary depending on spark machine itself the computing language In most contexts a byte is futile to bits or 1 octet In 1956 this leaf was named by. Pages Bytes and Other Units of Measure Robelle. This function is used in conversion forms where we are one series two inputs.
[Show full text]
Course Conventions Fall 2016
CS168 Computer Networks Fonseca Course Conventions Fall 2016 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 RFC Terms 1 3 Data Sizes 2 1 Introduction This document covers conventions that will be used throughout the course. 2 RFC Terms For the project specifications in this class, we’ll be using proper RFC terminology. It’s the terminology you’ll see if you ever implement protocols in the real world (e.g., IMAP or MCTCP), so it’s good to get exposed to it now. In particular, we’ll be using the keywords “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” as defined in RFC 2119. The terms we’ll use the most in this class are “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, and “MAY” (though we may use others occasionally), so we’re including their definitions here for convenience (copied verbatim from the RFC): • MUST This word, or the terms “REQUIRED” or “SHALL”, mean that the definition is an absolute requirement of the specification. • MUST NOT This word, or the phrase “SHALL NOT”, mean that the definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification. • SHOULD This word, or the adjective “RECOMMENDED”, mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course. • SHOULD NOT This phrase, or the phrase “NOT RECOMMENDED”, mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances when the particular behavior is acceptable or even useful, but the full implications should be understood and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior described with this label.
[Show full text]
Prefix Multipliers
PREFIX MULTIPLIERS KILO, MEGA AND GIGA ARE AMONG THE LIST OF PREFIXES THAT ARE USED TO DENOTE THE QUANTITY OF SOMETHING (FOR EXAMPLE KM, KJ, KWH, MW, GJ, ETC), SUCH AS, IN COMPUTING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A BYTE OR A BIT. SOMETIMES CALLED PREFIX MULTIPLIERS, THESE PREFIXES ARE ALSO USED IN ELECTRONICS AND PHYSICS. EACH MULTIPLIER CONSISTS OF A ONE LETTER ABBREVIATION AND THE PREFIX THAT IT STANDS FOR. IN COMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRONICS, AND PHYSICS, MULTIPLIERS ARE -24 24 DEFINED IN POWERS OF 10 FROM 10 TO 10 , PROCEEDING IN 3 INCREMENTS OF THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE (10 OR 1’000). IN IT AND DATA STORAGE, MULTIPLIERS ARE DEFINED IN POWERS OF 2 FROM 10 80 2 TO 2 , PROCEEDING IN INCREMENTS OF TEN ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 10 (2 OR 1’024). THESE MULTIPLIERS ARE DENOTED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE. Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Power of 2 yocto- y 10-24 * -- zepto- z 10-21 * -- atto- a 10-18 * -- femto- f 10-15 * -- pico- p 10-12 * -- nano- n 10-9 * -- micro- 10-6 * -- milli- m 10-3 * -- centi- c 10-2 * -- deci- d 10-1 * -- (none) -- 100 20 Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Power of 2 deka- D 101 * -- hecto- h 102 * -- kilo- k or K ** 103 210 mega- M 106 220 giga- G 109 230 tera- T 1012 240 peta- P 1015 250 exa- E 1018 * 260 zetta- Z 1021 * 270 yotta- Y 1024 * 280 * Not generally used to express data speed ** k = 103 and K = 210 EXAMPLES OF QUANTITIES OR PHENOMENA IN WHICH POWER-OF-10 PREFIX MULTIPLIERS APPLY INCLUDE FREQUENCY (INCLUDING COMPUTER CLOCK SPEEDS), PHYSICAL MASS, POWER, ENERGY, ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE, AND ELECTRICAL CURRENT.
[Show full text]
Prefixes for Binary Multiples
Definitions of the SI units: The binary prefixes Page 1 of 3 Return to Prefixes for binary multiples Units home page In December 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the leading international organization for worldwide Units standardization in electrotechnology, approved as an IEC Topics: International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary Introduction multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data Units transmission. The prefixes are as follows: Prefixes Outside Prefixes for binary multiples Rules Background Factor Name Symbol Origin Derivation 210 kibi Ki kilobinary: (210)1 kilo: (103)1 Units 220 mebi Mi megabinary: (210)2 mega: (103)2 Bibliography 230 gibi Gi gigabinary: (210)3 giga: (103)3 Constants, 240 tebi Ti terabinary: (210)4 tera: (103)4 Units & 50 pebi Pi 10 5 3 5 Uncertainty 2 petabinary: (2 ) peta: (10 ) home page 260 exbi Ei exabinary: (210)6 exa: (103)6 Examples and comparisons with SI prefixes one kibibit 1 Kibit = 210 bit = 1024 bit one kilobit 1 kbit = 103 bit = 1000 bit one mebibyte 1 MiB = 220 B = 1 048 576 B one megabyte 1 MB = 106 B = 1 000 000 B one gibibyte 1 GiB = 230 B = 1 073 741 824 B one gigabyte 1 GB = 109 B = 1 000 000 000 B It is suggested that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as "bee." It is important to recognize that the new prefixes for binary multiples are not part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system.
[Show full text]
Explaining Structured Errors in Gigabit Ethernet
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228773987 Explaining Structured Errors in Gigabit Ethernet ARTICLE · APRIL 2005 READS 13 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Andrew W. Moore University of Cambridge 105 PUBLICATIONS 2,202 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Andrew W. Moore letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 22 January 2016 Explaining Structured Errors in Gigabit Ethernet Andrew W. Moore, Laura B. James, Richard Plumb and Madeleine Glick IRC-TR-05-032 March 2005 INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Copyright © Intel Corporation 2003 * Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. 1 Explaining Structured Errors in Gigabit Ethernet ¡ ¡ ¢ Andrew W. Moore , Laura B. James , Richard Plumb and Madeleine Glick University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory [email protected] ¡ University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Systems £ lbj20,rgp1000 ¤ @eng.cam.ac.uk ¢ Intel Research, Cambridge [email protected] Abstract— A physical layer coding scheme is designed to I.
[Show full text]
Dictionary of Ibm & Computing Terminology 1 8307D01a
1 DICTIONARY OF IBM & COMPUTING TERMINOLOGY 8307D01A 2 A AA (ay-ay) n. Administrative Assistant. An up-and-coming employee serving in a broadening assignment who supports a senior executive by arranging meetings and schedules, drafting and coordinating correspondence, assigning tasks, developing presentations and handling a variety of other administrative responsibilities. The AA’s position is to be distinguished from that of the executive secretary, although the boundary line between the two roles is frequently blurred. access control n. In computer security, the process of ensuring that the resources of a computer system can be accessed only by authorized users in authorized ways. acknowledgment 1. n. The transmission, by a receiver, of acknowledge characters as an affirmative response to a sender. 2. n. An indication that an item sent was received. action plan n. A plan. Project management is never satisfied by just a plan. The only acceptable plans are action plans. Also used to mean an ad hoc short-term scheme for resolving a specific and well defined problem. active program n. Any program that is loaded and ready to be executed. active window n. The window that can receive input from the keyboard. It is distinguishable by the unique color of its title bar and window border. added value 1. n. The features or bells and whistles (see) that distinguish one product from another. 2. n. The additional peripherals, software, support, installation, etc., provided by a dealer or other third party. administrivia n. Any kind of bureaucratic red tape or paperwork, IBM or not, that hinders the accomplishment of one’s objectives or goals.
[Show full text]
SDRAM Memory Systems: Architecture Overview and Design Verification SDRAM Memory Systems: Architecture Overview and Design Verification Primer
Primer SDRAM Memory Systems: Architecture Overview and Design Verification SDRAM Memory Systems: Architecture Overview and Design Verification Primer Table of Contents Introduction . 3 - 4 DRAM Trends . .3 DRAM . 4 - 6 SDRAM . 6 - 9 DDR SDRAM . .6 DDR2 SDRAM . .7 DDR3 SDRAM . .8 DDR4 SDRAM . .9 GDDR and LPDDR . .9 DIMMs . 9 - 13 DIMM Physical Size . 9 DIMM Data Width . 9 DIMM Rank . .10 DIMM Memory Size & Speed . .10 DIMM Architecture . .10 Serial Presence Detect . .12 Memory System Design . .13 - 15 Design Simulation . .13 Design Verification . .13 Verification Strategy . .13 SDRAM Verification . .14 Glossary . .16 - 19 2 www.tektronix.com/memory SDRAM Memory Systems: Architecture Overview and Design Verification Primer Introduction Memory needs to be compatible with a wide variety of memory controller hubs used by the computer DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) is attractive to manufacturers. designers because it provides a broad range of performance Memory needs to work when a mixture of different and is used in a wide variety of memory system designs for manufacturer’s memories is used in the same memory computers and embedded systems. This DRAM memory system of the computer. primer provides an overview of DRAM concepts, presents potential future DRAM developments and offers an overview Open memory standards are useful in helping to ensure for memory design improvement through verification. memory compatibility. DRAM Trends On the other hand, embedded systems typically use a fixed There is a continual demand for computer memories to be memory configuration, meaning the user does not modify larger, faster, lower powered and physically smaller. These the memory system after purchasing the product.
[Show full text]
White Paper Download Speed (Mbps And
White Paper All About Download Speed (Mbps & MBPS) Calculating download Speed:- Calculating download times can be confusing because people tend to think that bits and bytes are the same, but our download calculator can help. They’re not. A bit is a binary digit 1 or 0, and a byte is 8 of these. So a kilobyte is 8 times larger than a kilobit, and a megabyte is 8 times larger than a megabit. But we've simplified things with our download speed calculator which will show you the actual time to download different file types. Below is a table full of very theoretical speeds. The file size is written in megabytes (multiply by 8 to get megabits) and the speeds are in megabits (divide by 8 to get megabytes). 4, 8, 16, 32, 50, and 100 represent some of the most common speeds in broadband – ADSL, 3G, 4G and cable. The below table will tell you how long, in minutes and seconds, the file types on the left will take to download using the speeds on the right. Realistically speaking, because the actual speed is never as fast as the advertised and there are many things that affect speed, the times below should be multiplied by four or five to get a more accurate figure from our download estimator. ITEM File Size (MB) 4 Mbps 8 Mbps 16 Mbps 32 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps Single song 5 10s 5s 2.5s 1.25s 0.8s 0.4s YouTube clip (LQ) 10 20s 10s 5s 2.5s 1.6s 0.8s YouTube clip (HQ) 50 1m 40s 50s 25s 12.5s 8s 4s Album (HQ) 100 3m 20s 1m 40s 50s 25s 16s 8s TV Show (HQ) 450 15m 7m 30s 3m 45s 1m 52s 1m 12s 36s Film (LQ) 700 23m 20s 11m 40s 5m 50s 2m 55s 1m 52s 56s Film (HQ) 1500 50m 25m 30s 12m 30s 6m 15s 4m 2m Film (full DVD) 4500 2h 30m 1h 15m 37m 30s 18m 45s 9m 22s 4m 41s Film (BlueRay) 10,000 5h 35m 2h 47m 1h 24m 42m 26m 40s 13m 20s MBs & Mbs Megabits are written Mb, and megabytes are written as MB.
[Show full text]
Units of Measure Used in International Trade Page 1/57 Annex II (Informative) Units of Measure: Code Elements Listed by Name
Annex II (Informative) Units of Measure: Code elements listed by name The table column titled “Level/Category” identifies the normative or informative relevance of the unit: level 1 – normative = SI normative units, standard and commonly used multiples level 2 – normative equivalent = SI normative equivalent units (UK, US, etc.) and commonly used multiples level 3 – informative = Units of count and other units of measure (invariably with no comprehensive conversion factor to SI) The code elements for units of packaging are specified in UN/ECE Recommendation No. 21 (Codes for types of cargo, packages and packaging materials). See note at the end of this Annex). ST Name Level/ Representation symbol Conversion factor to SI Common Description Category Code D 15 °C calorie 2 cal₁₅ 4,185 5 J A1 + 8-part cloud cover 3.9 A59 A unit of count defining the number of eighth-parts as a measure of the celestial dome cloud coverage. | access line 3.5 AL A unit of count defining the number of telephone access lines. acre 2 acre 4 046,856 m² ACR + active unit 3.9 E25 A unit of count defining the number of active units within a substance. + activity 3.2 ACT A unit of count defining the number of activities (activity: a unit of work or action). X actual ton 3.1 26 | additional minute 3.5 AH A unit of time defining the number of minutes in addition to the referenced minutes. | air dry metric ton 3.1 MD A unit of count defining the number of metric tons of a product, disregarding the water content of the product.
[Show full text]
MU72-SU0 Intel® Socket LGA4189 Processor Motherboard
MU72-SU0 Intel® Socket LGA4189 processor motherboard User Manual Rev. 1.0 Copyright © 2021 GIGA-BYTE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. All rights reserved. The trademarks mentioned in this manual are legally registered to their respective owners. Disclaimer Information in this manual is protected by copyright laws and is the property of GIGABYTE. Changes to the specifications and features in this manual may be made by GIGABYTE without prior notice. No part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, translated, transmitted, or published in any form or by any means without GIGABYTE's prior written permission. Documentation Classifications In order to assist in the use of this product, GIGABYTE provides the following types of documentation: User Manual: detailed information & steps about the installation, configuration and use this product (e.g. motherboard, server barebones), covering hardware and BIOS. User Guide: detailed information about the installation & use of an add-on hardware or software component (e.g. BMC firmware, rail-kit) compatible with this product. Quick Installation Guide: a short guide with visual diagrams that you can reference easily for installation purposes of this product (e.g. motherboard, server barebones). Please see the support section of the online product page to check the current availability of these documents For More Information For related product specifications, the latest firmware and software, and other information, please visit our website at: http://www.gigabyte.com. For GIGABYTE distributors and resellers, additional sales & marketing materials are available from our reseller portal: http://reseller.b2b.gigabyte.com For further technical assistance, please contact your GIGABYTE representative or visit http://esupport.gigabyte.com/ to create a new support ticket.
[Show full text]