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Solutions to Chapter 3
Solutions to Chapter 3 1. Suppose the size of an uncompressed text file is 1 megabyte. Solutions follow questions: [4 marks – 1 mark each for a & b, 2 marks c] a. How long does it take to download the file over a 32 kilobit/second modem? T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / 32000 = 262.144 seconds b. How long does it take to take to download the file over a 1 megabit/second modem? 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) bits / 1x10 bits/sec = 8.38 seconds c. Suppose data compression is applied to the text file. How much do the transmission times in parts (a) and (b) change? If we assume a maximum compression ratio of 1:6, then we have the following times for the 32 kilobit and 1 megabit lines respectively: T32k = 8 (1024) (1024) / (32000 x 6) = 43.69 sec 6 T1M = 8 (1024) (1024) / (1x10 x 6) = 1.4 sec 2. A scanner has a resolution of 600 x 600 pixels/square inch. How many bits are produced by an 8-inch x 10-inch image if scanning uses 8 bits/pixel? 24 bits/pixel? [3 marks – 1 mark for pixels per picture, 1 marks each representation] Solution: The number of pixels is 600x600x8x10 = 28.8x106 pixels per picture. With 8 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 8 = 230.4 Mbits per picture. With 24 bits/pixel representation, we have: 28.8x106 x 24 = 691.2 Mbits per picture. 6. Suppose a storage device has a capacity of 1 gigabyte. How many 1-minute songs can the device hold using conventional CD format? using MP3 coding? [4 marks – 2 marks each] Solution: A stereo CD signal has a bit rate of 1.4 megabits per second, or 84 megabits per minute, which is approximately 10 megabytes per minute. -
Digital Measurement Units
Digital Measurement units Kilobit = 1 kbit = 1,000bits Kilobit per second (kbit/s or kb/s or kbps) is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,000 bits per second. It is sometimes mistakenly thought to mean 1,024 bits per second, using the binary meaning of the kilo- prefix, though this is incorrect. Examples • 56k modem — 56,000 bit/s • 128 kbit/s mp3 — 128,000 bit/s [1] • 64k ISDN — 64,000 bit/s [2] • 1536k T1 — 1,536,000 bit/s (1.536 Mbit/s) Most digital representations of audio are measured in kbit/s: (These values vary depending on audio data compression schemes) • 4 kbit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech (using special-purpose speech codecs) • 8 kbit/s – telephone quality • 32 kbit/s – MW quality • 96 kbit/s – FM quality • 192 kbit/s – Nearly CD quality for a file compressed in the MP3 format • 1,411 kbit/s – CD audio (at 16-bits for each channel and 44.1 kHz) Megabit (Mb)= 106 = 1,000,000 bits which is equal to 125,000 bytes or 125 kilobytes. Megabit per second (abbreviated as Mbps, Mbit/s, or mbps) is a unit of data transfer rates equal to 1,000,000 bits per second (this equals about 976 kilobits per second). Because there are 8 bits in a byte, a transfer speed of 8 megabits per second (8 Mbps) is equivalent to 1,000,000 bytes per second (approximately 976 KiB/s). Usage Examples: The bandwidth of consumer broadband internet services is often rated in Mbps. -
How Many Bits Are in a Byte in Computer Terms
How Many Bits Are In A Byte In Computer Terms Periosteal and aluminum Dario memorizes her pigeonhole collieshangie count and nagging seductively. measurably.Auriculated and Pyromaniacal ferrous Gunter Jessie addict intersperse her glockenspiels nutritiously. glimpse rough-dries and outreddens Featured or two nibbles, gigabytes and videos, are the terms bits are in many byte computer, browse to gain comfort with a kilobyte est une unité de armazenamento de armazenamento de almacenamiento de dados digitais. Large denominations of computer memory are composed of bits, Terabyte, then a larger amount of nightmare can be accessed using an address of had given size at sensible cost of added complexity to access individual characters. The binary arithmetic with two sets render everything into one digit, in many bits are a byte computer, not used in detail. Supercomputers are its back and are in foreign languages are brainwashed into plain text. Understanding the Difference Between Bits and Bytes Lifewire. RAM, any sixteen distinct values can be represented with a nibble, I already love a Papst fan since my hybrid head amp. So in ham of transmitting or storing bits and bytes it takes times as much. Bytes and bits are the starting point hospital the computer world Find arrogant about the Base-2 and bit bytes the ASCII character set byte prefixes and binary math. Its size can vary depending on spark machine itself the computing language In most contexts a byte is futile to bits or 1 octet In 1956 this leaf was named by. Pages Bytes and Other Units of Measure Robelle. This function is used in conversion forms where we are one series two inputs. -
Course Conventions Fall 2016
CS168 Computer Networks Fonseca Course Conventions Fall 2016 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 RFC Terms 1 3 Data Sizes 2 1 Introduction This document covers conventions that will be used throughout the course. 2 RFC Terms For the project specifications in this class, we’ll be using proper RFC terminology. It’s the terminology you’ll see if you ever implement protocols in the real world (e.g., IMAP or MCTCP), so it’s good to get exposed to it now. In particular, we’ll be using the keywords “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” as defined in RFC 2119. The terms we’ll use the most in this class are “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, and “MAY” (though we may use others occasionally), so we’re including their definitions here for convenience (copied verbatim from the RFC): • MUST This word, or the terms “REQUIRED” or “SHALL”, mean that the definition is an absolute requirement of the specification. • MUST NOT This word, or the phrase “SHALL NOT”, mean that the definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification. • SHOULD This word, or the adjective “RECOMMENDED”, mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course. • SHOULD NOT This phrase, or the phrase “NOT RECOMMENDED”, mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances when the particular behavior is acceptable or even useful, but the full implications should be understood and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior described with this label. -
Prefix Multipliers
PREFIX MULTIPLIERS KILO, MEGA AND GIGA ARE AMONG THE LIST OF PREFIXES THAT ARE USED TO DENOTE THE QUANTITY OF SOMETHING (FOR EXAMPLE KM, KJ, KWH, MW, GJ, ETC), SUCH AS, IN COMPUTING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A BYTE OR A BIT. SOMETIMES CALLED PREFIX MULTIPLIERS, THESE PREFIXES ARE ALSO USED IN ELECTRONICS AND PHYSICS. EACH MULTIPLIER CONSISTS OF A ONE LETTER ABBREVIATION AND THE PREFIX THAT IT STANDS FOR. IN COMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRONICS, AND PHYSICS, MULTIPLIERS ARE -24 24 DEFINED IN POWERS OF 10 FROM 10 TO 10 , PROCEEDING IN 3 INCREMENTS OF THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE (10 OR 1’000). IN IT AND DATA STORAGE, MULTIPLIERS ARE DEFINED IN POWERS OF 2 FROM 10 80 2 TO 2 , PROCEEDING IN INCREMENTS OF TEN ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 10 (2 OR 1’024). THESE MULTIPLIERS ARE DENOTED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE. Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Power of 2 yocto- y 10-24 * -- zepto- z 10-21 * -- atto- a 10-18 * -- femto- f 10-15 * -- pico- p 10-12 * -- nano- n 10-9 * -- micro- 10-6 * -- milli- m 10-3 * -- centi- c 10-2 * -- deci- d 10-1 * -- (none) -- 100 20 Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Power of 2 deka- D 101 * -- hecto- h 102 * -- kilo- k or K ** 103 210 mega- M 106 220 giga- G 109 230 tera- T 1012 240 peta- P 1015 250 exa- E 1018 * 260 zetta- Z 1021 * 270 yotta- Y 1024 * 280 * Not generally used to express data speed ** k = 103 and K = 210 EXAMPLES OF QUANTITIES OR PHENOMENA IN WHICH POWER-OF-10 PREFIX MULTIPLIERS APPLY INCLUDE FREQUENCY (INCLUDING COMPUTER CLOCK SPEEDS), PHYSICAL MASS, POWER, ENERGY, ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE, AND ELECTRICAL CURRENT. -
Prefixes for Binary Multiples
Definitions of the SI units: The binary prefixes Page 1 of 3 Return to Prefixes for binary multiples Units home page In December 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the leading international organization for worldwide Units standardization in electrotechnology, approved as an IEC Topics: International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary Introduction multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data Units transmission. The prefixes are as follows: Prefixes Outside Prefixes for binary multiples Rules Background Factor Name Symbol Origin Derivation 210 kibi Ki kilobinary: (210)1 kilo: (103)1 Units 220 mebi Mi megabinary: (210)2 mega: (103)2 Bibliography 230 gibi Gi gigabinary: (210)3 giga: (103)3 Constants, 240 tebi Ti terabinary: (210)4 tera: (103)4 Units & 50 pebi Pi 10 5 3 5 Uncertainty 2 petabinary: (2 ) peta: (10 ) home page 260 exbi Ei exabinary: (210)6 exa: (103)6 Examples and comparisons with SI prefixes one kibibit 1 Kibit = 210 bit = 1024 bit one kilobit 1 kbit = 103 bit = 1000 bit one mebibyte 1 MiB = 220 B = 1 048 576 B one megabyte 1 MB = 106 B = 1 000 000 B one gibibyte 1 GiB = 230 B = 1 073 741 824 B one gigabyte 1 GB = 109 B = 1 000 000 000 B It is suggested that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as "bee." It is important to recognize that the new prefixes for binary multiples are not part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system. -
Dictionary of Ibm & Computing Terminology 1 8307D01a
1 DICTIONARY OF IBM & COMPUTING TERMINOLOGY 8307D01A 2 A AA (ay-ay) n. Administrative Assistant. An up-and-coming employee serving in a broadening assignment who supports a senior executive by arranging meetings and schedules, drafting and coordinating correspondence, assigning tasks, developing presentations and handling a variety of other administrative responsibilities. The AA’s position is to be distinguished from that of the executive secretary, although the boundary line between the two roles is frequently blurred. access control n. In computer security, the process of ensuring that the resources of a computer system can be accessed only by authorized users in authorized ways. acknowledgment 1. n. The transmission, by a receiver, of acknowledge characters as an affirmative response to a sender. 2. n. An indication that an item sent was received. action plan n. A plan. Project management is never satisfied by just a plan. The only acceptable plans are action plans. Also used to mean an ad hoc short-term scheme for resolving a specific and well defined problem. active program n. Any program that is loaded and ready to be executed. active window n. The window that can receive input from the keyboard. It is distinguishable by the unique color of its title bar and window border. added value 1. n. The features or bells and whistles (see) that distinguish one product from another. 2. n. The additional peripherals, software, support, installation, etc., provided by a dealer or other third party. administrivia n. Any kind of bureaucratic red tape or paperwork, IBM or not, that hinders the accomplishment of one’s objectives or goals. -
Homework 1 Memory Solutions
Memory System Homework – due Monday, May 24, 1999. 1. A computer system uses 4-megabit memory chips and a 64-bit data bus. Draw a diagram and show the minimum number of memory chips we can use for each of the following chip configurations. What is the resulting minimum amount of memory (in bytes) we can use in a system for each chip configuration? a. 4 Meg x 1 b. 1 Meg x 4 c. 256K x 16 We need 64 data lines in parallel for each of the configurations. So, we assemble the minimum number of chips that will give 64 data lines out. a. 64 chips x 4 megabits per chip = 256 megabits = 32 megabytes minimum memory. 1 2 3 4 63 64 4 M x 1 4 M x 1 4 M x 1 4 M x 1 4 M x 1 4 M x 1 b. 16 chips x 4 megabits per chip = 64 megabits = 8 megabytes minimum memory. 1 2 3 4 15 16 1 M x 4 1 M x 4 1 M x 4 1 M x 4 1 M x 4 1 M x 4 c. 4 chips x 4 megabits per chip = 16 megabits = 2 megabytes minimum memory. 1 2 3 4 256K x 16 256K x 16 256K x 16 256K x 16 2. The 4-megabit memory chips are placed onto modules (SIMMs or DIMMs) of 8 megabytes each. Select an appropriate chip organization to use for each of the following module configurations, draw a diagram and show the minimum number of modules we can use for each. -
Megabyte from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Megabyte From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage or transmission with two different values depending on context: 1 048 576 bytes (220) generally for computer memory;[1][2] and one million bytes (106, see prefix mega-) generally for computer storage.[1][3] The IEEE Standards Board has decided that "Mega will mean 1 000 000", with exceptions allowed for the base-two meaning.[3] In rare cases, it is used to mean 1000×1024 (1 024 000) bytes.[3] It is commonly abbreviated as Mbyte or MB (compare Mb, for the megabit). Multiples of bytes Contents SI decimal prefixes Binary IEC binary prefixes Name Value usage Name Value 1 Definition (Symbol) (Symbol) 2 Examples of use 3 10 10 3 See also kilobyte (kB) 10 2 kibibyte (KiB) 2 4 References megabyte (MB) 106 220 mebibyte (MiB) 220 5 External links gigabyte (GB) 109 230 gibibyte (GiB) 230 terabyte (TB) 1012 240 tebibyte (TiB) 240 Definition petabyte (PB) 1015 250 pebibyte (PiB) 250 exabyte (EB) 1018 260 exbibyte (EiB) 260 The term "megabyte" is commonly used to mean either zettabyte (ZB) 1021 270 zebibyte (ZiB) 270 10002 bytes or 10242 bytes. This originated as yottabyte (YB) 1024 280 yobibyte (YiB) 280 compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked See also: Multiples of bits · Orders of magnitude of data a convenient name. As 1024 (210) approximates 1000 (103), roughly corresponding SI multiples began to be used for binary multiples. -
Units of Measure Used in International Trade Page 1/57 Annex II (Informative) Units of Measure: Code Elements Listed by Name
Annex II (Informative) Units of Measure: Code elements listed by name The table column titled “Level/Category” identifies the normative or informative relevance of the unit: level 1 – normative = SI normative units, standard and commonly used multiples level 2 – normative equivalent = SI normative equivalent units (UK, US, etc.) and commonly used multiples level 3 – informative = Units of count and other units of measure (invariably with no comprehensive conversion factor to SI) The code elements for units of packaging are specified in UN/ECE Recommendation No. 21 (Codes for types of cargo, packages and packaging materials). See note at the end of this Annex). ST Name Level/ Representation symbol Conversion factor to SI Common Description Category Code D 15 °C calorie 2 cal₁₅ 4,185 5 J A1 + 8-part cloud cover 3.9 A59 A unit of count defining the number of eighth-parts as a measure of the celestial dome cloud coverage. | access line 3.5 AL A unit of count defining the number of telephone access lines. acre 2 acre 4 046,856 m² ACR + active unit 3.9 E25 A unit of count defining the number of active units within a substance. + activity 3.2 ACT A unit of count defining the number of activities (activity: a unit of work or action). X actual ton 3.1 26 | additional minute 3.5 AH A unit of time defining the number of minutes in addition to the referenced minutes. | air dry metric ton 3.1 MD A unit of count defining the number of metric tons of a product, disregarding the water content of the product. -
A Kilobit Special Number Field Sieve Factorization
A Kilobit Special Number Field Sieve Factorization Kazumaro Aoki1,JensFranke2, Thorsten Kleinjung2, Arjen K. Lenstra3,4,andDagArneOsvik3 1 NTT, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8585 Japan 2 University of Bonn, Department of Mathematics, Beringstraße 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany 3 EPFL IC LACAL, INJ 330, Station 14, 1015-Lausanne, Switzerland 4 Alcatel-Lucent Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA Abstract. We describe how we reached a new factoring milestone by completing the first special number field sieve factorization of a number having more than 1024 bits, namely the Mersenne number 21039 − 1. Although this factorization is orders of magnitude ‘easier’ than a fac- torization of a 1024-bit RSA modulus is believed to be, the methods we used to obtain our result shed new light on the feasibility of the latter computation. 1 Introduction Proper RSA security evaluation is one of the key tasks of practitioning cryp- tologists. This evaluation includes tracking progress in integer factorization. In this note we present a long awaited factoring milestone. More importantly, we consider to what extent the methods we have developed to obtain our result, and which are under constant refinement, may be expected to enable us or others to push factoring capabilities even further. We have determined the complete factorization of the Mersenne number 21039 − 1 using the special number field sieve integer factorization method (SNFS). The factor 5080711 was already known, so we obtained the new fac- torization of the composite 1017-bit number (21039 − 1)/5080711. The SNFS, however, cannot take advantage of the factor 5080711. -
8-Megabit (512K X 16/ 1M X 8) 3-Volt Only Flash Memory AT49BV802A
Features • Single Voltage Read/Write Operation: 2.65V to 3.6V • Access Time – 70 ns • Sector Erase Architecture – Fifteen 32K Word (64K Bytes) Sectors with Individual Write Lockout – Eight 4K Word (8K Bytes) Sectors with Individual Write Lockout • Fast Byte/Word Program Time – 12 µs • Fast Sector Erase Time – 300 ms • Suspend/Resume Feature for Erase and Program – Supports Reading and Programming from Any Sector by Suspending Erase 8-megabit of a Different Sector – Supports Reading Any Byte/Word in the Non-suspending Sectors by Suspending (512K x 16/ Programming of Any Other Byte/Word • Low-power Operation 1M x 8) – 12 mA Active 3-volt Only – 13 µA Standby • Data Polling, Toggle Bit, Ready/Busy for End of Program Detection Flash Memory • RESET Input for Device Initialization • Sector Lockdown Support • TSOP and CBGA Package Options • Top or Bottom Boot Block Configuration Available AT49BV802A • 128-bit Protection Register AT49BV802AT • Minimum 100,000 Erase Cycles • Common Flash Interface (CFI) • Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option Not Recommended 1. Description for New Designs. The AT49BV802A(T) is a 2.7-volt 8-megabit Flash memory organized as 524,288 words of 16 bits each or 1,048,576 bytes of 8 bits each. The x16 data appears on I/O0 - I/O15; the x8 data appears on I/O0 - I/O7. The memory is divided into 23 sec- tors for erase operations. The AT49BV802A(T) is offered in a 48-lead TSOP and a 48-ball CBGA package. The device has CE and OE control signals to avoid any bus contention. This device can be read or reprogrammed using a single power supply, making it ideally suited for in-system programming.